RESUMO
The present study is focused on the chemical and nano-mineralogical characterization of sludge from gold mine activities, in order to put forward diverse solution alternatives, where lack of knowledge has been found. The sample was collected from "La Estrella" mine of Suarez, located in Department of Cauca, south-west Colombia. The sludge micro-structure and chemical composition were analyzed using a high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) equipped with a dispersive X-ray detector (EDS). X-ray diffraction technique was employed to identify the mineralogical phases present in the sludge. Additional mineralogical characterization was done by using RAMAN spectroscopy. Main findings points to its potential to be used as a fertilizer, this is why, mine sludge contains macronutrients such as P, Ca and S, together with micronutrients like Cu. However, the presence of goethite could decrease the mobilization of nutrients to soils, thus additional alternatives, for instance, a mixture with humus or another material containing Humic Acids should be done, in order to minimizing its retention effect. Additionally, another possible uses to explore could be as construction and ceramic material or in the wastewater treatment for nutrient retention and organic material removal. Rutile (TiO2 nanoparticles) particles have been also detected, what could cause health concern due to its nanoparticle toxic character, mainly during gold extraction process.
Assuntos
Ouro , Mineração , Nanoestruturas/química , Esgotos/análise , Colômbia , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Fertilizantes , Compostos de Ferro , Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão , Minerais , Nanoestruturas/ultraestrutura , Esgotos/química , Solo , Titânio/análise , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
This study evaluated the polymerase chain reaction- restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis of fliC for typing flagella antigen (H) of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains isolated from different animals. The molecular typing of the H type was efficient in the determination of 93 (85%) strains. Two nonmotile (H-) E. coli strains showed a PCR-RFLP electrophoretic profile that did not match known H type patterns. The fliC nucleotide sequence of strains B2N and 4a revealed a nucleotide substitution at the restriction site and a nucleotide insertion that generated a stop codon, respectively. The results of this study showed that PCR-RFLP analysis of fliC is faster, less laborious and as efficient for the determination of H type E. coli isolated from animals, compared to serotyping and that it is useful in determining H type in nonmotile strains and strains expressing non-reactive H antigens. Moreover, the fliC sequence of strain B2N suggests that we could have found a new flagellin antigen type.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/classificação , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Tipagem Molecular/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/classificação , Animais , Antígenos de Bactérias/genética , Sequência de Bases , Brasil , Bovinos , DNA Bacteriano/análise , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Cães , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/genética , Escherichia coli Enteropatogênica/isolamento & purificação , Flagelina , Haplorrinos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Tipagem Molecular/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/veterinária , Ovinos , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Thrombosis develops when the hemostatic system is incorrectly activated due to the unbalance between procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic mechanisms allowing the formation of a clot within a blood vessel. The risk factors of this pathology can be acquired or can be genetic. OBJECTIVES: To analyze in a Colombian population with diagnosis of venous thrombosis, lipid profile, glucose and homocystein levels, to calculate the alleles and genotypic frequencies of polymorphisms c.699 C>T, c.1080 C>T, c.844ins68 of the cystathionine ß synthase and the c.677 C>T of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty three patients and their controls were studied. The biochemical test was carried out by colorimetric methods and immunoassay. In this survey we used the restriction fragments longitude polymorphism (RLFP) technique to identify the polymorphisms mentioned. The association study was performed through the chi square test. RESULTS: We confirmed that gene alterations increase risk for pathology; we found statistically significant differences in the group with hypercholesterolemia in presence of the polymorphism c.699 C>T in the CBS gene, showing a protective effect in the individuals carrying this genetic variation. Likewise, we found a statistical trend for an eventual protective effect of the CBS c.844ins68 polymorphism to venous thrombotic disease. CONCLUSIONS: There were not any statistically significant differences in homocystein levels between cases and controls; nevertheless, the variability in the plasma concentrations was greater in the group of cases.
