RESUMO
Twenty-five extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli clinical isolates from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were characterized by isoelectric focusing, PCR and sequencing of bla(ESBL) genes, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinants, phylogenetic groups, replicon typing, pulsed-field electrophoresis, and multilocus sequencing typing. Twenty-three (92%) ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were positive for bla(CTX-M) genes, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qnrB. Genetic relatedness of ESBL producers clustered seven (28%) CTX-M-15-producing isolates as sequence type (ST)410, clonal complex (CC) 23, and two (8%) as clone O25-ST131. Our results illustrate the predominance of phylogroup A (52%), ST410 (CC 23) and CTX-M-15 among ESBL-producing E. coli isolates from hospitals in Rio de Janeiro.
Assuntos
Escherichia coli/enzimologia , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , beta-Lactamases/genética , Brasil , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Focalização Isoelétrica , Tipagem de Sequências Multilocus , Plasmídeos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Análise de Sequência de DNA , beta-Lactamases/química , beta-Lactamases/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
AIMS: To investigate the bacterial diversity, antimicrobial resistance patterns and types of beta-lactamase genes in Gram-negative bacteria isolated from a hospital sewage treatment plant. METHODS AND RESULTS: Between July and December 2008, we collected samples from influent, clarifier tank effluent and chlorine contact tank effluent from a sewage treatment plant service of a hospital located in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Of the 221 isolates identified, 40% were characterized as extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers. Nonpathogenic micro-organisms and some pathogenic genera were quantified. The most common ESBL-producing isolates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter cloacae and Escherichia coli. The bla(TEM), bla(SHV) and bla(CTX-M) genes were detected in 82, 48 and 67% of bacterial isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that hospital wastewater treatment plant is not suitable systems for the removal of all antibiotic-resistant micro-organisms present in hospital wastewaters. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study provides evidence that bacteria resistant to multiple antibiotics and their resistance genes that are usually present in the hospital can reach the environment, even after the use of hospital wastewater treatment plants.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Esgotos/microbiologia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos , beta-Lactamases/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Biodiversidade , Brasil , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Enterobacter cloacae/efeitos dos fármacos , Enterobacter cloacae/genética , Enterobacter cloacae/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Hospitais , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaAssuntos
Proteínas de Bactérias/biossíntese , Hospitais , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/microbiologia , Eliminação de Resíduos Líquidos/métodos , Microbiologia da Água , beta-Lactamases/biossíntese , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Resistência beta-LactâmicaRESUMO
The Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction (JHR) is a syndrome observed after antimicrobial treatment of some infectious diseases. The syndrome has clinical characteristics of an inflammatory reaction to antibiotic treatment. A prospective study of patients with a clinical and laboratory diagnosis of syphilis was conducted at a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Patients were treated with benzathine penicillin and observed for the JHR. A total of 115 patients were included in this study. Fifty-one patients (44%) had secondary syphilis; 37 (32%), primary; 26 (23%), latent; and one (1%), tertiary syphilis. Ten patients (9%) developed the JHR. All JHRs occurred in patients with secondary and latent syphilis. No patients experienced an allergic reaction to penicillin. The JHR occurred less frequently than in previous studies. It is important that health-care professionals recognize the clinical characteristics of the JHR so that it is not misinterpreted as an allergic reaction to penicillin.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Inflamação/induzido quimicamente , Penicilina G Benzatina/administração & dosagem , Penicilina G Benzatina/efeitos adversos , Sífilis/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
AIMS: To detect ESBL (extended-spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae present in the effluents and sludge of a hospital sewage treatment plant, evaluating the treatment plant's potential to remove these micro-organisms. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty samples (crude sewage, UASB reactor effluent, filtered effluent and sludge) were collected in the period from May to December 2006, in order to analyse antimicrobial susceptibility and to check ESBL production, the disc-diffusion and the combined disc methods were used. Total and faecal coliform concentrations were also determined. ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae were detected in all samples analysed, representing 46 x 5% of the total strains isolated. Among the non-ESBL-producing strains, 26% were multiresistant and one strain resistant to eight of the nine antimicrobials tested was detected in the treated effluent. CONCLUSIONS: The hospital wastewater treatment plant did not show a satisfactory efficacy in removing pathogenic micro-organisms, allowing for the dissemination of multiresistant bacteria into the environment. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The inefficacy of hospital wastewater treatment plants can result in routes of dissemination of multiresistant bacteria and their genes of resistance into the environment, thus contaminating water resources, and having serious negative impact on public health.
