RESUMO
Long considered on the margins, far from the major cultural traditions, the Sechura Desert is situated at the crossroads between the cultures of southern Ecuador and those of the northern Peruvian coast and preserves a large number of varied archaeological sites. Despite this evidence, little is known about the societies that inhabited this region during the Holocene. Exposed to natural hazards, including El Niño events, and to major climatic changes, they were able to adapt and exploit the scarce resources that this extreme environment offered them. Because of this rich history, we have been conducting archaeological research in this region since 2012 in order to clarify the dynamics of human occupation and their links with climate oscillations and environmental changes. This paper present the results of a multidisciplinary study of Huaca Grande, a mound located on Nunura Bay, 300 m from the Pacific Ocean. The nature of the human occupations at Huaca Grande was varied, and several adjustments occurred over time. The subsistence economy was based mainly on local marine resources and a continual use of terrestrial vegetal resources. However, a major change occurred in the more recent occupations, with the apparition of non-local resources (maize and cotton) indicating that Huaca Grande was connected to trade networks. The results show two main phases of occupation separated by a long abandonment (mid-5th century CE to mid-7th century CE and mid-13th century to mid-15th century CE). The occupation of the site appears to have been influenced by changes in the local climate and by extreme El Niño events. Our results highlight the great adaptability of these human groups over the span of a millennium and their capacity to react to the climatic changes and hazards that characterise this region.
Assuntos
Baías , Mudança Climática , Humanos , Peru , Oceano Pacífico , EquadorRESUMO
Lutjanus argentiventris presents a large intertropical distribution within the Eastern Pacific, which is as important to fisheries now as it was in the pre-Hispanic period. The purpose of this article is to present an allometric model that enables the size and weight of L. argentiventris to be predicted, using the isolated bones found in archaeological and paleontological contexts or the stomach contents of ichthyophagous species. A modern collection of L. argentiventris from Ecuador was used, composed of 37 individuals covering a wide range of sizes and weights. The total length (TL), standard length (SL), and total fresh weight (W) of each individual was gathered. The TL of the sample ranged between 210 and 760 mm, the SL between 164 and 627 mm and the W ranged between 123 and 6550 g. The most frequent bones (15) and otoliths were chosen and 39 measurements were taken. The total length-weight relationship was W = 6E-06 TL3.1513 with R 2 = 0.997. In general, it was observed that the relationships between the TL and the bone measurements had a strong correlation (R² > 0.95). The allometric model will be useful not only for archaeologists but also for biologists working on historical ecology.(AU)
Lutjanus argentiventris presenta una distribución intertropical en el Pacífico Oriental, siendo una especie importante desde épocas prehispánicas hasta la actualidad. El propósito de este artículo es presentar un modelo alométrico que prediga la talla y el peso de L. argentiventris, usando restos óseos aislados encontrados en contextos arqueológicos y paleontológicos. Se empleó una colección de 37 individuos con tallas y pesos variados, provenientes del Ecuador. La longitud total (LT), la longitud estándar (LE) y el peso (P) de cada individuo fueron recolectados. La LT varió entre 210 y 760 mm, la LE entre 164 y 627 mm y el P entre 123 y 6550 g. Se escogieron los huesos más frecuentes (15) y los otolitos para realizar 39 mediciones. La relación de la longitud total y el peso fue P = 6E-06 TL3,1513 con un valor de R 2 = 0,997. En términos generales se observa que las relaciones entre la LT y las medidas de los huesos presentan una correlación fuerte (R² > 0,95). El modelo alométrico presentado puede utilizarse para predecir el tamaño y el peso, no sólo de L. argentiventris, sino también de sus congéneres, y será útil para arqueólogos y biólogos interesados en ecología histórica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pesos e Medidas , Perciformes , Membrana dos OtólitosRESUMO
Lutjanus argentiventris presents a large intertropical distribution within the Eastern Pacific, which is as important to fisheries now as it was in the pre-Hispanic period. The purpose of this article is to present an allometric model that enables the size and weight of L. argentiventris to be predicted, using the isolated bones found in archaeological and paleontological contexts or the stomach contents of ichthyophagous species. A modern collection of L. argentiventris from Ecuador was used, composed of 37 individuals covering a wide range of sizes and weights. The total length (TL), standard length (SL), and total fresh weight (W) of each individual was gathered. The TL of the sample ranged between 210 and 760 mm, the SL between 164 and 627 mm and the W ranged between 123 and 6550 g. The most frequent bones (15) and otoliths were chosen and 39 measurements were taken. The total length-weight relationship was W = 6E-06 TL3.1513 with R 2 = 0.997. In general, it was observed that the relationships between the TL and the bone measurements had a strong correlation (R² > 0.95). The allometric model will be useful not only for archaeologists but also for biologists working on historical ecology.(AU)