Assuntos
Cistationina beta-Sintase/genética , Homocisteína/sangue , Metilenotetra-Hidrofolato Redutase (NADPH2)/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Trombose Venosa/sangue , Trombose Venosa/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Colômbia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Introducción. Se produce trombosis cuando en el sistema hemostático se desequilibran los mecanismos procoagulantes, anticoagulantes y fibrinolíticos, y se forman coágulos dentro de los vasos sanguíneos. Los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de esta enfermedad pueden ser adquiridos o genéticos, polimorfismos o mutaciones en genes que conducen a hiperhomocisteinemia o que están comprometidos en las vías de coagulación. Objetivos. Analizar, en una población colombiana con diagnóstico de trombosis venosa el perfil lipídico, los niveles de glucosa y homocisteína, y calcular las frecuencias alélicas y genotípicas de los polimorfismos c.677C>T del gen de la metilen-tetra-hidrofolato reductasa (MTHFR) y c. 699C>T, c.1080 C>T, c.844ins68 del gen de la cistationina betasintasa (CBS).Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 33 pacientes con sus respectivos controles. Las pruebas bioquímicas se realizaron por métodos colorimétricos y de inmunoensayo. Se utilizó la técnica de fragmentos de longitud polimórfica para la identificación de los polimorfismos mencionados. El estudio de asociación se hizo mediante la prueba de de ji al cuadrado. Resultados. Se confirmó el papel de algunos factores de riesgo ya establecidos para el desarrollo de enfermedad trombótica venosa y se encontró un efecto protector del polimorfismo CBS c.699C>T para el riesgo de hipercolesterolemia con diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el grupo de los casos al compararlo con los controles. Por otra parte, se encontró una tendencia estadística que podría indicar un efecto protector del polimorfismo 844ins68 para el desarrollo de enfermedad trombótica venosa. Conclusiones. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los niveles de homocisteína entre el grupo de casos y de controles. Sin embargo, la variabilidad en las concentraciones plasmáticas fue mayor en los casos.
Introduction. Thrombosis develops when the hemostatic system is incorrectly activated due to the unbalance between procoagulant, anticoagulant and fibrinolytic mechanisms allowing the formation of a clot within a blood vessel. The risk factors of this pathology can be acquired or can be genetic. Objectives. To analyze in a Colombian population with diagnosis of venous thrombosis, lipid profile, glucose and homocystein levels, to calculate the alleles and genotypic frequencies of polymorphisms c.699 C>T, c.1080 C>T, c.844ins68 of the cystathionine ß synthase and the c.677 C>T of the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genes. Materials and methods. Thirty three patients and their controls were studied. The biochemical test was carried out by colorimetric methods and immunoassay. In this survey we used the restriction fragments longitude polymorphism (RLFP) technique to identify the polymorphisms mentioned. The association study was performed through the chi square test. Results. We confirmed that gene alterations increase risk for pathology; we found statistically significant differences in the group with hypercholesterolemia in presence of the polymorphism c.699 C>T in the CBS gene, showing a protective effect in the individuals carrying this genetic variation. Likewise, we found a statistical trend for an eventual protective effect of the CBS c.844ins68 polymorphism to venous thrombotic disease. Conclusions. There were not any statistically significant differences in homocystein levels between cases and controls; nevertheless, the variability in the plasma concentrations was greater in the group of cases.
