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INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injuries (SCI) have physiological, emotional, and economic consequences in the lives of affected people. Resistance training (RT) is efficient in improving several physiological factors, quality of life, and body composition. Due to the scarce literature on the analysis of isolated RT, the objective of this systematic review is to evaluate the effects of RT without the association of other techniques, in aspects related to the quality of life and body composition of people with SCI. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The research was carried out in databases such as Pubmed, Cochrane, and Web of Science using the terms ("Spinal cord injury") AND (("Resistance Training") OR ("Strength training")). Given the lack of evidence on the subject, no deadline was set for the study to be eligible for analysis. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The search for the articles was carried out in November of 2023 and returned 470 results, of which 315 remained after the elimination of duplicates, with 281 being excluded after title analysis. A total of 34 abstracts were analyzed and 29 studies were excluded, leaving 5 complete articles for thorough analysis. CONCLUSIONS: After analyzing the main results, we concluded that RT promotes significant improvements in body composition, pain, stress and depression symptoms, increased functionality, physical awareness, and quality of life.

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Introducción. El mobiliario escolar influye en la postura sedente que adopta el alumnado en el aula, con efectos en su salud y aprendizaje. Por ello, es preciso determinar la existencia de un posible desajuste entre las dimensiones del mobiliario escolar y la antropometría del alumnado, así como realizar una propuesta de tallas en base a la realidad del aula y las normativas de Galicia y la Unión Europea. Población y métodos. Un evaluador experto en antropometría realizó las mediciones de peso, talla, altura poplítea, hombro y codo sentado, con un antropómetro, comparándolas posteriormente con las sillas y mesas utilizadas actualmente. Las técnicas de análisis empleadas fueron: descriptivo (medidas de tendencia central), análisis de la varianza de un factor, prueba t, prueba de chi cuadrado (en software SPSS®) y tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen). El nivel de significación establecido fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados. La muestra se compuso de 108 estudiantes españoles de educación primaria (de entre 6 y 12 años). El 91,7 % y el 97,2 % del alumnado emplea, respectivamente, una silla y una mesa que no se ajusta a sus características antropométricas, y utiliza mobiliario con un tamaño superior al que le corresponde. La normativa de tallas de mobiliario que rige actualmente en la población estudiada no es apropiada, al no tener sillas y mesas adecuadas a los primeros cursos de primaria. Conclusiones. Existe un alto grado de desajuste entre el mobiliario y la antropometría del alumnado. Se propone seguir las tallas de la normativa europea, utilizando varias tallas por curso o mobiliario regulable, para adaptarse a las características antropométricas de todo el alumnado.

Introduction. School furniture affects the sitting position of students in the classroom, as well as their health and learning. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the existence of a potential mismatch between school furniture dimensions and students' anthropometric characteristics, as well as to propose dimensions based on classroom actuality and the regulations in place in both Galicia and the European Union. Population and methods. An evaluator with experience in anthropometry measured weight, height, popliteal height, sitting shoulder height, and sitting elbow height using an anthropometer and then compared values with the chairs and desks currently used. Analysis techniques were descriptive (measures of central tendency), single-factor analysis of variance, t test, χ² test (using the SPSS® software), and effect size (Cohen's d test). The significance level was established at p ≤ 0.05.Results. The sample was made up of 108 Spanish children in primary school (aged 6-12 years). Of them, 91.7 % and 97.2 % use, respectively, a chair and a desk that do not adjust to their anthropometric characteristics and use furniture that is larger than what they need. The regulations for furniture dimensions currently in place for the studied population are not adequate because the chairs and desks included are not adequate for the first grades of primary school. Conclusions. There is a high mismatch level between school furniture and students' anthropometric characteristics. We propose the use of the European regulations for furniture dimensions, with varying heights per grade or adjustable furniture that can be adapted to the anthropometric characteristics of all students.

