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While consonant acquisition clearly requires mastery of different articulatory configurations (segments), sub-segmental features and suprasegmental contexts influence both order of acquisition and mismatch (error) patterns (Bérubé, Bernhardt, Stemberger & Ciocca, 2020). Constraints-based nonlinear phonology provides a comprehensive framework for investigating the impact of sub- and suprasegmental impacts on acquisition (Bernhardt & Stemberger, 1998). The current study adopted such a framework in order to investigate these questions for Granada Spanish. Single-word samples of monolingual preschoolers in Granada (29 typically developing; 30 with protracted phonological development) were transcribed by native Spanish speakers in consultation with an international team. Beta regression analyses showed significant effects of age, developmental group, and word structure variables (word length, stress, position of consonants and syllables within the word); salience, markedness and/or frequency across the phonological hierarchy accounted for many patterns. The study further demonstrates the impacts of sub- and suprasegmental constraints of the phonological system on consonant acquisition.
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Resumen Los resultados muestran que, desde la perspectiva de la Educación y la pedagogía, los saberes y prácticas son las temáticas de mayor relevancia social, los objetivos propositivos los más buscados, los métodos de mayor relevancia son desde intereses prácticos y técnicos, desde enfoques comprensivos y positivistas, como fuente central de información lo documental, de igual forma, se evidencia la emergencias de enfoques complementarios, propósitos comprensivos, transformacionales y teorías de apoyo construccionistas.
Abstract The results show that, from the perspective of education and pedagogy, knowledge and practices are areas of greatest social relevance, the propositional goals are the most sought after, the most relevant methods are based on practical and technical interests, from comprehensive and positivist approaches, as a central documentary information source. Likewise, the emergence of complementary approaches, comprehensive, transformational purposes, and constructivist support theories, is made evident.
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The current paper describes Spanish acquisition of rhotic onset clusters. Data are also provided on related singleton taps/trills and /l/ as a singleton and in clusters. Participants included 9 typically developing (TD) toddlers and 30 TD preschoolers in Chile, and 30 TD preschoolers and 29 with protracted phonological development (PPD) in Granada, Spain. Results showed age and developmental group effects. Preservation of cluster timing units preceded segmental accuracy, especially in stressed syllables. Tap clusters versus singleton trills were variable in order of mastery, some children mastering clusters first, and others, the trill. Rhotics were acquired later than /l/. In early development, mismatches (errors) involved primarily deletion of taps; where substitutions occurred, [j] frequently replaced tap. In later development, [l] more frequently replaced tap; where taps did occur, vowel epenthesis sometimes occurred. The data serve as a criterion reference database for onset cluster acquisition in Chilean and Granada Spanish.
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Desenvolvimento da Linguagem , Idioma , Fonética , Medida da Produção da Fala , Pré-Escolar , Chile , Estudos Transversais , Humanos , Lactente , Espanha , Fonoterapia/métodosRESUMO
Background Collective violence attributed to organized crime has shown to be responsible for a considerable burden of physical and mental health morbidity among youth. Objective To compare the emotional and behavioral problems of children exposed to early childhood poverty and/or collective violence in communities at the Mexico-United States border to children exposed to other social and health risks. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with individuals living in poverty at two sites at the Mexico-United States border. Individuals who responded once to the Pictorial Child Behavior Checklist (P+CBCL) in Spanish were selected randomly from clinics in a metropolitan area of El Paso, Texas, United States (poverty alone group), and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (poverty plus collective violence group). In addition, emotional and behavioral problems present in these groups were compared with available published emotional and behavioral CBCL scales of children exposed to other social and health risks. Results Children exposed to both poverty and collective violence had higher emotional and behavioral problem scores as measured by the P+CBCL than those exposed to poverty alone. In addition, compared with children who were brain-injured, hearing impaired, or whose parents were exposed to drugs or alcohol, the poverty and collective violence group had higher levels of emotional and behavioral problems. Discussion and conclusion Systematic detection and treatment of children as young as 18 months exposed to trauma are necessary to diminish the mental health problems caused by the collective violence attributed to organized crime.