Assuntos
Homocisteína , Hiper-Homocisteinemia , Polimorfismo Genético , Trombose , Aterosclerose , Cistationina beta-SintaseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiology of Treponema pallidum (syphilis) among female sex workers (FSW) in Santa Fe de Bogotá, Colombia. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Participants were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire, which collected socio-demographic characteristics and risk behavior information. Blood samples were screened for syphilis using the VDRL test and the MHATP assay. RESULTS: The prevalence of syphilis was 10.3% (53/514). Adjusted risk factors significantly associated with syphilis were: age (linear increase), education (primary or no education), monthly income (
Assuntos
Trabalho Sexual , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The primary objective was to estimate the lifetime prevalence of abortion and the secondary objective was to describe the use of contraceptive methods among female sex workers (FSW) in Bogota, Colombia. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among FSW. Information on sociodemographic characteristics, contraceptive methods, number of abortions, reasons for abortions and sexual practices was collected. RESULTS: A total of 514 FSW were enrolled. Of these, 264 (53%) had a lifetime abortion. Age, years in sex work and a previous sexually transmitted infection were associated with abortion. A total of 89 FSW(17%) reported no contraception method. Oral contraceptives, use of condoms, female sterilization and intrauterine device insertion were the most common methods of contraception. Women who were poorer, who initiated sex work at a younger age and who reported use of illegal drugs were associated with inconsistent contraception. CONCLUSION: A high lifetime prevalence of abortion and inconsistent contraception was found among FSW in Bogota. There is a need for effective and practical contraceptive methods of family health planning among FSW in Colombia.
Assuntos
Aborto Induzido/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Contraceptivo/estatística & dados numéricos , Anticoncepção/estatística & dados numéricos , Trabalho Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Aborto Induzido/psicologia , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Humanos , Prevalência , Comportamento Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/epidemiologia , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/psicologiaRESUMO
To study the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains among men who have sex with men (MSM), the main high-risk group for HIV infection in Colombia, 113 HIV-positive MSM subjects recruited in Bogotá during the year 2002 were genotyped. By heteroduplex mobility assay (env HMA) all samples were classified as subtype B. Partial sequencing of the protease and the reverse transcriptase (Pro/RT) regions performed on a random subset of 10 samples revealed that nine were classified as subtype B, and one sample was subtype F. The specimen that is subtype F in pol and subtype B in env is likely to be is either a recombinant or a dual infection. In this study, we identify the HIV F subtype for the first time in Colombia.
Assuntos
Genes pol/genética , Infecções por HIV/genética , HIV-1/genética , Homossexualidade Masculina , Adolescente , Adulto , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Filogenia , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
HIV cross-sectional studies were conducted among high-risk populations in 9 countries of South America. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay screening and Western blot confirmatory testing were performed, and env heteroduplex mobility assay genotyping and DNA sequencing were performed on a subset of HIV-positive subjects. HIV prevalences were highest among men who have sex with men (MSM; 2.0%-27.8%) and were found to be associated with multiple partners, noninjection drug use (non-IDU), and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). By comparison, much lower prevalences were noted among female commercial sex workers (FCSWs; 0%-6.3%) and were associated mainly with a prior IDU and STI history. Env subtype B predominated among MSM throughout the region (more than 90% of strains), whereas env subtype F predominated among FCSWs in Argentina and male commercial sex workers in Uruguay (more than 50% of strains). A renewed effort in controlling STIs, especially among MSM groups, could significantly lessen the impact of the HIV epidemic in South America.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , HIV/genética , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Feminino , Produtos do Gene env/genética , Análise Heteroduplex , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Epidemiologia Molecular , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Trabalho Sexual , Comportamento Sexual , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Abuso de Substâncias por Via IntravenosaRESUMO
La responsabilidad notarial debe estudiarse fundamentalmente desde el punto de vista de las obligaciones derivadas de los principios de Derecho Notarial considerada como rama autonoma del Derecho. Para precisar el contenido y alcance de la responsabilidad civil del notario, resulta necesario establecer la naturaleza juridica de la funcion notarial. Por lo que sin animo de encasillar en una definicion todas las caracteristicas de la funcion notarial en Bolivia, se puede indicar que el notario boliviano es un profesional del Derecho que ejerce una funcion fedataria de naturaleza publica por delegacion del Estado a traves de su desempeño particular. La responsabilidad notarial de alcance sea civil, penal, administrativo y disciplinaria, es decir en todas sus diferentes clases, debe considerarses como una de las bases fundamentales del notario de tipo latino y digno corolario del poder conferido por Derecho, a quine solo se le exige alta capacitacion tecnica e ideoneidad moral, en cuanto a la confianza que se le dispensa...