Lutjanus argentiventris presenta una distribución intertropical en el Pacífico Oriental, siendo una especie importante desde épocas prehispánicas hasta la actualidad. El propósito de este artículo es presentar un modelo alométrico que prediga la talla y el peso de L. argentiventris, usando restos óseos aislados encontrados en contextos arqueológicos y paleontológicos. Se empleó una colección de 37 individuos con tallas y pesos variados, provenientes del Ecuador. La longitud total (LT), la longitud estándar (LE) y el peso (P) de cada individuo fueron recolectados. La LT varió entre 210 y 760 mm, la LE entre 164 y 627 mm y el P entre 123 y 6550 g. Se escogieron los huesos más frecuentes (15) y los otolitos para realizar 39 mediciones. La relación de la longitud total y el peso fue P = 6E-06 TL3,1513 con un valor de R 2 = 0,997. En términos generales se observa que las relaciones entre la LT y las medidas de los huesos presentan una correlación fuerte (R² > 0,95). El modelo alométrico presentado puede utilizarse para predecir el tamaño y el peso, no sólo de L. argentiventris, sino también de sus congéneres, y será útil para arqueólogos y biólogos interesados en ecología histórica.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Pesos e Medidas , Perciformes , Membrana dos OtólitosRESUMO
Recent evidence suggests the existence of Pre-Hispanic fisheries in savanna areas of the Amazon basin. How these fisheries may have functioned is still poorly known. Although many studies have drawn attention to how Pre-Hispanic inhabitants of these savannas managed to deal with excess water, little attention has been paid to understanding how large and permanent populations were sustained during long periods of drought. In the Llanos de Mojos, one of the largest savannas in South America, the landscape is greatly affected by the impacts of annual, seasonal flooding and inundations, alternating with a dry period that can last 4-6 months. The fishing practices in this area were studied on the basis of analysis of more than 17,000 fish remains recovered at Loma Salvatierra, a monumental mound located in an interfluvial area 50 km from the Mamoré River and occupied between 500 and 1400 AD. In Loma Salvatierra, a network of circular walled ponds connected to a system of canals has been identified, raising questions about a possible use of these structures for fishing. The exceptional conservation of the bone material has enabled precise taxonomic identification of more than 35 taxa, the richest fish spectrum thus far documented in the Mojos region. The dominant fish, swamp-eels (Synbranchus spp.), armored catfishes (Hoplosternum spp.), lungfish (Lepidosiren paradoxa), and tiger-fish (Hoplias malabaricus) are characteristic of shallow and stagnant waters. Our work documents the first zooarchaeological evidence of a dryland, interfluvial fishing system in the Bolivian Amazon that incorporates distinct species and fishing practices, demonstrating that these regions contain year round resources. Research is taking its first steps toward understanding landscape modifications, fish environments, and specific cultural technologies employed on this and other lowland neotropical savannas that differ from those for fishing in open waters and rivers.
Assuntos
Arqueologia , Pesqueiros/história , Animais , Bolívia , Osso e Ossos/anatomia & histologia , Peixes/classificação , História Antiga , RiosRESUMO
Archaeology provides few examples of large-scale fisheries at the frontier between catching and farming of fish. We analysed the spatial organization of earthen embankments to infer the functioning of a landscape-level pre-Columbian Amazonian fishery that was based on capture of out-migrating fish after reproduction in seasonal floodplains. Long earthen weirs cross floodplains. We showed that weirs bear successive V-shaped features (termed 'Vs' for the sake of brevity) pointing downstream for outflowing water and that ponds are associated with Vs, the V often forming the pond's downstream wall. How Vs channelled fish into ponds cannot be explained simply by hydraulics, because Vs surprisingly lack fishways, where, in other weirs, traps capture fish borne by current flowing through these gaps. We suggest that when water was still high enough to flow over the weir, out-migrating bottom-hugging fish followed current downstream into Vs. Finding deeper, slower-moving water, they remained. Receding water further concentrated fish in ponds. The pond served as the trap, and this function shaped pond design. Weir-fishing and pond-fishing are both practiced in African floodplains today. In combining the two, this pre-Columbian system appears unique in the world.