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Introduction: School furniture affects the sitting position of students in the classroom, as well as their health and learning. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the existence of a potential mismatch between school furniture dimensions and students' anthropometric characteristics, as well as to propose dimensions based on classroom actuality and the regulations in place in both Galicia and the European Union. Population and methods: An evaluator with experience in anthropometry measured weight, height, popliteal height, sitting shoulder height, and sitting elbow height using an anthropometer and then compared values with the chairs and desks currently used. Analysis techniques were descriptive (measures of central tendency), single-factor analysis of variance, t test, χ² test (using the SPSS® software), and effect size (Cohen's d test). The significance level was established at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The sample was made up of 108 Spanish children in primary school (aged 6-12 years). Of them, 91.7 % and 97.2 % use, respectively, a chair and a desk that do not adjust to their anthropometric characteristics and use furniture that is larger than what they need. The regulations for furniture dimensions currently in place for the studied population are not adequate because the chairs and desks included are not adequate for the first grades of primary school. Conclusions: There is a high mismatch level between school furniture and students' anthropometric characteristics. We propose the use of the European regulations for furniture dimensions, with varying heights per grade or adjustable furniture that can be adapted to the anthropometric characteristics of all students.

Introducción. El mobiliario escolar influye en la postura sedente que adopta el alumnado en el aula, con efectos en su salud y aprendizaje. Por ello, es preciso determinar la existencia de un posible desajuste entre las dimensiones del mobiliario escolar y la antropometría del alumnado, así como realizar una propuesta de tallas en base a la realidad del aula y las normativas de Galicia y la Unión Europea. Población y métodos. Un evaluador experto en antropometría realizó las mediciones de peso, talla, altura poplítea, hombro y codo sentado, con un antropómetro, comparándolas posteriormente con las sillas y mesas utilizadas actualmente. Las técnicas de análisis empleadas fueron: descriptivo (medidas de tendencia central), análisis de la varianza de un factor, prueba t, prueba de chi cuadrado (en software SPSS®) y tamaño del efecto (d de Cohen). El nivel de significación establecido fue de p ≤ 0,05. Resultados. La muestra se compuso de 108 estudiantes españoles de educación primaria (de entre 6 y 12 años). El 91,7 % y el 97,2 % del alumnado emplea, respectivamente, una silla y una mesa que no se ajusta a sus características antropométricas, y utiliza mobiliario con un tamaño superior al que le corresponde. La normativa de tallas de mobiliario que rige actualmente en la población estudiada no es apropiada, al no tener sillas y mesas adecuadas a los primeros cursos de primaria. Conclusiones. Existe un alto grado de desajuste entre el mobiliario y la antropometría del alumnado. Se propone seguir las tallas de la normativa europea, utilizando varias tallas por curso o mobiliario regulable, para adaptarse a las características antropométricas de todo el alumnado.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity and provide normative values for the three-min shuttle run test in Spanish preschoolers. METHODS: A total of 497 children (mean age 4.83±0.57 years; 47.8% girls) performed the three-min shuttle run test. Posttest body mass index and heart rate values were taken as internal validity indicators. RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific percentiles for cardiorespiratory fitness were provided. Boys performed better than girls in the test. A significant association was observed between the total distance covered and heart rate (p=0.002). No correlation was found between body mass index and the test score, although the total distance covered by normal weight and obese children was significantly different (296.9 versus. 271.3 m; p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides age- and sex-specific cardiorespiratory fitness normative values for the three-min shuttle run test when performed by Spanish preschoolers. This test is an interesting option when the lack of resources limits the measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the preschool setting.