Antecedentes La violencia colectiva atribuida al crimen organizado ha mostrado causar considerables daños en la salud mental de jóvenes. Objetivo Comparar los problemas emocionales y de comportamiento de niños expuestos a la pobreza y/o violencia colectiva en comunidades localizadas en la frontera México-Estados Unidos, así como con niños expuestos a otros riesgos. Método Estudio transversal con participantes viven en la pobreza en ambos lados de la frontera de México y Estados Unidos. Los participantes respondieron a la versión con pictogramas en español del Cuestionario de Comportamientos de Niños (P+CBCL) en clínicas localizadas en El Paso, Texas (grupo expuesto a la pobreza), y en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México (grupo expuesto a la pobreza + violencia colectiva). De forma adicional se compararon los problemas emocionales y de comportamiento de estos grupos con resultados históricos obtenidos a partir de la evidencia científica. Resultados Los niños expuestos a la pobreza/violencia colectiva registraron resultados más altos en las escalas de problemas emocionales y de comportamiento al medirlos con el P+CBCL cuando se compararon con el grupo expuesto solamente a la pobreza. De forma adicional, al comparar los grupos con niños con problemas cerebrales, de audición, o con padres expuestos a drogas y alcohol, el grupo expuesto a la pobreza y a la violencia registró mayores problemas emocionales y de comportamiento. Discusión y Conclusión La detección sistemática y el tratamiento de niños desde los 18 meses expuestos a trauma son necesarios para disminuir los problemas mentales causados por la violencia colectiva atribuida al crimen organizado.
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Este artigo tem em vista abordar a crise e a estabilização em Psicopatologia Fundamental, partindo das abordagens a respeito deste tema encontradas em filosofia, psiquiatria e psicanálise. Pretendemos refletir também a respeito de diferentes concepções de tratamento encontradas na psicanálise e psiquiatria.(AU)
This article intends to discuss psychic crisis and stabilization in Fundamental Psychopathology from contributions offered by philosophy, psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Some reflections about different treatment conceptions found in psychoanalysis and psychiatry will be made.(AU)
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Psicopatologia , Psicanálise , PsiquiatriaRESUMO
Este artigo tem em vista abordar a crise e a estabilização em Psicopatologia Fundamental, partindo das abordagens a respeito deste tema encontradas em filosofia, psiquiatria e psicanálise. Pretendemos refletir também a respeito de diferentes concepções de tratamento encontradas na psicanálise e psiquiatria.
This article intends to discuss psychic crisis and stabilization in Fundamental Psychopathology from contributions offered by philosophy, psychiatry and psychoanalysis. Some reflections about different treatment conceptions found in psychoanalysis and psychiatry will be made.
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Psiquiatria , Psicanálise , PsicopatologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the risk effects of poverty and exposure to collective violence attributed to organized crime on the mental health of children living on the United States-Mexico border. METHODS: A repeated, cross-sectional study measured risk effects by comparing scores of psychosocial and behavioral problems among children and adolescents living on the border in the United States or Mexico in 2007 and 2010. Patients living in poverty who responded once to the Pictorial Child Behavior Checklist (P+CBCL) in Spanish were randomly selected from clinics in El Paso, Texas, United States (poverty alone group), and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico (poverty plus violence group). Only children of Hispanic origin (Mexican-American or Mexican) living below the poverty level and presenting at the clinic for nonemergency visits with no history of diagnosed mental, neurological, or life-threatening disease or disability were included. RESULTS: Exposure to collective violence and poverty seemed to have an additive effect on children's mental health. Children exposed to both poverty and collective violence had higher problem scores, as measured by the P+CBCL, than those exposed to poverty alone. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to consider that children and adolescents exposed to collective violence and poverty also have fewer chances to receive treatment. Untreated mental health problems predict violence, antisocial behaviors, and delinquency and affect families, communities, and individuals. It is crucial to address the mental health of children on the border to counteract the devastating effects this setting will have in the short term and the near future.