Assuntos
Hospitais/normas , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde/normas , Esgotos/microbiologia , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Brasil , Cefoxitina/farmacologia , Ceftazidima/farmacologia , Ácido Clavulânico/farmacologia , Ambiente de Instituições de Saúde , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Eliminação de Resíduos de Serviços de Saúde/métodos , Testes de Sensibilidade MicrobianaAssuntos
Surtos de Doenças , Enterobacter/patogenicidade , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/epidemiologia , Contaminação de Alimentos , Nutrição Parenteral/efeitos adversos , Sepse/microbiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/etiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Enterobacter/classificação , Enterobacter/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Enterobacteriaceae/microbiologia , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Sepse/etiologiaRESUMO
In Brazil, Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis resistant to various antimicrobials, including cephalosporins, has been identified as an etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in hospitalized children since 1994. In this study, 35 serovar Infantis strains, isolated from children admitted to four different Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, hospitals between 1996 and 2001, were characterized by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing in order to determine their genetic relatedness and antimicrobial resistance profiles. Thirty-four serovar Infantis strains were resistant to at least two antibiotic classes, and all 35 strains were susceptible to fluoroquinolones, cephamycin, and carbapenem. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) screening by double-disk diffusion indicated that 32 serovar Infantis strains (91.4%) produced beta-lactamases that were inhibited by clavulanic acid. Antimicrobial resistance gene profiles were determined by PCR for a subset of 11 multidrug-resistant serovar Infantis strains, and putative ESBLs were detected by isoelectric focusing. Ten serovar Infantis strains carried bla(TEM), catI, ant(3")Ia and/or ant(3")Ib, sulI and/or sulII, and tet(D) genes as well as an integron-associated aac(6')-Iq cassette. Eight strains possessed at least four different beta-lactamases with pI profiles that confirmed the presence of both ESBLs and non-ESBLs. Our PFGE profiles indicated that 33 serovar Infantis strains isolated from Rio de Janeiro hospitals came from the same genetic lineage.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Gastroenterite/microbiologia , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enterica/genética , Brasil , Ácido Clavulânico/farmacologia , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Genes Bacterianos , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Pacientes Internados , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Salmonella enterica/classificação , Salmonella enterica/isolamento & purificação , Inibidores de beta-Lactamases , beta-Lactamases/análiseRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To characterize by molecular methods a multidrug-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Agona (S. enterica Agona) isolated from a hospitalized patient in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: The S. enterica Agona strain was screened by PCR and DNA sequencing for TEM, SHV and CTX-M-type beta-lactamase genes, tet(A), (B), (C) and (D) tetracycline resistance genes, chloramphenicol resistance genes and class 1 integrons. Plasmid characterization was carried out by PCR and Southern hybridization analysis. PCR and PFGE were used to characterize nine other S. enterica Agona strains collected from hospitals in Rio de Janeiro. RESULTS: The study strain was found to harbour a 105 kb plasmid, which contained catA1, bla(TEM-1), a class 1 integron with two novel genes labelled bla(OXA-53) and aac(6')-I30, respectively, and an additional unidentified aminoglycoside resistance gene. A second 53 kb plasmid from the same strain contained tet(D) and bla(SHV-5). OXA-53 was shown to provide reduced susceptibility to ceftazidime, and its activity was inhibited in the presence of clavulanic acid. PFGE analysis of the nine other S. enterica Agona strains revealed two clusters of related strains (78% similarity), and PCR analysis showed that all strains contained the novel integron. CONCLUSION: An S. enterica Agona strain was found to harbour three plasmid-encoded beta-lactamases, one (OXA-53) on a novel class 1 integron that also contains a new aminoglycoside resistance gene, aac(6')-I30. The multidrug resistance plasmids appear to have disseminated to other city hospitals via other S. enterica Agona strains.
