RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Consumo Alimentar e Atividade Fisica de Escolares (CAAFE) questionnaire is an online research tool that has been developed to enable the self-report of physical activity and diet by Brazilian schoolchildren aged 7-10 years. Formative research was conducted with nutritionists during the development of the web-based questionnaire. The suggestions and insights obtained were used to design a tool to monitor schoolchildren's food consumption based on the concept of healthy and unhealthy food indicators. The present study aimed to report the focus group discussions conducted with nutritionists concerning the CAAFE questionnaire. METHODS: Focus group discussions were conducted using a semi-structured questionnaire, and these were then analysed thematically. RESULTS: Twenty-four nutritionists participated (four focus groups; average per group: six people); the majority (n = 22) had experience with 7-10-year-old children. Four themes emerged: (i) healthy and unhealthy food indicators; (ii) suggestions for the online instrument; (iii) potential applications; and (iv) challenges for its construction. CONCLUSIONS: Comments made by nutritionists enabled the construction of an instrument that is able to answer questions related to food consumption in schools and at home.
Assuntos
Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Avaliação Nutricional , Nutricionistas , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Brasil , Criança , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Internet , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Competência Profissional , Pesquisa QualitativaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Food Intake and Physical Activity of School Children (CAAFE) comprises an online questionnaire to self-report diet and physical activity of Brazilian schoolchildren. BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to assess the validity (matches, omissions and intrusions) and moderating factors of the CAAFE. METHODS: Direct observation was made of foods consumed (five public schools) and child self-reporting on the CAAFE. Additional data included school grade, gender, body mass index, completion of food diary, socioeconomic status and access to computer. Data were analysed using regression. RESULTS: In total, 602 children participated in the study [mean (SD) age 9.5 (1.24) years; 53.6% boys]. On average, there were 43% matches, 29% intrusions and 28% omissions. Matches doubled in third grade compared to the second grade (P = 0.004); matches almost tripled for afternoon snack compared to morning snack (P < 0.001); and matches were 69% higher for children with access to a computer at home (P < 0.01). Intrusions decreased by almost one-half in fifth compared to fourth grades (P = 0.004). Omissions declined significantly in the third and fourth grades but increased in the fifth grade. Omissions were 47% lower for children in the highest income and lower among children who completed the food diary. No differences were found for gender or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Children older than 8 years old, who owned a computer and completed a food diary, performed better in the CAAFE. A high incidence of disagreement was found in relation to the schools and the type of meal. Overall matches (43%), intrusions (29%) and omissions (28%) indicate that further studies are required to improve the validity of the CAAFE.
Assuntos
Índice de Massa Corporal , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/normas , Dieta , Comportamento Alimentar , Avaliação Nutricional , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Criança , Computadores , Registros de Dieta , Feminino , Humanos , Renda , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Instituições Acadêmicas , Autorrelato , LanchesRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between antioxidant biomarkers and food intake in elderly women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Recreation Center for the Elderly in the city of Itajaí, Santa Catarina, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: 73 elderly women with an average age of 71 years, 93% caucasian, average body weight 68.7 ± 13.1 kg and average BMI 28.5 ± 2.3 kg/m². MEASUREMENTS: Nutritional status was assessed based on the Body Mass Index (BMI). Data on food intake were obtained by applying the 24h diet recall method in three non-consecutive days, including Sunday. The assessment of antioxidant biomarkers was performed based on tests for total plasma thiols and phenolic compounds. The linear regression analysis was used to assess the effect of the consumption of food groups on antioxidant biomarkers. RESULTS: A positive association was found between thiols and intake of carotenoid-rich vegetables (p=0.03), oils, fats and oilseeds (p=0.03); a negative association was observed between total concentrations of phenolic compounds and intake of cereals (p=0.04). CONCLUSION: The intake of foods from the carotenoid-rich vegetables, oils, fats and oilseeds food groups increased the levels of plasma thiols, and the intake of foods from the group of cereals decreased the plasma concentration of phenols. Studies should be conducted to investigate the association between the intake of antioxidant-rich foods and the plasma antioxidant profile, as a way to protect against the aging process.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Carotenoides/farmacologia , Dieta , Gorduras na Dieta/farmacologia , Grão Comestível/efeitos adversos , Estado Nutricional , Idoso , Biomarcadores/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil , Dieta/efeitos adversos , Ingestão de Energia , Feminino , Avaliação Geriátrica , Humanos , Modelos Lineares , Avaliação Nutricional , Fenóis/sangue , Compostos de Sulfidrila/sangueRESUMO
