RESUMO
The infectivity and virulence of seven Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma equiperdum Venezuelan strains isolated from horses, donkeys and capybaras were compared in a mouse model up to 41â¯days, for parasitemia, animal weight, survival rates, packed cell volume, haemoglobin and erythrocyte count. Two T. equiperdum strains and three of the T. evansi strains resulted in 100% mice mortality, while the two T. evansi donkey strains exhibited lower infectivity and mortality. T. equiperdum strains had shorter pre-patent periods (4â¯days) than the T. evansi strains (4-12â¯days). In terms of pathogenicity, only the T. evansi horse strain and the two capybara strains produced a significant decrease of the packed cell volume, in haemoglobin concentration and in red blood cell count. In contrast, the T. evansi donkey strains did not show any changes in the hematological parameters. From the seven variables studied, only pre-patent period, day of maximum parasitemia, day of first parasitemia peak and number of parasitemia peaks were statistically significant. Weight decrease was only observed in mice infected with the T. evansi horse strain. T. equiperdum strains showed the highest mice lethality (7% survival by day 8 post-infection) with no change in the hematological parameters. The three T. evansi horse and capybara strains showed 80%, 87% and 97% survival rates, respectively by day 12 post-infection. However, by day 20 post-inoculation all the mice infected with the T. evansi horse strain died, while 53% and 27% capybara strains infected survived. Whereas by day 40 post-infection, 53 and 73% of the mice infected with the T. evansi donkey strains had survived. These results demonstrate striking infectivity and virulence differences between Venezuelan T. evansi and T. equiperdum strains in NMRI mice and open new possibilities to characterize inter and intra-species variations that may contribute to the pathogenicity of these two species.
Assuntos
Trypanosoma/patogenicidade , Tripanossomíase/veterinária , Anemia/etiologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Equidae/parasitologia , Cavalos/parasitologia , Camundongos , Roedores/parasitologia , Tripanossomíase/mortalidade , VirulênciaRESUMO
The focus of this study was the detection of equine piroplasmosis in Distrito Capital, Miranda, Aragua, Guárico and Apure States from Venezuela, using two methods: Competitive-Inhibition ELISA and multiplex PCR and the analysis of the possible differences in occurrence in relation to the primary purpose of the horses, which is related to varied degrees of exposure to tick. Antibody levels to Babesia caballi and Theileria equi were assessed in 694 equine serum samples using Competitive-Inhibition ELISA, while PCR assays were performed in 136 horses, using two sets of oligonucleotides to establish the presence of T. equi, B. caballi or both. The overall seroprevalence of equine piroplasmosis was 50.2%, antibodies to B. caballi were found in 161 horses (23.2%), whereas 97 (14.0%) were seropositive to T. equi and 90 (13.0%) were positives to both parasites (mixed infections). PCR determinations (n=136) showed a prevalence of 66.2%, distributed in 84 (61.8% positives) for T. equi and, 6 (4.4%) were positive to both parasites. The cELISA showed higher levels of prevalence of B. caballi and mixed infections, as compared to the PCR method. This discrepancy can be explained by the different parameters that are evaluated by each technique, PCR detect the parasite itself, while cELISA detects antibodies to the parasite. By PCR, the highest prevalence was found in Apure state, where 92.3% of the samples were positive to T. equi infections. In this locality, free grazing animals are used for livestock management. This high prevalence may be linked to the tick species present in that area. More epidemiological studies will be necessary to assess the epidemiological status of equine piroplasmosis in Venezuela.
Assuntos
Babesia/isolamento & purificação , Babesiose/veterinária , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Theileria/isolamento & purificação , Theileriose/diagnóstico , Animais , Babesia/classificação , Babesiose/epidemiologia , Babesiose/parasitologia , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Feminino , Doenças dos Cavalos/epidemiologia , Cavalos , Masculino , Prevalência , Theileria/classificação , Theileriose/epidemiologia , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the etiologic agent of the equine trypanosomosis, a disease related to the detriment of the extensive bovine farming in the Venezuelan grasslands. Even though macroscopic pathologies such as anemia, pale mucosa, icteric tissues, generalized edema, splenomegaly, liver and renal hypertrophy, abortion, anoestrus, emaciation, lymphadenopathies, striated muscle atrophy as well as epicardiac and endocardiac hemorrhages have been described for infections with the agent, no reports of any heart ultrastructural change in experimental or natural infections induced by Venezuelan T. evansi isolates are available. So, a transmission electron microscopic approach to the problem was needed. This work describes cell features of the cardiac myocyte and the cardiac microvasculature ultrastructure in mice experimentally infected with an equine local isolate of T. evansi, also providing an account of the infection with the mices survival. Materials, Methods & Results: NMRI Mus musculus were inoculated with a Venezuelan T. evansi isolate derived from a naturally infected Equus caballus. From day three post-infection, and every other day until the mices death, one rodent was randomly killed, the heart apex was isosmotically removed and cut in symmetrical blocks, which were fixed, post-fixed, dehydrated, infiltrated, included, sectioned, contrasted and studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, with the subsequent characterization of the cardiac myocyte and the cardiac microvasculature transformations. The evaluation of the micrographs demonstrated ultrastructural time-increasing harmful mitochondrial alterations that included reduction in the number of mitochondria per cell, decrease in mitochondrial dimensions and lessening of the number of cristae per mitochondrion. Myofibrillar destruction, myofilament loss and atrophy were also evident.