RESUMO
One of the main problems that arise in the assessment of air quality in an area is to estimate the number of representative sampling points of each microenvironment within it. We present a new model that reduces the variability and increases the quality of the comparison of the sampling points. The study is based on the comparison between a city in eastern Spain, Vila-real, a macro city in México, Monterrey and the Piemonte region regarding the assessment of PM10 in microenvironments. Vila-real is located in the province of Castellón. This province is a strategic area in the framework of European Union (EU) pollution control. On the other hand, Monterrey in México, located in the northern state of Nuevo León, has several problems with particulate material in the atmosphere produced by the extraction of building materials in the hill that surround the city. Finally, the Piemonte region, which is located in the north of Italy, has to be in consideration due to higher concentrations of PM10 in the Po river basin. In the case of Vila-real the PM10 samples were collected by a medium volume sampler according to European regulations. Particle concentration levels were determined gravimetrically (EN 12341:1999). In the case of Monterrey the PM10 concentrations were determined by Beta Ray Attenuation according to US-EPA regulations. In the Piemonte region, the average concentration of PM10 was also obtained by means of the Beta Ray Attenuation as well as using gravimetric instruments. The methodology carried out in this paper is a useful tool for developing future Air Quality Plans in other industrialised areas.
Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar/estatística & dados numéricos , Monitoramento Ambiental , Material Particulado/análise , Poluição do Ar/análise , Cidades , Poeira , Desenvolvimento Industrial , Itália , México , Tamanho da Partícula , EspanhaRESUMO
Municipal water disinfection systems in some areas are not always able to meet water consumer needs, such as ensuring distributed water quality, because household water management can be a contributing factor in water re-contamination. This fact is related to the storage options that are common in places where water is scarce or is distributed over limited time periods. The aim of this study is to assess the removal capacity of a multiple-barrier water disinfection device for protozoa, bacteria, and viruses. Water samples were taken from households in Mexico City and spiked with a known amount of protozoa (Giardia cyst, Cryptosporidium oocyst), bacteria (Escherichia coli), and viruses (rotavirus, adenovirus, F-specific ribonucleic acid (FRNA) coliphage). Each inoculated sample was processed through a multiple-barrier device. The efficiency of the multiple-barrier device to remove E. coli was close to 100%, and more than 87% of Cryptosporidium oocysts and more than 98% of Giardia cysts were removed. Close to 100% of coliphages were removed, 99.6% of the adenovirus was removed, and the rotavirus was almost totally removed. An effect of site by zone was detected; this observation is important because the water characteristics could indicate the efficiency of the multiple-barrier disinfection device.
Assuntos
Água Potável , Microbiologia da Água , Purificação da Água/instrumentação , Adenoviridae/isolamento & purificação , Colífagos/isolamento & purificação , Cryptosporidium parvum/isolamento & purificação , Desenho de Equipamento , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Giardia lamblia/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , México , Rotavirus/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Recently the clinical and genetic investigation of cerebellar diseases has experienced an extraordinary advance due to localization of the disorders in different chromosomal loci. This type of investigation has been done in Peru in the last decade, studying a Peruvian family from the Huarochiri province. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A Peruvian family of 65 individuals in five generations, affected by several neurological disturbances associated with ataxia, were studied by clinical, neurological, ophthalmological, neuroradiological and genetic methods. The genetic study was done in the neurogenetics laboratory of the University of Utah (Salt Lake City, United States). RESULTS: The patients showed equilibrium disturbances, gait difficulties, ophthalmoplegia, corticospinal signs, cognitive deficiencies, visual weakness, maculopathy, retinal degeneration, optic nerve atrophy and atrophy of the cerebellum, brain stem and cerebral hemispheres. The DNA in 30 individuals showed, in the neurologically affected, repeated expansion of CAG triplets in the short arm of chromosome 3p. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in this family suggests that they suffer from spinocerebellar ataxia type 7. This could be the first description of the disease in Latin-America.
Assuntos
Ataxias Espinocerebelares/diagnóstico , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Atrofia/patologia , Tronco Encefálico/patologia , Cerebelo/patologia , Cromossomos Humanos Par 3/genética , Transtornos Cognitivos/diagnóstico , Feminino , Lateralidade Funcional/fisiologia , Humanos , Angiografia por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nervo Óptico/patologia , Linhagem , Peru , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Ataxias Espinocerebelares/fisiopatologia , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Expansão das Repetições de Trinucleotídeos/genética , Transtornos da Visão , Escalas de WechslerRESUMO
The aim of this work was to compare the benefits and problems of low molecular weight heparin use in chronic hemodialysis, compared to conventional heparin. We studied 35 patients that received low molecular weight heparin (Enoxaparine, molecular weight 4000) during 115 consecutive hemodialysis procedures and conventional heparin during the subsequent 35 procedures. We assess the heparin dose, partial thromboplastin time before dialysis and at 3 and 120 min during the procedure, arterio-venous fistula compression time, clot formation in the circuit and residual volume of filters. Median total dose of conventional heparin was 6289 U (range 3000-10000) compared to 5555 U (range 2000-8000) of low molecular weight heparin. When the dose was calculated per kg of body weight, it was lower for low molecular weight heparin than for conventional heparin (87.8 U (range 33-100) vs 100 U (range 50-176)). Partial thromboplastin time achieved was lower with low molecular weight heparin, compared with conventional heparin, at 3 (64.26 vs 125.2 sec) and 120 min (39.1 vs 84.45 sec). Clot formation, arteriovenous fistula compression time and residual volume of filters were similar for both types of heparin. It is concluded that a single dose of low molecular weight heparin simplifies anticoagulation during hemodialysis, modifies less the partial thromboplastin time and does not alter filter re-utilization.
