RESUMO
RESUMO Neste trabalho, teve-se como objetivo avaliar o desempenho de Sistemas Alagados Construídos de Escoamento Horizontal Subsuperficial (SAC-EHSS) cultivados com Mentha aquatica, submetidos a diferentes tempos de detenção hidráulica (TDH), na remoção de matéria orgânica, nutrientes e bactérias do grupo coliformes presentes em esgoto sanitário efluente de tanque séptico. Quatro SACs-EHSS de 24,0 × 1,0 × 0,35 m foram construídos e preenchidos com brita #0, como meio suporte, até a altura de 0,20 m. Em dois SAC-EHSS, foi cultivada a espécie Mentha aquatica, permanecendo os outros dois sem vegetação como tratamento controle. O experimento foi realizado em duas etapas: na primeira, de 20 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2011, avaliaram-se os TDH de 6,0 e 4,5 dias; e, na segunda, de 31 de agosto a 09 de novembro de 2011, foram analisados os TDH de 3,0 e 1,5 dias. Para avaliação do desempenho dos sistemas, foram quantificadas as variáveis: demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO5), concentrações totais de nitrogênio (N), fósforo (P), potássio (K) e sódio (Na), coliformes totais e Escherichia coli. As eficiências médias na remoção de DQO variaram entre 71,3 e 91,4% e as de DBO5, entre 75,3 e 91,0%. As remoções médias de nutrientes foram de 29,5 a 77,2% do N total; de 12,8 a 58,3% do P total; de 20,4 a 63,3% do K total; e de 17,5 a 53,4% do Na total. As reduções na contagem de coliformes totais foram de 1,29 a 3,41 unidades logarítmicas e as de E. coli, de 1,13 a 3,46 unidades logarítmicas. Maiores eficiências na remoção de matéria orgânica, nutrientes e bactérias do grupo coliformes foram observadas nos SAC-EHSS cultivados que operaram com maiores TDH.
ABSTRACT This work was conducted to evaluate the performance of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (HSSF-CWs) cultivated with Mentha aquatica, subjected to different hydraulic retention times (HRTs), in the removal of organic matter, nutrients and coliform bacteria in sewage effluent from septic tank. Four HSSF-CWs measuring 24.0 × 1.0 × 0.35 m were built and filled with gravel # 0, as a support medium, up to the height of 0.20 m. In two HSSF-CWs, Mentha aquatica was cultivated, the other two remained without vegetation, as control treatment. The experiment was conducted in two stages: in the first, from 06/20 to 08/24/2011, HRTs of 6.0 and 4.5 days were evaluated, and in the second stage, from 08/31 to 11/09/2011, HRTs of 3.0 and 1.5 days were evaluated. To evaluate the systems performance, the following variables were quantified: chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, total coliforms and Escherichia coli. Average removal efficiencies of COD ranged from 71.3 to 91.4% and of BOD5 from 75.3 to 91.0%. With respect to nutrients, average removals ranged from 29.5 to 77.2% total N; 12.8 to 58.3% total P; 20.4 to 63.3% total K and 17.5 to 53.4% total Na. Reductions in total coliform counts ranged from 1.29 to 3.41 log units and 1.13 to 3.46 log units in E. coli. Improved efficiencies in the removal of organic matter, nutrients and coliform bacteria were observed in cultivated HSSF-CWs that operated at higher HRT.
RESUMO
The piassava fiber, residue of the broom industry, was used as precursor for the preparation of activated carbons (AC). AC were prepared by chemical activation with zinc chloride (AC ZnCl(2)) or phosphoric acid (AC H(3)PO(4)) and by physical activation with carbon dioxide (AC CO(2)) or water vapor (AC H(2)O). These materials were characterized by adsorption/desorption of N(2) to determine the BET areas, elemental analysis (CHN), thermogravimetric analysis (TG, DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The carbons were tested with respect to their adsorption capacity of methylene blue, reactive red, phenol and metallic ions (Cr(+6), Cu(+2) and Zn(+2)). AC ZnCl(2) presented the highest surface area (1190 m(2)g(-1)) and AC H(3)PO(4), the largest pore volume (0.543 cm(3)g(-1)). AC ZnCl(2) was more efficient in the adsorption of methylene blue, Cr(+6) and Cu(+2) ions. AC H(2)O was the better adsorbent for phenol, while AC CO(2) was better for Zn(+2) ions.