(...)(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Miocárdio/ultraestrutura , Vasos Sanguíneos/ultraestrutura , Bovinos/parasitologia , Ratos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Background: Trypanosoma evansi is the etiologic agent of the equine trypanosomosis, a disease related to the detriment of the extensive bovine farming in the Venezuelan grasslands. Even though macroscopic pathologies such as anemia, pale mucosa, icteric tissues, generalized edema, splenomegaly, liver and renal hypertrophy, abortion, anoestrus, emaciation, lymphadenopathies, striated muscle atrophy as well as epicardiac and endocardiac hemorrhages have been described for infections with the agent, no reports of any heart ultrastructural change in experimental or natural infections induced by Venezuelan T. evansi isolates are available. So, a transmission electron microscopic approach to the problem was needed. This work describes cell features of the cardiac myocyte and the cardiac microvasculature ultrastructure in mice experimentally infected with an equine local isolate of T. evansi, also providing an account of the infection with the mices survival. Materials, Methods & Results: NMRI Mus musculus were inoculated with a Venezuelan T. evansi isolate derived from a naturally infected Equus caballus. From day three post-infection, and every other day until the mices death, one rodent was randomly killed, the heart apex was isosmotically removed and cut in symmetrical blocks, which were fixed, post-fixed, dehydrated, infiltrated, included, sectioned, contrasted and studied by means of transmission electron microscopy, with the subsequent characterization of the cardiac myocyte and the cardiac microvasculature transformations. The evaluation of the micrographs demonstrated ultrastructural time-increasing harmful mitochondrial alterations that included reduction in the number of mitochondria per cell, decrease in mitochondrial dimensions and lessening of the number of cristae per mitochondrion. Myofibrillar destruction, myofilament loss and atrophy were also evident.(...)
Assuntos
Animais , Miocárdio/ultraestrutura , Trypanosoma/isolamento & purificação , Vasos Sanguíneos/ultraestrutura , Bovinos/parasitologia , Ratos/parasitologiaRESUMO
A pesar de la características endémica de la anaplasmosis en Venezuela, son pocos los estudios que refieren a la protección cruzada entre los diferentes aislados venezolanos de anaplasma marginale. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en evaluar el desarrollo de la enfermedad de becerros mestizos Holstein infectados naturalmente con el aislado Lara y posteriormente desafiados con aislados homólogos y heterólogos de la rickettsia, en la búsqueda de protección cruzada. Para el logro de estos objetivos, se adquirieron becerros mestizos Holstein de un semana de nacidos en un finca del estado Lara, infectados de manera natural con A. marginale, y se dividieron en tres grupos de tres animales cada uno. A los seis meses de edad fueron reinfectados con un inóculo de 5 x 10 elevado a la 8 eritrocitos infectados con A. marginale del aislado homólogo Lara (grupo I), aislados heterólogos Táchira (grupo II) y Zulia (grupo III). Desde el comienzo de los experimentos se tomaron muestras de sangre completa para evaluar parasitemia y hematocrito y se evaluaron los signos clínicos. Los tres grupos fueron diferentes en relación al período pre-patente, porcentajes de disminución de hematocrito y niveles de parasistema después del desafío. Dos de los tres animales del grupo I resultaron protegidos contra el reto homólogo, al no manifestar características compatibles con la enfermedad, mientras que los animales de los grupos II y III presentaron evidencias clínicas de anaplasmosis. El grupo inoculado con el aislado de Zulia presentó mayor severidad clínica que el grupo desafiado con el aisldo Táchira
Assuntos
Bovinos , Animais , Anaplasmose , Bovinos , Venezuela , Medicina VeterináriaRESUMO
Anaplasma marginale is an intraerythrocytic rickettsia that affects the cattle and constitute a constraint for its production. The transplacental transmission of A. marginale could be of importance under field conditions, but until now no data is available to interpret its relevance in Venezuela. The goal of this work was to evaluate both the presence of A. marginale and the antibody response against the rickettsia in new born calves. Fourteen calves, one week old, were simultaneously bled for parasitological tests, packed cell volume measurement and to obtain sera for immunoenzymatic assays. All the animals showed parasitemia between seventeen and thirty days old. The antibody IgM and IgG response at this time was low. Probably, these calves acquired A. marginale infection through transplacental route and a very low level of immunity by the colostrum.
Assuntos
Anaplasma marginale/imunologia , Anaplasmose/epidemiologia , Anticorpos Antibacterianos/sangue , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Anaplasmose/diagnóstico , Anaplasmose/transmissão , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/diagnóstico , Doenças dos Bovinos/transmissão , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Prevalência , Venezuela/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Anaplasma marginale is an intraerythrocytic rickettsia that affects the cattle and constitute a constraint for its production. The transplacental transmission of A. marginale could be of importance under field conditions, but until now no data is available to interpret its relevance in Venezuela. The goal of this work was to evaluate both the presence of A. marginale and the antibody response against the rickettsia in new born calves. Fourteen calves, one week old, were simultaneously bled for parasitological tests, packed cell volume measurement and to obtain sera for immunoenzymatic assays. All the animals showed parasitemia between seventeen and thirty days old. The antibody IgM and IgG response at this time was low. Probably, these calves acquired A. marginale infection through transplacental route and a very low level of immunity by the colostrum.