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Proteção da Criança/psicologia , Internacionalidade , Saúde Mental , Estresse Psicológico , Violência/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Adolescente , Análise de Variância , Criança , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pobreza , Psicometria , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Comportamento Infantil , Saúde do Adolescente , Violência , Saúde Mental , Comportamento Infantil , Saúde do Adolescente , Violência , Saúde Mental , Pobreza , Crime , Saúde na Fronteira , Estados Unidos , México , Pobreza , Crime , Saúde na Fronteira , Estados Unidos , Saúde da Criança , Internacionalidade , Estresse Psicológico , Análise de Variância , Psicometria , Saúde Mental , Violência , Adaptação Psicológica , Estudos Transversais , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Objetivo. Investigar los efectos del riesgo de pobreza y la exposición a la violenciacolectiva atribuida al crimen organizado sobre la salud mental de los niños que vivenen la frontera entre México y los Estados Unidos.Métodos. En este estudio transversal seriado se midieron los efectos del riesgo mediantela comparación de las puntuaciones de problemas psicosociales y conductualesen los niños y adolescentes que viven en la frontera entre México y los Estados Unidosen el 2007 y el 2010. Se seleccionó aleatoriamente a pacientes que viven en la pobrezaque habían respondido en una oportunidad anterior el Cuestionario de ComportamientoInfantil basado en Pictogramas (P+CBCL) en español a partir de consultoriosen El Paso, Texas, Estados Unidos (grupo afectado solamente por la pobreza), yCiudad Juárez, Chihuahua, México (grupo afectado por la pobreza y la violencia). Seincluyeron solamente niños de origen hispano (estadounidenses de origen mexicanoo mexicanos) que vivían en la pobreza, que consultaron por motivos que no eran urgenciasy que no presentaban antecedentes de enfermedades neurológicas, mentaleso potencialmente mortales, ni discapacidad.Resultados. La exposición a la violencia colectiva y la pobreza parecieron tenerun efecto aditivo sobre la salud mental de los niños. Los niños expuestos tanto a lapobreza como a la violencia colectiva tuvieron puntuaciones mayores de problemasconductuales y psicosociales según las mediciones del P+CBCL que aquellos expuestossolamente a la pobreza.Conclusiones. Es importante considerar que los niños y los adolescentes expuestosa la violencia colectiva y la pobreza también tienen menos oportunidades de recibirtratamiento. Los problemas de salud mental no tratados son factores predictivos de laviolencia, los comportamientos antisociales y la delincuencia y afectan a las familias,a las comunidades y a los individuos. Es crucial abordar el tema de la salud mentalde los niños en la región de la frontera a fin de contrarrestar los efectos devastadoresque esta situación ocasionará a corto plazo y en el futuro cercano.
Objective. To investigate the risk effects of poverty and exposure to collective violenceattributed to organized crime on the mental health of children living on the United StatesMexico border.Methods. A repeated, cross-sectional study measured risk effects by comparing scores ofpsychosocial and behavioral problems among children and adolescents living on the border inthe United States or Mexico in 2007 and 2010. Patients living in poverty who responded onceto the Pictorial Child Behavior Checklist (P+CBCL) in Spanish were randomly selected fromclinics in El Paso, Texas, United States (poverty alone group), and Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua,Mexico (poverty plus violence group). Only children of Hispanic origin (MexicanAmericanor Mexican) living below the poverty level and presenting at the clinic for nonemergency visitswith no history of diagnosed mental, neurological, or life-threatening disease or disability wereincluded.Results. Exposure to collective violence and poverty seemed to have an additive effect onchildrens mental health. Children exposed to both poverty and collective violence had higherproblem scores, as measured by the P+CBCL, than those exposed to poverty alone.Conclusions. It is important to consider that children and adolescents exposed to collectiveviolence and poverty also have fewer chances to receive treatment. Untreated mentalhealth problems predict violence, antisocial behaviors, and delinquency and affect families,communities, and individuals. It is crucial to address the mental health of children on the borderto counteract the devastating effects this setting will have in the short term and the near future.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Adolescente , Proteção da Criança/psicologia , Internacionalidade , Saúde Mental , Estresse Psicológico , Violência/psicologia , Adaptação Psicológica , Análise de Variância , Estudos Transversais , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , México , Pobreza , Psicometria , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Estados UnidosRESUMO
The Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal ExpiratoryPressure (MEP) are global measures of the maximal strength of therespiratory muscles.Objectives:To determine the values of MIP and MEP in healthy sub-jects aged 20 years old from the urban area of Manizales, Colombiaand to correlate them with sociodemographic and anthropometricvariables.Methods:This is an observational descriptive study. The populationof the study was 203.965 healthy people from Manizales, a Colom-bian city located at 2150 meters above sea level. The sample size was308 subjects, selected using simple random sampling. The maximalrespiratory pressures were determined in the sample chosen andwere then considered according to the variables of age, gender, size,weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI classification. Finally apredictive model was created.Results:The average MIP value among the subjects of the study was75±27cmH20 and the MEP value was 96.4±36cmH20. Both avera-ges were higher in men than in women. Predictive equations wereestablished for the normal values of MIP and MEP in healthy sub-jects; the best model for MIP was the resultant one among age, gen-der and BMI classification and for the MEP among gender, weightand height.Conclusion:Maximal respiratory pressure values were lower amongthe population of Manizales than those found in international stu-dies. Gender and anthropometric characteristics (weight, height andBMI classification) are the explanatory variables that better supportthe average values of MIP and MEP in the predictive models proposed
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Adulto Jovem , Força Muscular , Músculos Respiratórios , Valores de ReferênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (MIP) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (MEP) are global measures of the maximal strength of the respiratory muscles. OBJECTIVES: To determine the values of MIP and MEP in healthy subjects aged 20 years old from the urban area of Manizales, Colombia and to correlate them with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. METHODS: This is an observational descriptive study. The population of the study was 203,965 healthy people from Manizales, a Colombian city located at 2,150 meters above sea level. The sample size was 308 subjects, selected using simple random sampling. The maximal respiratory pressures were determined in the sample chosen and were then considered according to the variables of age, gender, size, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and BMI classification. Finally a predictive model was created. RESULTS: The average MIP value among the subjects of the study was 75±27 cmH20 and the MEP value was 96.4±36 cmH20. Both averages were higher in men than in women. Predictive equations were established for the normal values of MIP and MEP in healthy subjects; the best model for MIP was the resultant one among age, gender and BMI classification and for the MEP among gender, weight and height. CONCLUSION: Maximal respiratory pressure values were lower among the population of Manizales than those found in international studies. Gender and anthropometric characteristics (weight, height and BMI classification) are the explanatory variables that better support the average values of MIP and MEP in the predictive models proposed.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La Presión Inspiratoria Máxima (PIM) y Presión Espiratoria Máxima (PEM) son medidas globales de la fuerza máxima de los músculos respiratorios. OBJECTIVOS: Determinar los valores de PIM y PEM en sujetos sanos mayores de 20 años de la zona urbana de Manizales-Colombia y correlacionarlos con variables sociodemográficas y antropométricas. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo. La población referente fueron 203,965 personas sanas de Manizales, ciudad colombiana ubicada a 2,150 metros sobre el nivel del mar. El tamaño muestral fue de 308 sujetos, se llevó a cabo un muestreo aleatorio simple. Se determinaron las presiones respiratorias máximas en la muestra seleccionada y se relacionaron con las variables edad, género, talla, peso, Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC), y clasificación de IMC, finalmente se construyó un modelo predictivo. RESULTADOS: El valor promedio de PIM en los encuestados fue de 75±27 cmH20 y el de PEM de 96.4±36 cmH20, ambos promedios mayores en los hombres que en las mujeres. Se establecieron las ecuaciones de predicción para los valores normales de PIM y PEM en sujetos sanos; el mejor modelo para la PIM fue el resultante entre edad, género y clasificación de IMC y para la PEM entre género, peso y talla. CONCLUSIÓN: Se evidencian valores de presiones respiratorias máximas inferiores en población Manizaleña que los encontrados en estudios realizados a nivel internacional. El género y las características antropométricas (peso, talla y clasificación de IMC) son las variables explicativas que mejor soportaron los valores promedio de PIM y de PEM en los modelos predictivos propuestos.
