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Resumen (analítico) The objective of this paper was to analyze the construction of father-hood in adolescents who are in conflict with the law through an exploratory and qualitative study. Life stories were developed using the in-depth interview technique. The sample consisted of four adolescents in conflict with the law. Through interpretative content analysis, we obtained seven categories, including: emotional context of family origin, family functioning, witnessing family violence and the expression of masculinity by transgressing the law and using drugs. Paternity allows these young fathers to reflect on their own experiences during childhood and develop a paternal role during their transition process out of detention. The main role they assume in their paternity is that of provider, but they also make space to satisfy the affective needs of their children.

Abstract (analytical) El objetivo fue analizar la construcción de la paternidad en adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Se llevó a cabo un estudio exploratorio y cualitativo, se construyeron historias de vida a través de la técnica de entrevista a profundidad. La muestra se conformó por cuatro adolescentes en conflicto con la ley. Se hizo un análisis de contenido interpretativo y se obtuvieron siete categorías: contexto emocional de la familia de origen, el funcionamiento familiar, ser testigo de violencia familiar y la expresión de masculinidad al transgredir la ley y usar drogas. La paternidad permite reflexionar acerca de sus experiencias en la infancia, desarrollar un rol paternal en transición, en el que asumen como principal función el proveer, pero dando espacio a satisfacer las necesidades afectivas de sus hijos.

Resumo (analítico) O objetivo foi analisar a construção da paternidade em adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Realizou-se um estudo exploratório e qualitativo, as histórias de vida foram construídas por meio da técnica de entrevista em profundidade. A mostra foi composta por quatro adolescentes em conflito com a lei. Por meio da análise de conteúdo interpretativa, obtivemos sete categorias: contexto emocional de origem familiar, funcionamento familiar, testemunho de violência familiar, expressão da masculinidade pela transgressão da lei e uso de drogas. A paternidade permite que reflitam sobre suas vivências na infância, desenvolvam um papel paternal em transição, em que assumem a função principal de prover, mas dando espaço para a satisfação das necessidades afetivas de seus filhos.

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Las Encuestas de Salud Oral y los manuales de la OMS que son los Métodos básicos que han animado los países para llevar a cabo encuestas de salud oral estandarizada que es comparable internacionalmente. El Banco de Datos de Salud Oral de la OMS Global recopila los datos obtenidos a través de encuestas nacionales sobre la carga de enfermedades bucodentales y el análisis estadístico recomendada por la OMS en los grupos de edades como indicador clave en los niños y los adultos. Conducta regular de encuestas de salud bucal en un número de países tiene revelada tendencias importantes en el estado de salud bucal, en particular entre los niños. Por un lado, en varios países de ingresos altos, la salud bucal de los niños es mejores tras la introducción y consolidación de la prevención de enfermedades orales según los programas. El rápido aumento de los niveles de la enfermedad oral, por otra parte, se han observado en una serie de países de bajos y medianos ingresos en paralelo con los cambios en las condiciones de vida y la creciente adopción de estilos de vida poco saludables.

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RATIONALE: In 1984, the DMFT12 in Jamaican children was 6.7 (very severe). In 1987, national salt fluoridation was implemented (250 mg F-/kg salt). In 1995, a national survey showed a substantial decrease of caries severity (DMFT12 of 1.8). OBJECTIVES: To see whether the favorable exposure of fluoride was continued. METHODS: Assessment of urinary fluoride parameters based on WHO guidelines. Children were sampled in two urban and two rural sites. Valid nocturnal and daytime urinary collections were obtained from 128 children (mean age 4.7 y). A questionnaire administered to parents provided information on oral hygiene practice, and use of fluoride via salt, dentifrices or supplements. RESULTS: Excretion rate values extrapolated to 24 h were 271 in urban and 330 microgF/24 h in rural, F-concentrations were in the range of 1.13 and 1.30. Almost all children were reported to use toothpaste, most with 600 to 1000 ppm F; 65% of children use more than the recommended amount of toothpaste. Fluoridated salt was consumed by 98% of the children. There was no other apparent usage of fluorides. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary excretion results point to a suboptimal exposure of fluoride, whereas concentrations would suggest an optimal or slightly higher intake. Dentifrices with 500 ppm F should be made available in order to minimize the risk of enamel fluorosis.