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OBJECTIVE: Few physical exercise programs for children with limb loss have been described in detail recently. We provided information regarding the characteristics and effectiveness of an alternative rehabilitation exercise developed for children with lower-limb amputation. METHODS: An 8-year-old boy with a below-knee amputation and a 9-year-old bilateral amputee girl performed an exercise program of one 2-h session per week for 20 weeks, aimed at developing muscular strength and coordination. Walking ability and walking speed were assessed by using the L-test of functional mobility and 10-m walk test, respectively. Mechanical and neuromuscular muscle function was assessed by using tensiomyography. RESULTS: In case 1, a decrement of 9.5% and 10.5% was found in the L-test (42 s vs. 38 s) and in the 10-m test (19 s vs. 17 s) scores, respectively. In case 2, walking ability remained unchanged (L-test score: 38 s), while a 5.2% reduction in walking speed was observed (10-m test score: 19 s vs. 18 s). No relevant changes were observed in the muscular tone in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should be aware that, contrary to what could be expected, a multidisciplinary training program held once per week for 5 months had a minimal impact on the gait pattern and neuromuscular function of two children with lower-limb amputation.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the validity and provide normative values for the three-min shuttle run test in Spanish preschoolers. METHODS: A total of 497 children (mean age 4.83±0.57 years; 47.8% girls) performed the three-min shuttle run test. Posttest body mass index and heart rate values were taken as internal validity indicators. RESULTS: Age- and sex-specific percentiles for cardiorespiratory fitness were provided. Boys performed better than girls in the test. A significant association was observed between the total distance covered and heart rate (p=0.002). No correlation was found between body mass index and the test score, although the total distance covered by normal weight and obese children was significantly different (296.9 versus. 271.3 m; p=0.013). CONCLUSIONS: This study provides age- and sex-specific cardiorespiratory fitness normative values for the three-min shuttle run test when performed by Spanish preschoolers. This test is an interesting option when the lack of resources limits the measurement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the preschool setting.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Few physical exercise programs for children with limb loss have been described in detail recently. We provided information regarding the characteristics and effectiveness of an alternative rehabilitation exercise developed for children with lower-limb amputation. METHODS: An 8-year-old boy with a below-knee amputation and a 9-year-old bilateral amputee girl performed an exercise program of one 2-h session per week for 20 weeks, aimed at developing muscular strength and coordination. Walking ability and walking speed were assessed by using the L-test of functional mobility and 10-m walk test, respectively. Mechanical and neuromuscular muscle function was assessed by using tensiomyography. RESULTS: In case 1, a decrement of 9.5% and 10.5% was found in the L-test (42 s vs. 38 s) and in the 10-m test (19 s vs. 17 s) scores, respectively. In case 2, walking ability remained unchanged (L-test score: 38 s), while a 5.2% reduction in walking speed was observed (10-m test score: 19 s vs. 18 s). No relevant changes were observed in the muscular tone in both cases. CONCLUSIONS: Practitioners should be aware that, contrary to what could be expected, a multidisciplinary training program held once per week for 5 months had a minimal impact on the gait pattern and neuromuscular function of two children with lower-limb amputation.

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BACKGROUND: Apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and seems to be related to cognitive decline and damaged event-related potential P300, which is a sensitive measure to assess cognitive processing. OBJECTIVE: This research aims to critically review the existing scientific evidence regarding the association between APOE4 and P300. METHODS: A systematic review was carried out up to January 2020 on the following databases: Web of Science, Scopus and Medline/PubMed. Articles were considered for inclusion if they are original research that provided information regarding the association between APOE4 and P300, available in English, Spanish, or Portuguese, and available in full text. The methodological quality of the studies selected was evaluated using the quality assessment tool for observational cohort and cross-sectional studies recommended by Cochrane. RESULTS: Out of 993 studies, 14 met the inclusion criteria. The results obtained showed that APOE4 is related to a longer P300 latency. However, the data supplied do not allow us to confirm if this relationship also occurs in amplitude measures. Moreover, it was observed that APOE genotype may influence P300 in different ages, from younger individuals to demented older people. CONCLUSION: Evidence shows that APOE4 negatively influences cortical activities related to cognitive functions, as indicated by P300.

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The effects of physical activity on brain function can be assessed through event-related potentials (P300) that reflect cortical activities related to cognitive functions. P300 latency represents the information processing time; longer latencies represent slower processing. P300 amplitude is associated with the attentional system and working memory, with higher amplitudes representing more preserved functions. This systematic review summarizes the literature concerning the effects of physical activity and exercise on P300 in the elderly. Databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Biological Abstracts, were searched for articles up to November 2015. Articles were considered for inclusion if they were studies of the elderly, assessed P300, and evaluated the influence of physical activity on P300 or the effect of physical exercise training on P300. Of the 1227 articles found, 14 investigations matched the inclusion criteria. Nine analyzed the influence of physical activity on P300 in the elderly, and five examined the effects of physical exercise on P300 in the elderly. The obtained results showed that physically active elderly people have shortened P300 latency and higher amplitude. Physical exercise, especially those involving aerobic or resistance training, seems to have marked beneficial effects on P300 in the elderly. Evidence shows that physical activity and physical exercise positively influence cortical activities related to cognitive functions, as indicated by P300, in elderly people.

