RESUMO
Motivation: α-Tocopherol is a molecule obtained primarily from plant sources that are important for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry. However, this component has some limitations such as sensitivity to oxygen, presence of light, and high temperatures. For this molecule to become more widely used, it is important to carry out a structural modification so that there is better stability and thus it can carry out its activities. To carry out this structural modification, some modifications are carried out, including the application of biotransformation using enzymes as biocatalysts. Thus, the application of a computational tool that helps in understanding the transport mechanisms of molecules in the tunnels present in the enzymatic structures is of fundamental importance because it promotes a computational screening facilitating bench applications. Objective: The aim of this work was to perform a computational analysis of the biotransformation of α-tocopherol into tocopherol esters, observing the tunnels present in the enzymatic structures as well as the energies which correspond to the transport of molecules. Method: To carry out this work, 9 lipases from different organisms were selected; their structures were analyzed by identifying the tunnels (quantity, conformation, and possibility of transport) and later the calculations of substrate transport for the biotransformation reaction in the identified tunnels were carried out. Additionally, the transport of the product obtained in the reaction through the tunnels was also carried out. Results: In this work, the quantity of existing tunnels in the morphological conformational characteristics in the lipases was verified. Thus, the enzymes with fewer tunnels were RML (3 tunnels), LBC and RNL (4 tunnels), PBLL (5 tunnels), CALB (6 tunnels), HLG (7 tunnels), and LCR and LTL (8 tunnels) and followed by the enzyme LPP with the largest number of tunnels (39 tunnels). However, the enzyme that was most likely to transport substrates in terms of α-tocopherol biotransformation (in relation to the Emax and Ea energies of ligands and products) was CALB, as it obtains conformational and transport characteristics of molecules with a particularity. The most conditions of transport analysis were α-tocopherol tunnel 3 (Emax: -4.6 kcal/mol; Ea: 1.1 kcal/mol), vinyl acetate tunnel 1 (Emax: -2.4 kcal/mol; Ea: 0.1 kcal/mol), and tocopherol acetate tunnel 2 (Emax: -3.7 kcal/mol; Ea: 2 kcal/mol).
RESUMO
A literatura, além de entretenimento, é um meio de transmitir mensagens, de reflexão e discussão das questões humanas, portanto, um importante objeto de investigação psicossocial. Visando apreender a personagem avó, analisaram-se duas histórias para crianças de duas consagradas autoras contemporâneas brasileiras, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, de Ana Maria Machado, e Atrás da Porta, de Ruth Rocha. A metodologia qualitativa de análise de conteúdo possibilitou aventar as seguintes categorias: descrição dos personagens e de suas relações; análise dos símbolos à luz da Psicologia Analítica; contexto sócio-histórico; visão sobre educação; conceito de infância; e literatura como mensagem. As avós aparecem como representantes de geração(s) anterior(es), transmissoras da cultura e da tradição social, fontes de heranças simbólicas (cultural, familiar, intelectual), contribuindo para o desenvolvimento intelectual de seus netos e para a formação de sua identidade.
Besides leisure, literature is a means to present messages, reflection and discussion about human issues, therefore an important subject to psychosocial investigation. Aiming to understand the grandmother as a character two stories for children written by two well known Brazilian writers were analyzed, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, by Ana Maria Machado and Atrás da Porta (Behind the Door), by Ruth Rocha. The qualitative approach of content analysis allowed the following categories: description of the characters and of their relationships; symbol analysis using Analytical Psychology; socio-historical context; authors comprehension about education; concept of infancy; and literature as a means for authors message. Grand-mothers were presented as representing a previous generation(s), transmitting cultural and social tradition, sources of symbolic heritage (cultural, familiar, intellectual), contributing to their grandchildrens intellectual development and identity formation.
La littérature, au delà d´être un loisir, est un moyen de transmettre des messages, de réflexion et de discussion sur les questions humaines, donc un important objet d´investigation psychosociale. En ayant comme but d´identifier le personnage grand-mère, on a analysé deux histoires pour les enfants écrites par deux écrivains brésiliennes contemporaines, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, de Ana Maria Machado et Atrás da Porta (Derrière la porte), de Ruth Rocha. En utilisant une méthodologie qualitative d´analyse de contenu, l´analyse des oeuvres a pris les catégories suivantes : description des personnages et de leurs relations ; analyse des symboles à partir de la Psychologie Analytique ; contextes sociaux et historique ; vision sur l´éducation ; concept d´enfance ; et littérature comme message. Les grand-mères ont été présentées comme des représentantes de génération(s) précédente(s) qui transmissent la culture et la tradition sociale, sources des héritages symboliques (culturelle, familiale, intectuelle), en contribuant au développement intellectuel de leurs petits-enfants et à la formation de leur identité. Plus que des personnages, elles émergent comme des transmetteurs de la propre humanité.
La literatura, además de entretenimiento, es un medio de presentar mensajes, reflección y discusiones de cuestiones humanas, donde es un importante objeto de investigación psicosocial. Objetivando comprender el personaje de la abuela, fueran analizados dos libros para niños de dos consagradas autoras contemporáneas brasileñas, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, de Ana Maria Machado, y Atrás da Porta, de Ruth Rocha. La metodología cualitativa de análisis de contenido permitió las siguientes categorías: descripción de los personajes y de sus relaciones; análisis de los símbolos a la luz de la Psicología Analítica; contexto sociohistórico; visión sobre la educación; concepto de niñez; y literatura como mensaje. Las abuelas surgen como representantes de generación(es) anterior(es), transmisoras de la cultura y de la tradición social, fuentes de herencias simbólicas (cultural, familiar, intelectual), contribuyendo para el desarrollo intelectual de sus nietos y para la formación de su identidad.