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Fluoridation of water supplies has proven to be an effective preventive measure for dental caries. Many developing countries in the Americas have multiple water systems and economies that do not permit the viable application of this approach. Some of the highest dental caries prevalence in the world was evident in the Americas. Fluoridated salt was considered as a potential solution on account of the urgent need for dental caries prevention to millions of people with limited access to routine dental services. A fluoridated salt trial was initiated in Colombia (1963) and upon successful completion with preventive results comparable to water fluoridation, the approach was introduced to other countries and was supported by resolutions of WHO, PAHO, regional health groups and the FDI. The procedures for addition of fluoride were comparable to those for iodization and the two elements were compatible. In the period 1972-2004, ten countries introduced national or localized programmes and five more initiated programmes. Results, based on addition of F ion at 200-250 mg/kg salt, indicated caries prevalence reductions in 12 year olds ranging from 84% in Jamaica, 73% in Costa Rica to 40% in Uruguay at an average cost of 0.06 U.S. dollars /capita/year. This paper provides a background to the situation in the Americas, illustrates the approaches and feasibility of implementing viable fluoridated salt programmes in countries, and demonstrates the results obtainable at minimum cost.

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Objetivos. Evaluar los métodos utilizados y los resultados obtenidos en dos encuestas realizadas en 1984 y 1995 que mostraron una gran reducción de la prevalencia y gravedad de la caries dental en niños jamaiquinos, prestando especial atención a las diferencias metodológicas entre las dos encuestas y a los factores biológicos que podrían explicar la gran disminución de la caries. Métodos. En 1984 se utilizó una modificación de los métodos de encuesta exploratoria de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar la prevalencia y gravedad de la caries dental en niños jamaiquinos de 6, 12 y 15 años. En 1995 se realizó una encuesta similar. Resultados. Las dos encuestas emplearon los mismos criterios diagnósticos y procedimientos clínicos, pero la de 1984 incluyó una mayor proporción de residentes rurales que la de 1995. La comparación de ambas encuestas reveló una reducción del 84% en la gravedad de la caries dental a los 12 años de edad. Los datos muestran una transición epidemiológica entre 1984, cuando la caries dental tenía gran prevalencia y gravedad, y 1995, cuando ambas habían disminuido notablemente. Conclusiones. La reducción de la caries dental entre 1984 y 1995 es atribuible en su mayor parte a la introducción en 1987 de la fluoración de la sal. Aunque la encuesta de 1995 abarcó menos áreas rurales que la de 1984, esto no invalida la reducción de la caries dental que se observó. El uso de dentífricos fluorados, los suplementos dietéticos de fluoruros y el acceso a los servicios curativos, preventivos y de promoción de la salud dental no parecen haber contribuido de forma importante a la reducción observada

Objective. To assess the methods used and results found in two surveys, one conducted in 1984 and the other in 1995, that indicated a large reduction in the prevalence and severity of dental caries among children in Jamaica, with special attention focused on methodological differences between the two surveys and the biological factors that may explain the large reduction in caries. Methods. In 1984 a modified "pathfinder" methodology was used to measure the prevalence and severity of dental caries in 6-, 12-, and 15-year-old children in Jamaica. A similar survey was conducted in 1995. A comparison of the two surveys showed an 84% reduction in the severity of dental caries at age 12. Both surveys used the same diagnostic criteria and clinical procedures, but the 1984 survey included a higher proportion of rural residents than did the 1995 one. Results. The data show an epidemiological transition between 1984, when dental caries was highly prevalent and severe, and 1995, when the disease was less prevalent and was concentrated in a smaller proportion of the population. Conclusions. Most of the reduction in dental caries between 1984 and 1995 is attributable to the introduction, in 1987, of salt fluoridation. While the 1995 survey included fewer rural areas than the 1984 survey did, that does not invalidate the observed reduction in dental caries. The use of fluoride toothpaste and dietary fluoride supplements as well as access to dental health promotion and preventive and curative services do not seem to be major contributors to the reductions observed