O uso de plantas medicinais pela população brasileira é prática tradicional, sendo muitas vezes o único recurso utilizado na atenção básica de saúde. O uso terapêutico dessas plantas envolve várias etapas da cadeia produtiva, sendo a procedência, coleta, secagem, armazenamento, comércio, modo de preparo pelo usuário e uso. O objetivo desse trabalho documental, de caráter exploratório, foi levantar a produção científica existente sobre os problemas associados a cada uma dessas etapas e discutir as questões relacionadas à carência de estudos para comprovar a eficácia farmacológica e a ausência de riscos toxicológicos, bem como a prática de autodiagnóstico. As vinte plantas mais comercializadas em grande mercado do município do Rio de Janeiro em agosto de 2007 serviram de base para o levantamento documental do presente estudo. Dessas, seis apresentaram propriedades tóxicas comprovadas dependendo do preparo e uso, a arnica (Solidago chilensis Meyen), aroeira (Shinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), arruda (Ruta graveolens L.), babosa (Aloe vera L.), confrei (Symphytum officinale L.) e poejo (Mentha pulegium Lam. & DC.). A Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária aponta contra indicações para boldo-do-Chile (Peumus boldus Molina), chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus macrophyllus Micheli), erva-cidreira (Lippia alba N.E.Br.), erva-de-bicho (Polygonum spp.), espinheira-santa (Maytenus spp.), picão (Bidens pilosa L.), poejo (Mentha pulegium Lam.) e tanchagem (Plantago major L.). O abajerú, arnica, boldo-do-Chile, confrei, erva-de-bicho e espinheira-santa tiveram relato de problemas de identificação na coleta e comercialização frente a outras morfologicamente semelhantes. Plantas cultivadas e silvestres apresentam variabilidade de princípios ativos influenciados por fatores ambientais e genéticos, como chapéu-de-couro (Echinodorus macrophyllus Micheli), erva-cidreira (Lippia alba N.E.Br.) e erva-de-bicho (Polygonum spp.). A contaminação e o comprometimento da preservação dos princípios ativos pela secagem e armazenamento inadequados foram relatados para o guaco (Mikania glomerata Sprengel), camomila (Chamomilla recutita L.), erva-cidreira, chapéu-de-couro e boldo-do-Chile (Peumus boldus Molina). Pode-se constatar que todas as etapas da cadeia produtiva das plantas medicinais apresentam desafios para que se possa garantir identificação da espécie, disponibilidade, qualidade, segurança e eficácia de uso.
The use of medicinal plants by the Brazilian population is a traditional practice and is often the main resource used in primary healthcare. The therapeutic use of these plants involves several steps in the supply chain: origin, harvest, drying, storage, form of preparation by the user and use. The aim of this documental study of exploratory nature was to survey the scientific literature about the problems associated with each of those steps and discuss the issues related to the lack of studies to prove the pharmacological efficacy and the absence of toxicological risks, as well as the autodiagnosis practice. The 20 plants most commercialized in a large market of Rio de Janeiro City in August 2007 were the basis for the documental survey of the present study. Of these, six had proven toxic properties depending on their preparation and use: arnica (Solidago chilensis Meyen), aroeira (Shinus terebinthifolius Raddi.), rue (Ruta graveolens L.), "babosa" (Aloe vera L.), comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium Lam. & DC.). The National Agency for Sanitary Surveillance shows contraindications for: "boldo-do-Chile" (Peumus boldus Molina), "chapéu-de-couro" (Echinodorus macrophyllus Micheli), lemon balm (Lippia alba N.E.Br.), "erva-de-bicho" (Polygonum spp.), "espinheira-santa" (Maytenus spp.), "picão" (Bidens pilosa L.), pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium Lam.) and plantain (Plantago major L.). "Abajerú", arnica, "boldo-do-Chile", comfrey, "erva-de-bicho" and "espinheira-santa" were reported to show identification problems in the harvest and in the commercialization compared to morphologically similar plants. Cultivated and wild plants showed variability in active principles influenced by environmental and genetic factors: "chapéu-de-couro" (Echinodorus macrophyllus Micheli), lemon balm (Lippia alba N.E.Br.) and "erva-de-bicho" (Polygonum spp.). Contamination and compromising of the preservation of active principles due to inadequate drying and storage was reported for guaco (Mikania glomerata Sprengel), camomile (Chamomilla recutita L.), lemon balm, "chapéu-de-couro" and "boldo-do-Chile" (Peumus boldus Molina). All stages of the supply chain of medicinal plants constitute challenges to ensure the proper species identification, availability, quality, safety, and efficacy of their use.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais/efeitos adversos , Medicina Tradicional , Comércio , Toxicidade/análiseRESUMO
The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and external validity of the Previous Day Food Questionnaire (PDFQ) designed to obtain a report of the foods eaten on the previous day by schoolchildren. Participants were 7-10-year-old school children of the first four grades of a public school in Southern Brazil (N=227). Test-retest reliability was evaluated by kappa coefficient for two administrations of the PDFQ on the same day to the same children. External validity of the PDFQ was evaluated via sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV, respectively) using trained observers of the food eaten on the previous day as gold standard. The association between responses from observed food intake with those from reported food intake on PDFQ was evaluated by multivariate logistic regression, controlled for school grade, gender, time of the eating, and the variation between first and second PDFQ applications. For the reliability study, the analyses stratified by school eating occasions (3 a day) indicated that agreement level was moderate or better for all food categories. PDFQ's sensitivity ranged from 57.1% (vegetables) to 93.3% (rice), whereas its specificity ranged from 77.8% (bread/pasta) to 98% (meats). Both, PPV and NPV were reasonably high. PDFQ was highly associated with observed food intake, with effect magnitude several times larger than any other factor analyzed for all foods. PDFQ also showed good test-retest reliability, suggesting that it may generate reliable and valid data for assessing food intake at the group (school) level.