Assuntos
Pesqueiros/história , Animais , Arqueologia/história , Bolívia , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , História Medieval , LagoasRESUMO
Comparisons of the external morphology and analysis of osteological features of the postcranial and appendicular skeletons of three southwestern Atlantic flatfish species of the genus Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus and P. patagonicus) were carried out. Bones are described, and detailed morphological, morphometric and meristic characteristics of these flounders are given in order to provide information about the external and internal morphology of three species of Paralichthys occurring in the south-west Atlantic waters that add new information and will help regarding within the framework of a phylogenetic study of the group. Interspecific differences were found in the number of vertebrae and intermuscular bones, as well as in the morphology and morphometry of vertebrae, caudal skeletons, pectoral and pelvic girdle bones. Relationships between bones are discussed and bone characteristics compared with those found in other species of Paralichthys and in other pleuronectiform species. The position of Paralichthys isosceles within Paralichthys is discussed, along with other congeners such as P. triocellatus and P. oblongus.(AU)
Se llevaron a cabo comparaciones de la morfología externa y el análisis de las características osteológicas de los esqueletos postcraneal y apendicular de tres especies de peces planos del Atlántico sudoccidental del género Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus y P. patagonicus). Se describen los huesos, y se proporcionan características morfológicas, morfométricas y merísticas detalladas de estos lenguados con el fin de aportar información sobre la morfología externa e interna de tres especies de Paralichthys presentes en el Atlántico sudoccidental. Esta nueva información contribuirá al marco de un estudio filogenético del grupo. Se encontraron diferencias interespecíficas en el número de vértebras y huesos intermusculares, así como en la morfología y morfometría de las vértebras, los esqueletos caudales, los huesos de las cinturas pectoral y pélvica. Se discuten las relaciones entre los huesos y las características óseas en comparación con las encontradas en otras especies de Paralichthys y de otros Pleuronectiformes. Se discute la posición de Paralichthys isosceles dentro del género Paralichthys, junto con otros congéneres como P. oblongus y P. triocellatus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Osteogênese/genética , Linguados/genética , Linguados/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Comparisons of the external morphology and analysis of osteological features of the postcranial and appendicular skeletons of three southwestern Atlantic flatfish species of the genus Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus and P. patagonicus) were carried out. Bones are described, and detailed morphological, morphometric and meristic characteristics of these flounders are given in order to provide information about the external and internal morphology of three species of Paralichthys occurring in the south-west Atlantic waters that add new information and will help regarding within the framework of a phylogenetic study of the group. Interspecific differences were found in the number of vertebrae and intermuscular bones, as well as in the morphology and morphometry of vertebrae, caudal skeletons, pectoral and pelvic girdle bones. Relationships between bones are discussed and bone characteristics compared with those found in other species of Paralichthys and in other pleuronectiform species. The position of Paralichthys isosceles within Paralichthys is discussed, along with other congeners such as P. triocellatus and P. oblongus.(AU)
Se llevaron a cabo comparaciones de la morfología externa y el análisis de las características osteológicas de los esqueletos postcraneal y apendicular de tres especies de peces planos del Atlántico sudoccidental del género Paralichthys (P. isosceles, P. orbignyanus y P. patagonicus). Se describen los huesos, y se proporcionan características morfológicas, morfométricas y merísticas detalladas de estos lenguados con el fin de aportar información sobre la morfología externa e interna de tres especies de Paralichthys presentes en el Atlántico sudoccidental. Esta nueva información contribuirá al marco de un estudio filogenético del grupo. Se encontraron diferencias interespecíficas en el número de vértebras y huesos intermusculares, así como en la morfología y morfometría de las vértebras, los esqueletos caudales, los huesos de las cinturas pectoral y pélvica. Se discuten las relaciones entre los huesos y las características óseas en comparación con las encontradas en otras especies de Paralichthys y de otros Pleuronectiformes. Se discute la posición de Paralichthys isosceles dentro del género Paralichthys, junto con otros congéneres como P. oblongus y P. triocellatus.