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the methods used and results found in two surveys, one conducted in 1984 and the other in 1995, that indicated a large reduction in the prevalane and severity of dental caries among children in Jamaica, with special attention focused on methodological differences between the two surveys and the biological factors that may explain the large reduction in caries. METHODS: In 1984 a modified "pathfinder" methodology was used to measure the prevalence and severity of dental caries in 6-, 12-, and 25-year-old children in Jamaica. A similar survey was conducted in 1995. A comparison of the two surveys showed an 84 percent reduction in the severity of dental caries at age 12. Both surveys used the same diagnostic criteria and clincal procedures, but the 1984 survey included a higher proprtion of rural residents than did the 1995 one. RESULTS: The data show an epidemiological transition between 1984, when dental caries was highly prevalent and severe, and 1995, when the disease was less prevalent and was concentrated in a smaller proportion of the population. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the reduction in dental caries between 1984 and 1995 is attributable to the introduction, in 1987, of salt flouridation. While the 1995 survey included fewer rural areas than the 1984 survey did, that does not invalidate the observed reduction in dental caries. The use of flouride toothpaste and dietary flouride supplements as well as access to dental health promotion and preventive and curative services do not seem to be major contributors to the reductions observed. (AU)

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Most of the reductions in dental caries between 1984 and 1995 is attributable to the introduction, in 1987, of salt fluoridation. While the 1995 survey included fewer rural areas than the 1984 survey did, that does not invalidate the observed reduction in dental caries. The use of fluoride toothpaste and dietary fluoride supplements as well as access to dental health promotion and preventative and curative services do not seem to be major contributors to the reductions observed (AU)

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This study evaluated urinary fluoride excretion by school children 4-6 years old who were living in a south Texas rural community that had concentrations of fluoride in drinking water supplies generally around the optimal level. We took supervised collections of urine samples in the morning and afternoon at school, and parents of the participating students collected nocturnal samples. We recorded the beginning and end times of the three collection periods and then determined the urinary volume and urinary flow for each of the periods. We measured urinary fluoride concentrations and calculated the urinary excretion rate per hour. The children had breakfast and lunch provided at the school, where the drinking water contained 1.0-1.3 milligrams/liter (mg/L) fluoride. Fluoride concentrations in the tested household water supplies, from wells, ranged from 0.1 to 3.2 mg/L fluoride. The children's average urinary fluoride concentrations found for the day were similar to those for the night, with means ranging from 1.26 mg/L to 1.42 mg/L. Average excretion was 36.4 mg/h in the morning, 45.6 mg/h in the afternoon, and 17.5 mg/h at night. The lower nocturnal excretion rates are easily explained by low urinary flow at night. Based on the 15 hours of urine collected, the extrapolated 24-hour fluoride excretion was 749 µg. In conjunction with similar studies, the data from this study will help in developing upper limits for urinary fluoride excretion that are appropriate for avoiding unsightly fluorosis while providing optimal protection against dental decay

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Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal entre los años 1992-1997, con la finalidad de investigar las 10 primeras causas de hospitalización de pacientes mayores de 12 años, su distribución por sexo, grupo etáreo y servicio en donde fue hospitalizado (Medicina Interna, Cirugía y Traumatología), ingresados al Hospital Pérez de León de Petare, Caracas. Se obtuvo como resultado que las 10 primeras causas de hospitalización en orden decreciente fueron: Heridas por Arma de Fuego, Politraumatismos, Apendicitis aguda, Traumatismo Cráneo Encefálico, Fracturas de cualquier tipo), Heridas por Arma Blanca, Colecistitis Aguda, Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 Descompensada. Los grupos etáreos de mayor ingreso estaban ubicadas entre los 21 y 30 años de edad, de sexo masculino y el servicio de mayor demanda fue Cirugía. En vista de los resultados obtenidos, se llegó a la conclusión que la mayoría de las patologías que justificaron el ingreso al área de hospitalización fueron de origen quirúrgico, por lo tanto, se deben orientar gran parte de los recursos al mejoramiento, equipamiento y ampliación de estas áreas (quirofanos, sala de hospitalización, terapia intensiva y cirugía menor). De la misma manera, por ser un centro que tiene como primeras causas de hospitalización heridas por arma de fuego y politraumatismo, se debiera contar con un área de Trauma-Shock equipada para la atención de este tipo de pacientes

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