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A crosslinguistic study is underway concerning children's protracted phonological development (i.e. speech sound disorders). The current article reports pilot Spanish data for this study from two 4-year-old boys with protracted phonological development. The purposes of the pilot study were to: (1) develop and evaluate a word list for elicitation that could be used across Spanish dialects and that sufficiently sampled Spanish word lengths, stress patterns, word shapes and phonemes; and (2) to derive hypotheses for the larger study, based on patterns found in these children's speech, and a review of the literature. The two speakers showed some developmental patterns reported for other languages (e.g. constraints on production of liquids and word-initial consonants in unstressed syllables) but also patterns that may reflect Spanish phonological inventories, allophony and frequencies. These data helped consolidate the Spanish word list for elicitation and led to questions for the ongoing study concerning word structure, multisyllabic words, liquids, fricatives and vowel sequences.
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Transtornos da Articulação/fisiopatologia , Idioma , Multilinguismo , Fonética , Adolescente , Transtornos da Articulação/terapia , Humanos , Masculino , Projetos Piloto , Fonoterapia , Vocabulário , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Se presentaron 146 casos de tumores malignos de ovario, representando el 11 por ciento de todos los tumores ginecológicos, siendo la tercera neoplasia más frecuente con el 91 por ciento, seguidos por los tumores del estroma y cordones sexuales con el 5 por ciento, los tumores de células lípidas 3 por ciento y sarcomas con el 1 por ciento. De los tumores epiteliales de ovario la variedad histológica más común correspondió al adenocarcinoma seroso con el 74 por ciento, el mucinoso 14 por ciento, tumor de células claras 4.5 por ciento, endomteroide 4 por ciento de Brenner, 2 por ciento y el indiferenciado con el 1.5 por ciento. La edad más frecuente de presentación fue de 50 a 60 años con una incidencia anual de 13.1 casos por año...
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Hospitais Estaduais , Neoplasias Ovarianas , EquadorRESUMO
El siguiente reporte describe dos pacientes con Distrofia Miotónica. El primero de ellos fue una embarazada de 28 años, gesta IV, paridad I, y 37,5 semanas de gestación. Se internó para operación cesárea electiva debido a un monitoreo fetal no reactivo. El segundo caso se trató de una paciente de 43 años programada para efectuar una tiroidectomía lobar remanente. Se presenta la conducta anestésica de ambos casos, condicionada a la enfermedad de base.(AU)
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Distrofia Miotônica/cirurgia , Anestesia por Condução , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Aborto Espontâneo , Anestesia Epidural , Sufentanil/administração & dosagem , Tireoidectomia , Anestesia Geral , Ranitidina/administração & dosagem , Tiopental/administração & dosagem , Respiração Artificial , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Testes de Função Respiratória/estatística & dados numéricos , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/administração & dosagem , Fármacos Neuromusculares Despolarizantes , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
El siguiente reporte describe dos pacientes con Distrofia Miotónica. El primero de ellos fue una embarazada de 28 años, gesta IV, paridad I, y 37,5 semanas de gestación. Se internó para operación cesárea electiva debido a un monitoreo fetal no reactivo. El segundo caso se trató de una paciente de 43 años programada para efectuar una tiroidectomía lobar remanente. Se presenta la conducta anestésica de ambos casos, condicionada a la enfermedad de base.
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Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Aborto Espontâneo , Anestesia por Condução , Anestesia Epidural , Anestesia Geral , Distrofia Miotônica/cirurgia , Gravidez de Alto Risco , Ranitidina/administração & dosagem , Sufentanil/administração & dosagem , Tireoidectomia , Período de Recuperação da Anestesia , Fármacos Neuromusculares Despolarizantes , Fármacos Neuromusculares não Despolarizantes/administração & dosagem , Respiração Artificial , Fatores de Risco , Testes de Função Respiratória , Tiopental/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Se presenta un caso clínico de un hemangiona de localización rara, a nivel del ala nasal izquierda, el cual fue tratado quirúrgicamente, por compartimiento clínico proliferativo con crecimiento acelerado e invación de capas profundas de la piel y estructuras vecinas. Había sido tratado previamente a base de infiltración de esteroides en otra Institución sin obtener resultados favorables. Se realizó resección quirúrgica con colocación de injerto autólogo de piel y cartílago de concha de pabellón auricular, con resultados satisfactorios tanto estético como funcional