RESUMO
Fusarium head blight is a disease of primary concern to small-grain cereals of Brazil, including barley. Its main causal agent, Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex)¸ is able to produce mycotoxins, especially deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV), that usually contaminate grain. Strains that produce DON may also produce its acetylated derivatives: 3-acetyl-DON (3-ADON) and 15-acetyl-DON (15-ADON). Ninety two isolates were obtained from samplings of barley grain during three years (2007, 2008 and 2009) from several fields in both southern and northern production regions of Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. These isolates were examined for polymerase chain-reaction-based (PCR) trichothecene genotype based on the amplification of portions of Tri3 and Tri12. There was no effect of year or region on the proportion of trichothecene genotypes. Overall, 66% of the strains (61/92) were 15-ADON, 4.4% (4/92) were 3-ADON and 29.3% (27/92) were NIV. The overall NIV/DON ratio estimated (0.41) was five times higher than that found in previous studies with strains from wheat grown in the same region. Species identification of nine strains representing the trichothecene genotypes, based on comparisons of DNA sequences of portions of the PHO, RED and URA genes with sequences from curated reference isolates of Fusarium from GenBank, revealed that they belong to F. graminearum sensu stricto (four 15-ADON and one 3-ADON strain), F. meridionale (three NIV strains) and F. austroamericanum (one 3-ADON strain). These results add to the current regional knowledge of trichothecene genotypes and species within the Fg complex affecting barley in the region.
Assuntos
Fusarium/genética , Genótipo , Hordeum/microbiologia , Tricotecenos/análise , Técnicas de Tipagem Bacteriana , Brasil , DNA Fúngico/genética , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Micotoxinas/análise , Micotoxinas/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/métodos , Tricotecenos/genéticaRESUMO
On a sample of the population of mixed African ancestry living in Bluefields, Nicaragua, the pattern of migration and the distribution of red cell and serum genetic markers have been studied. It is concluded that, in spite of a considerable level of internal and external migration, a distinctive genetic structure is maintained by the population. Moreover, a strongly negative assortative mating can be observed between people inhabiting the western and eastern areas of Nicaragua. It is estimated that most, if not all, of the genetic pool of the population is accounted for by a process of admixture between African and Indian peoples.