Assuntos
Acetiltransferases/genética , Integrons/genética , Plasmídeos/genética , Salmonella enterica/genética , beta-Lactamases/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Brasil , Clonagem Molecular , Primers do DNA , DNA Bacteriano/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Humanos , Focalização Isoelétrica , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Infecções por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Salmonella/microbiologia , Salmonella enterica/efeitos dos fármacos , Salmonella enterica/enzimologiaRESUMO
Nosocomial infections (NI) result in considerably high mortality and morbidity rates, especially among pediatric patients. Considering current worldwide changes, information about the occurrence of pathogens and susceptibility tests are now seen as decisive for optimizing treatment. The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency of microorganisms, antimicrobial and genetic profiles, and risk factors associated with nosocomial infections in a teaching hospital in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. From January 1998 to December 1999, 108 patients were characterized as having nosocomial infection, from which 137 pathogens were isolated. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by conventional and automated techniques. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Pathogens were most often isolated from infants one-month old or younger, and bloodstream infections were the most frequent. The main isolated agents isolated were: coagulase-negative staphylococci (38), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19), S. aureus (26), K. pneumoniae (18), and Candida spp. (13). The risk conditions that were most closely related to NI acquisition were: prolonged hospital stays (69.4%), prematurity (60.9%) and exposure to high-risk device procedures (95.4%). Ciprofloxacin and imipenem were the most effective drugs, inhibiting all or almost all of the Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolates. Only 23% of the S. aureus samples were resistant to oxacillin. Genomic typing revealed 10 distinct patterns for S. aureus and 13 for K. pneumoniae, suggesting that most them did not belong to the same clone. PFGE was effective in differentiating the strains.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Fatores Etários , Brasil/epidemiologia , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Seguimentos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Hospitais Pediátricos , Hospitais de Ensino , Humanos , Lactente , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Nosocomial infections (NI) result in considerably high mortality and morbidity rates, especially among pediatric patients. Considering current worldwide changes, information about the occurrence of pathogens and susceptibility tests are now seen as decisive for optimizing treatment. The purpose of this research was to determine the frequency of microorganisms, antimicrobial and genetic profiles, and risk factors associated with nosocomial infections in a teaching hospital in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. From January 1998 to December 1999, 108 patients were characterized as having nosocomial infection, from which 137 pathogens were isolated. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by conventional and automated techniques. Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains were characterized by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Pathogens were most often isolated from infants one-month old or younger, and bloodstream infections were the most frequent. The main isolated agents isolated were: coagulase-negative staphylococci (38), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19), S. aureus (26), K. pneumoniae (18), and Candida spp. (13). The risk conditions that were most closely related to NI acquisition were: prolonged hospital stays (69.4 percent), prematurity (60.9 percent) and exposure to high-risk device procedures (95.4 percent). Ciprofloxacin and imipenem were the most effective drugs, inhibiting all or almost all of the Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus isolates. Only 23 percent of the S. aureus samples were resistant to oxacillin. Genomic typing revealed 10 distinct patterns for S. aureus and 13 for K. pneumoniae, suggesting that most them did not belong to the same clone. PFGE was effective in differentiating the strains
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Antibacterianos , Infecção Hospitalar , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Hospitais Pediátricos , Fatores Etários , Brasil , Candida , Infecção Hospitalar , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Seguimentos , Bactérias Gram-Negativas , Bactérias Gram-Positivas , Hospitais de Ensino , Controle de Infecções , Tempo de Internação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This study had the objective of to analyze the demographic and bacteriologic data of 32 hospitalized newborns in an neonatal intensive care unit of a public maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, Brazil, seized by Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis during a period ranged from July 1997 to July 1999, and to determine the antimicrobial resistance percentage, serotypes and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of 32 strains isolated during