Assuntos
Relação entre Gerações , Literatura , Literatura Moderna , Psicologia SocialRESUMO
A literatura, além de entretenimento, é um meio de transmitir mensagens, de reflexão e discussão das questões humanas, portanto, um importante objeto de investigação psicossocial. Visando apreender a personagem avó, analisaram-se duas histórias para crianças de duas consagradas autoras contemporâneas brasileiras, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, de Ana Maria Machado, e Atrás da Porta, de Ruth Rocha. A metodologia qualitativa de análise de conteúdo possibilitou aventar as seguintes categorias: descrição dos personagens e de suas relações; análise dos símbolos à luz da Psicologia Analítica; contexto sócio-histórico; visão sobre educação; conceito de infância; e literatura como mensagem. As avós aparecem como representantes de geração(s) anterior(es), transmissoras da cultura e da tradição social, fontes de heranças simbólicas (cultural, familiar, intelectual), contribuindo para o desenvolvimento intelectual de seus netos e para a formação de sua identidade.(AU)
Besides leisure, literature is a means to present messages, reflection and discussion about human issues, therefore an important subject to psychosocial investigation. Aiming to understand the grandmother as a character two stories for children written by two well known Brazilian writers were analyzed, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, by Ana Maria Machado and Atrás da Porta (Behind the Door), by Ruth Rocha. The qualitative approach of content analysis allowed the following categories: description of the characters and of their relationships; symbol analysis using Analytical Psychology; socio-historical context; authors comprehension about education; concept of infancy; and literature as a means for authors message. Grand-mothers were presented as representing a previous generation(s), transmitting cultural and social tradition, sources of symbolic heritage (cultural, familiar, intellectual), contributing to their grandchildrens intellectual development and identity formation.(AU)
La littérature, au delà d´être un loisir, est un moyen de transmettre des messages, de réflexion et de discussion sur les questions humaines, donc un important objet d´investigation psychosociale. En ayant comme but d´identifier le personnage grand-mère, on a analysé deux histoires pour les enfants écrites par deux écrivains brésiliennes contemporaines, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, de Ana Maria Machado et Atrás da Porta (Derrière la porte), de Ruth Rocha. En utilisant une méthodologie qualitative d´analyse de contenu, l´analyse des oeuvres a pris les catégories suivantes : description des personnages et de leurs relations ; analyse des symboles à partir de la Psychologie Analytique ; contextes sociaux et historique ; vision sur l´éducation ; concept d´enfance ; et littérature comme message. Les grand-mères ont été présentées comme des représentantes de génération(s) précédente(s) qui transmissent la culture et la tradition sociale, sources des héritages symboliques (culturelle, familiale, intectuelle), en contribuant au développement intellectuel de leurs petits-enfants et à la formation de leur identité. Plus que des personnages, elles émergent comme des transmetteurs de la propre humanité.(AU)
La literatura, además de entretenimiento, es un medio de presentar mensajes, reflección y discusiones de cuestiones humanas, donde es un importante objeto de investigación psicosocial. Objetivando comprender el personaje de la abuela, fueran analizados dos libros para niños de dos consagradas autoras contemporáneas brasileñas, Bisa Bia Bisa Bel, de Ana Maria Machado, y Atrás da Porta, de Ruth Rocha. La metodología cualitativa de análisis de contenido permitió las siguientes categorías: descripción de los personajes y de sus relaciones; análisis de los símbolos a la luz de la Psicología Analítica; contexto sociohistórico; visión sobre la educación; concepto de niñez; y literatura como mensaje. Las abuelas surgen como representantes de generación(es) anterior(es), transmisoras de la cultura y de la tradición social, fuentes de herencias simbólicas (cultural, familiar, intelectual), contribuyendo para el desarrollo intelectual de sus nietos y para la formación de su identidad.(AU)
Assuntos
Literatura , Literatura Moderna , Relação entre Gerações , Psicologia SocialRESUMO
Three beta-glycosidases, named betaGly1, betaGly2 and betaGly3, were isolated from midgut tissues of the sugar cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis Fabricius (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The three enzymes have similar Mr (58,000; 61,000; 61,000), pI (7.5, 7.4, and 7.4) and optimum pH (6.7, 6.3, and 7.2) and were resolved by hydrophobic chromatography. The beta-glycosidases prefer beta-glucosides to beta-galactosides, have four subsites for glucose binding and hydrolyse glucose-glucose beta-1,3 linkages better than beta-1, 4- or beta-1,6 linkages. betaGly1 and 2 were completely purified, whereas betaGly3 was isolated with a contaminant peptide that has no activity upon beta-glycosides. By using competing substrates, it was shown that betaGly 1 and 3 have one active site, whereas betaGly2 has two, one hydrolyzing natural and the other synthetic substrates. betaGly2 is the only D. saccharalis beta-glycosidase that can efficiently hydrolyse prunasin, the glycoside remaining after glucose removal from the plant glycoside amygdalin and that liberates the cyanogenic mandelonitrile. As shown elsewhere, betaGly2 activity is reduced when D. saccharalis is reared in amygdalin containing diets. From the results, we propose that the physiological role of betaGly 1 and 3 is the digestion of oligo- and disaccharides derived from hemicelluloses and of betaGly2 is glycolipid hydrolysis. Free energy relationships showed that D. saccharalis betaGly3 and Tenebrio molitor (Coleoptera) betaGly1 have active sites that bind similarly the transition states formed with different substrates. The same is also true for the active sites of D. saccharalis betaGly1 and T. molitor betaGly2. This suggests that active sites of similar enzymes are probably homologous, displaying nearly identical bonds between active site amino acids and substrate moieties.