Assuntos
Inquéritos sobre Dietas , Dieta , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Brasil , Criança , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
This work was designed to study the influence of drugs during seizures and status epilepticus (SE) induced by pilocarpine and mortality in adult rats. Glutamate (10 and 20 mg/kg), N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA, 5 and 10 mg/kg), ketamine (1.5 and 2.0 mg/kg), gabapentin (200 and 250 mg/kg), phenobarbital (50 and 100 mg/kg) and vigabatrin (250 and 500 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally, 30 min prior to pilocarpine (400 mg/kg, i.p.). The animals were observed (24 h) to determine: number of peripheral cholinergic signs, tremors, stereotyped movements, seizures, SE, latency to first seizure and number of deaths after pilocarpine treatment. NMDA and glutamate had pro-convulsive effects in both doses tested. Smaller and higher doses of these drugs no protected and increased pilocarpine-induced seizures and/or mortality. Gabapentin, vigabatrin, phenobarbital and ketamine protected against seizures and increased the latency to first seizure. Thus, these results suggest that caution should be taken in the selection of pharmacotherapy and dosages for patients with seizures and SE because of the possibility of facility the convulsive process toxicity, SE and the mortality of adult animals in this seizures model that is similar temporal lobo epilepsy in humans.
Assuntos
Anticonvulsivantes/farmacologia , Receptores de GABA/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptores de Neurotransmissores/efeitos dos fármacos , Convulsões/fisiopatologia , Estado Epiléptico/fisiopatologia , Aminas/farmacologia , Animais , Ácidos Cicloexanocarboxílicos/farmacologia , Antagonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Gabapentina , Ácido Glutâmico/farmacologia , Glutamina/metabolismo , Ketamina/farmacologia , Masculino , Agonistas Muscarínicos/toxicidade , N-Metilaspartato/farmacologia , Fenobarbital/farmacologia , Pilocarpina/toxicidade , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Convulsões/induzido quimicamente , Estado Epiléptico/induzido quimicamente , Vigabatrina/farmacologia , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Ácido gama-Aminobutírico/farmacologiaRESUMO
Waist circumference (WC) is a measure of central adiposity related to elevated risk factor levels in children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to describe WC percentiles in 7- to 10-year-old Brazilian children and to compare frequencies of obesity and overweight as defined by BMI and frequencies of excess and at risk of abdominal adiposity as defined by WC to the corresponding age and sex data from British references. A representative sample of 2919 schoolchildren of the city of Florianopolis (southern Brazil) was examined. Smoothed WC percentiles were derived using the least mean square method. Frequencies of overweight and obesity and of excess and at risk of abdominal adiposity were assessed using the 91st and 98th centiles of the British references as cut-off points. WC increased with age in both boys and girls, with higher values for boys at every age and percentile level. Nutritional status categories of children assessed by the 91st and 98th British BMI and WC centiles showed moderate agreement (weighted kappa = 0.58). Overweight was more frequent in Brazilian than British children: 15.1 % of girls and 20.1 % of boys were above the 91st percentile of the 1990 BMI for age British references. About one-quarter (22.0 % of girls and 26.9 % of boys) exceeded the 91st percentile of WC British references. The present data could be used to compare WC in children in other populations and may serve as a baseline for future studies of temporal trends in WC in Brazil.