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Abstract This study investigates the construct validity of the Spanish version of the CHAMPS questionnaire with institutionalized older adults between the ages of 74 and 90. Seven days of accelerometer data were collected from 52 participants (mean age 82.40 ± 8.26 years), followed by the administration of CHAMPS. The Barthel Index and the Chair Stand Test were used to assess functional independence and fitness levels. The four scores yielded by CHAMPS showed a low-to-moderate agreement with the data derived from the accelerometer (r=0.253-0.385) and with the Barthel Index (r=0.313-0.519), but no association was established with fitness levels. Additionally, no significant correlations were observed between CHAMPS and the accelerometer when cognitive impairment was considered. The results imply that the Spanish version of CHAMPS shows construct validity to estimate the amount of physical activity performed by institutionalized older adults without cognitive impairment.(AU)

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The benefits of physical exercise on improvements in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels and cognitive functioning have been reported in the literature. However, the variability of individual responses may be linked to genetic differences. BDNF is considered one of the most plausible factors involved in the cognitive benefits associated with physical activity practice. A single nucleotide polymorphism localized in the gene that codes BDNF results in a missense mutation that promotes an amino acid substitution (Val66Met) in the protein. This process has been associated with decreased levels of BDNF secretion, with corresponding impairments in specific cognitive functions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the effects of a multimodal physical exercise program on peripheral BDNF levels and cognitive functions in elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The participants were genotyped for the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. Cognitive functions were assessed by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) prior to and after the intervention. Forty-five participants were assigned to the control and trained groups. The trained group participated in a multimodal physical training for a 16-week period. The results showed a significant between-subjects interaction (p < 0.05), which indicates the beneficial contribution of training on cognitive functions independent of the BDNF genotype. However, only participants with BDNF-Met genotypes exhibited significant improvements in peripheral BDNF levels. The BDNF genotype appears to modulate the effects of physical exercise on BDNF secretion, but it does not influence cognition. This is the first study that evaluated the influence of a BDNF polymorphism on physical activity and cognition performance in elderly MCI individuals.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de 16 semanas de exercícios físicos generalizados sobre componentes da capacidade funcional, aptidão funcional geral e sintomas depressivos em idosos. Cinquenta e cinco idosos (67,3±5,8 anos) participaram do estudo. Os grupos foram distribuídos de acordo com a participação no protocolo proposto: a) grupo treinado (GT), composto de 27 participantes que atenderam pelo menos 75% do total de sessões de exercícios físicos generalizados por 16 semanas e; b) grupo controle (GC), participantes que não estiveram participando de nenhum tipo de programa regular de atividades físicas. A capacidade funcional foi avaliada por meio da bateria de testes para idosos da AAHPERD que é composta por cinco testes: coordenação, flexibilidade, resistência de força, agilidade e equilíbrio dinâmico e resistência aeróbia geral. Os sintomas depressivos foram medidos por meio da Escala de Depressão e Geriatria- versão curta (GDS-15). Os resultados demonstraram que os idosos do GT apresentaram melhor desempenho nos testes motores. Os sintomas depressivos não sofreram alterações em ambos os grupos. Desta maneira, nossos resultados indicam que 16 semanas são suficientes para promover benefícios na aptidão funcional geral de idosos, enquanto que idosos que permanecem sedentários tendem a apresentar decréscimo em sua aptidão física geral. O programa proposto não foi capaz de provocar alterações significativas em idosos com baixos valores relatados de sintomas depressivos para esta variável. As evidências do presente estudo possibilitam predizer que um programa generalizado pode auxiliar na prevenção de doenças crônicas, evitar declínios funcionais e produzir efeitos positivos na qualidade de vida.

The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of 16 weeks of multimodal exercise on functional capacity components, general functional fitness and depressive symptoms in the elderly. Fifty-five elderly (67.3 ± 5.8 years) participated in the study. The groups were distributed according to the participation on the proposed protocol: a) trained group (TG) composed of 27 participants who attended at least 75% of the total generalized physical exercise sessions for 16 weeks; and b) control group (CG), participants who did not attend any regular physical activity program. Functional capacity was assessed using the AAHPERD battery of motor tests for elderly, which consists of five tests: coordination, flexibility, muscular resistance, agility/dynamic balance, and overall aerobic endurance. Depressive symptoms were measured using the short version of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15). The results showed that elderly on TG had better performance on motor tests. Depressive symptoms did not change for both groups. Thus, our results indicate that 16 weeks is sufficient to improve general functional fitness in elderly, while those who remain sedentary tend to decrease their overall physical fitness. The proposed program could not induce significant changes in the elderly with low levels of depressive symptoms reported for this variable. The evidence of this study allows the prediction that a generalized program can help prevent chronic diseases, reduce functional decline and produce positive effects on quality of life.