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Osteogênese/genética , Linguados/genética , Linguados/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Erickson [Erickson CL (2000) Nature 408 (6809):190-193] interpreted features in seasonal floodplains in Bolivia's Beni savannas as vestiges of pre-European earthen fish weirs, postulating that they supported a productive, sustainable fishery that warranted cooperation in the construction and maintenance of perennial structures. His inferences were bold, because no close ethnographic analogues were known. A similar present-day Zambian fishery, documented here, appears strikingly convergent. The Zambian fishery supports Erickson's key inferences about the pre-European fishery: It allows sustained high harvest levels; weir construction and operation require cooperation; and weirs are inherited across generations. However, our comparison suggests that the pre-European system may not have entailed intensive management, as Erickson postulated. The Zambian fishery's sustainability is based on exploiting an assemblage dominated by species with life histories combining high fecundity, multiple reproductive cycles, and seasonal use of floodplains. As water rises, adults migrate from permanent watercourses into floodplains, through gaps in weirs, to feed and spawn. Juveniles grow and then migrate back to dry-season refuges as water falls. At that moment fishermen set traps in the gaps, harvesting large numbers of fish, mostly juveniles. In nature, most juveniles die during the first dry season, so that their harvest just before migration has limited impact on future populations, facilitating sustainability and the adoption of a fishery based on inherited perennial structures. South American floodplain fishes with similar life histories were the likely targets of the pre-European fishery. Convergence in floodplain fish strategies in these two regions in turn drove convergence in cultural niche construction.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Pesqueiros/história , Animais , Arqueologia/métodos , Bolívia , Ecossistema , Peixes , História do Século XXI , História Antiga , Estações do Ano , Comportamento Social , ZâmbiaRESUMO
Anomalous otoliths were discovered among modern and archaeological (8th millennium BP) sciaenids. The two species concerned, Cilus gilberti and Sciaena deliciosa, are common on the Peruvian-Chilean coast and do not seem to be affected by this morphological anomaly that maintained in their populations for thousands of years. The carbonates of the anomalous forms, determined by X-ray diffraction, are different from that of the normal otoliths, i.e. calcite and vaterite instead of aragonite. A method of non-destructive analysis by cathodoluminescence is tested and assumptions on the origin of the anomaly and its possible implications on environmental studies are advanced.
Assuntos
Carbonatos/análise , Microanálise por Sonda Eletrônica , Peixes , Membrana dos Otólitos/química , Animais , Chile , Peixes/classificação , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura , Membrana dos Otólitos/anormalidades , PeruAssuntos
Peixes-Gato , Clima , Membrana dos Otólitos/química , Isótopos de Oxigênio/análise , Temperatura , Animais , Arqueologia , Ecossistema , Oceano Pacífico , Peru , TempoRESUMO
Paranebris bauchotae, a new genus and species of sciaenid from the Gulf of Panama is described from three specimens (138-212 mm SL). It is distinguished from all other sciaenids by having granulated tooth plates on the jaws and the premaxillary tooth plates that are exposed laterally of the lower jaw when the mouth is closed. The new genus shares the following characters with the New World genus Nebris: a thick fleshy and cartilage gap present between premaxillary bones where the ascending processes form an A-frame arch; gas bladder with a pair of long U-shaped appendages; and a thick, oval-shaped sagitta with deeply grooved caudal section of the sulcus. Paranebris bauchotae is distinct from all Nebris species in having a firmer interorbital skin and scale cover (spongy to the touch in Nebris), a larger eye (6-7 vs. 8-12 times in head length) and large ctenoid scales (vs. small and cycloid in Nebris).
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Perciformes/classificação , Oceano Pacífico , Panamá , Perciformes/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
A new sciaenid was found at a fish market on the Ecuadorian coast. Cynoscion nortoni, described from 11 specimens, is characterised by a relatively large eye, a long head and pectoral fin, a high dorsal fin-ray count and a dark, steel grey colour on its dorsum. The specimens were captured over the continental shelf with a long line at depths between 100 and 200 meters. Another deep water species, Umbrina bussingi, is recorded for the first time from southern Colombia.
Assuntos
Animais , Perciformes/classificação , Equador , Perciformes/anatomia & histologiaRESUMO
Se registra por primera vez en aguas peruanas la presencia de 9 especies de bivalvos marinos: Glycymeris (Glycymeris) gigantea, lithophaga (rupiphaga) hastasia, chlamys (chlamys) lowei, codakia (codakia) distinguenda, phlyctiderma (phlyctiderma) insula, pseudochama saavedrai, arcinella californica, tellina (merisca) brevirostris y gastrochaena ovata. Adicionalmente se aportan datos y figuras de gregariella coarctata, diplodonta inconspicua y phlyctiderma (phlyctiderma) discrepans se describen las especies y se apuntan datos sobre su sistemática, distribución, geografía y hábitat.
Assuntos
Ecossistema , Moluscos , PeruRESUMO
Se registra por primera vez en el norte de Perú un ejemplar de Rhinobatos prahli (Acero & Franke 1995), pez guitarra de la familia Rhinobatidae y se difunde datos sobre una especie de pez diablo poco conocida. Pontinus clemensi (Fitch 1955).