Assuntos
Adiposidade , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Antropometria/métodos , Constituição Corporal , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estado Nutricional , Obesidade/diagnóstico , Sobrepeso , Prevalência , Valores de Referência , Caracteres SexuaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of obesity, overweight (including obesity) and thinness in children of the city of Florianopolis (southern Brazil). DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS: Representative sample of 7-10-y-old schoolchildren of the first four grades of elementary schools (1432 girls, 1504 boys). METHODS: Measurements of weight, height and triceps skinfold thickness (TSF) were taken following standard techniques. The body mass index (BMI) was computed as weight/height2. Nutritional status was defined using two references: (1) the Must et al reference for BMI and TSF to define thinness, overweight and obesity (5th, 85th and 95th percentiles, respectively); (2) the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) BMI cutoffs to define overweight and obesity. RESULTS: Using BMI, according to the Must et al, and IOTF references, the prevalence of obesity was 10.6 and 5.5%, respectively; overweight (including obesity) affected 26.2 and 22.1% of children, respectively. According to the Must et al reference, the prevalence of thinness was 3.2%. Using TSF rather than BMI, according to the Must et al references, fewer children were classified as obese (8.0%) or overweight (20.2%) and more children were classified as thin (4.9%). CONCLUSION: This study supports the previously reported high frequencies of childhood overweight and obesity in developing countries. The data allow comparisons with other studies carried out in Brazil and other parts of the world.
Assuntos
Estatura/fisiologia , Peso Corporal/fisiologia , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Obesidade/epidemiologia , Magreza/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criança , Análise por Conglomerados , Estudos Transversais , Países em Desenvolvimento , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos Nutricionais , Estado Nutricional , PrevalênciaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To describe the food intake of garbage collectors, who works in three shifts, in terms of meal and snack frequency, content, time distribution and the contribution of various popular foods to the total diet. METHODS: Sixty-six Brazilian garbage collectors, who work in morning, afternoon, and night shift, participated in the present study. The quantitative methods used were a combination of one 24-h recall and two 24-h records during three nonconsecutive work days. The qualitative method used was the food-based classification of eating episodes model modified in order to define meals or snacks in three categories of events: meals with three food groups of high nutrient density (three HND meals), meals with two food groups of high nutrient density (two HND meals) and snacks, composed of only one food category of high nutrient density. RESULTS: The total number of eating events per day was significantly higher for night shift workers. Over 24-h, 'two HND meals' were the most common events and contributed the most energy, in all three shifts. Night shift workers ate more at dawn and less in the morning than other shifts. In all three shifts, meat was the most important food contributing to energy intake. CONCLUSION: Different work schedules did not affect the relative frequency of meal types and snacks or their contribution to daily energy intake, but affected the daily distribution of eating events, with a redistribution of intake from day to night in night shift workers.
Assuntos
Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Metabolismo Energético/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Preferências Alimentares/fisiologia , Tolerância ao Trabalho Programado/fisiologia , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Brasil , Registros de Dieta , Ingestão de Energia/fisiologia , HumanosRESUMO
The incidence of Salmonella spp., Listeria spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in horsemeat for human consumption was investigated. One-hundred and twenty-one samples of frozen horsemeat collected from two Brazilian abattoirs were analysed over a period of 1 year. Twenty-two samples (18.2%) were positive for Listeria spp. with nine (7.4%) containing L. monocytogenes. None of the samples harbored Salmonella spp.
Assuntos
Microbiologia de Alimentos , Listeria monocytogenes/isolamento & purificação , Listeria/isolamento & purificação , Carne/microbiologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Contagem de Colônia Microbiana , Cavalos , Humanos , IncidênciaRESUMO
PIP: The planning of activities and the layout of the Human Milk Bank and Information Center on Breastfeeding of the Carmela Dutra Maternity Hospital of the Santa Catarina Hospital Foundation (Brazil) are presented. The implantation of this service seeks to attend to the necessities of babies under treatment in Intensive Care Units of the Maternity and other children's hospitals in this Foundation. Besides collecting, analyzing, sorting, and processing adequately the milk donated by volunteer wet nurses, educational and promotional activities related to breast feeding are carried out in the community and among health professionals. (author's modified)^ieng
Assuntos
Aleitamento Materno , Planejamento em Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Leite Humano , Brasil , Feminino , Educação em Saúde , HumanosRESUMO
Apresenta-se o planejamento das atividades e da area fisica do Banco de Leite Humano e Central de Informacoes sobre Aleitamento Materno da Maternidade Carmela Dutra, da Fundacao Hospitalar de Santa Catarina. Com a implantacao deste servico, procura-se atender as necessidades dos bebes internados em Unidades de Tratamento Intensivo das Maternidades e Hospitais Infantis desta Fundacao. Alem de coletar, analisar, armazenar e processar adequadamente o leite doado por nutrizes voluntarias,sao realizadas atividades educativas e de incentivo ao aleitamento materno, junto a comunidade e aos profissionais da saude