Assuntos
Anticoagulantes/administração & dosagem , Coagulação Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/administração & dosagem , Heparina/administração & dosagem , Diálise Renal , Anticoagulantes/farmacologia , Intervalos de Confiança , Enoxaparina/administração & dosagem , Enoxaparina/farmacologia , Heparina/farmacologia , Heparina de Baixo Peso Molecular/farmacologia , Humanos , Tempo de Internação , Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcial , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
De 1985 a 1987 estudiamos 60 pacientes con embarazao de 32 semanas o más, con disminución en la intensidad subjetiva de los movimientos fetales en los últimos 5-7 días, comparados con los movimientos fetales de una semana previa al momento de la consulta sin importar la frecuencia de los mismos. A todas las pacientes se les practicó prueba de tolerancia del feto a las contracciones. Encontramos que 80%, 13% y 6,6% correspondían a embarazos de riesgo normal, moderado, y alto riesgo respectivamente. La prueba de reserva fetal fue normal en el 28,7% y pobre en el 71,6% de las pacientes; 45, 14 y 1 respectivamente recibieron anestesia epidural, método de Lamaze y pentothal, parto espontáneo 20%, con fórceps 6,7% y cesáreas 73,3, la duración promedio del parto fue 7,5 horas, 35% y 65% respectivamente tenían líquido meconial y claro. El Apgar promedio fue de 6,8 y 7,5 al minuto y 5 minutos, correlacionando la prueba de reserva fetal (positiva o negativa) con el Apgar se obtuvieron diferencias significativas
Assuntos
Gravidez , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Feminino , Movimento Fetal , PrognósticoRESUMO
Se investigó la presencia de algunos factores de patogenicidad en cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae. La prueba de adhesividad a células epiteliales fue positiva en muchas cepas, especialmente en las aisladas de urocultivo. Muchas cepas produjeron enzimas líticas, y se hicieron pocas pruebas de invasividad, que fueron negativas, pero estos resultados no tienen valor estadístico. El polisacárido capsular de las cepas probadas es capaz de inhibir la fagocitosis tanto de polimorfonucleares como de macrófagos peritoneales de ratón, y a bajas concentraciones induce la formación de anticuerpos y complejos inmunes en conejo. También se encontraron cepas productoras de enterotoxinas. La presencia de estos factores de patogenicidad permite que por lo menos algunas cepas sean capaces de producir enfermedad en huéspedes no comprometidos
Assuntos
Cobaias , Animais , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Infecções por Klebsiella , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificaçãoAssuntos
Klebsiella pneumoniae/patogenicidade , Animais , Técnicas Bacteriológicas , Bovinos , Enterotoxinas/biossíntese , Epitélio/fisiologia , Cobaias , Humanos , Técnicas Imunológicas , Klebsiella pneumoniae/metabolismo , Klebsiella pneumoniae/fisiologia , Camundongos , Neutrófilos/fisiologia , Fagocitose , Polissacarídeos Bacterianos/fisiologiaAssuntos
Gravidez em Diabéticas , Aborto Induzido , Líquido Amniótico/análise , Glicemia/metabolismo , Feminino , Morte Fetal/etiologia , Doenças Fetais/etiologia , Coração Fetal/fisiologia , Monitorização Fetal , Feto/fisiologia , Crescimento , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Doenças do Recém-Nascido/etiologia , Fosfolipídeos/análise , Lactogênio Placentário/metabolismo , Gravidez , Gravidez em Diabéticas/complicações , Gravidez em Diabéticas/metabolismo , Risco , UltrassonografiaRESUMO
PIP: The results obtained in 285 cases of tubal occlusion by laparoscopic electrofulguration, are presented. Surgical and anesthetic techniques were analyzed, as well as laparoscopic findings, the time used for the procedure, complications, and the time that the patients needed to go back to their usual activities. It is concluded that although there are safer and more harmless methods (and even with recannalization possibilities), the procedure is useful for the purpose. It is especially convenient for large groups of population because of its low cost. (Author's modified)^ieng