this period. The study group presented mean age of 12.5 days, with higher prevalence of hospital infection in males (59.4%) and vaginal delivery (81.2%), than females (40.6%) and cesarean delivery (18.8%), respectively. In this group, 20 (62.5%) patients received antimicrobials before positive blood cultures presentation. A total of 87.5% of the patients were premature, 62.5% presented very low birth weight and 40.6% had asphyxia. We detected high antimicrobial resistance percentage to b-lactams, chloramphenicol, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline among the isolated strains. All isolated strains were classified as multi-drug resistant. Most strains presented serotype O11 while PFGE analysis revealed seven distinct clones with isolation predominance of a single clone (75%) isolated from July 1997 to June 1998.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Infecções por Pseudomonas/tratamento farmacológico , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Mutação , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , SorotipagemRESUMO
A sífilis é uma infecçäo crônica com diversas manifestaçöes clínicas que ocorrem ao longo de estágios variados. Apesar do seu declínio última década, tem sido, novamente, um importante problema de saúde pública. No Brasil, a média de prevalência é de 4 por cento pelo VDRL, em gestantes atendidas em serviços públicos. Na gestaçäo constitui problema importante, pela gravidade das lesöes e pela possiblidade real da profilaxia medicamentosa. É grande a dificuldade de se proceder ao diagóstico nesta fase, e ainda sim, mesmo com tratamento apropriado, durante a gestaçäo a infecçäo fetal poderá ocorrer em mais de 14,0 por cento dos casos. O presente trabalho objetiva determinar a soroprevalência da sífilis por meio da realizaçäo de prova de VDRL confirmada por teste específico
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/diagnóstico , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sífilis/diagnósticoRESUMO
A sífilis pode ser definida como doença de atualidade permanente. As conquistas nos campos diagnóstico e terapêutico vêm sendo insufucientes para o controle da doença, e o problema epidemiológico permanece atual e grave
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida , Sífilis , Treponema pallidumRESUMO
The dispersion of potentially pathogenic, antibiotic-resistant microorganisms via expressed human milk can be considered a risk factor. The aim of this study was to contribute to a better understanding of coliform isolates from expressed human milk and their antimicrobial resistance profiles. The sampling scheme followed a totally randomized design, using 837 samples of expressed human milk. Of these, 71 (8.48%) were identified as contaminated with total coliforms, although in none of the samples did the population exceed 1.0x10(3) MPN/ml. Most of the microorganisms isolated (91.6%) belonged to only two species, Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which when subjected to antibiograms, revealed that several strains showed prior resistance to some of the antimicrobials tested. Coliforms may grow in expressed human milk if it is improperly stored, depleting protection factors and reducing the milk's nutritional value.
Assuntos
Enterobacteriaceae/efeitos dos fármacos , Bancos de Leite Humano , Leite Humano/microbiologia , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Enterobacteriaceae/isolamento & purificação , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Humanos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
There are very few reports on the microbiota of the digestive tract of sand flies, an important omission considering that blood is not the only meal ingested. Male and female sand flies obtain sugar meals from several sources, thereby increasing their chance of infection with microorganisms. Chances of contamination are higher when insects are bred in the laboratory, and this may affect the development of Leishmania spp. From the digestive tract of 300 sand fly females separated in two groups we isolated 10 species of bacteria in group 1 and 8 species in group 2. In group 1, Enterobacteriaceae of the following genera were identified: Serratia, Enterobacter, and Yokenella and the non-fermenters: Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Stenotrophomonas. In group 2, the Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter and Serratia were identified as well as the non-fermenters Acinetobacter, Stenotrophomonas, Burkolderia, and Pseudomonas.
Assuntos
Sistema Digestório/microbiologia , Túbulos de Malpighi/microbiologia , Psychodidae/microbiologia , Animais , Sangue , Carboidratos , Feminino , AlimentosRESUMO
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an organism that is frequently transmitted in hospitals and perinatal units. The MRSA is considered a public health problem in neonatology because of its strong potential for dissemination in the wards associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this study we describe the bacteriological, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of MRSA isolated from anterior nares and blood cultures of newborns hospitalized in a public maternity hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The frequency of MRSA isolated from nasal swabs of newborns was 47.8 percent (43/90). The genetic analysis of MRSA strains from anterior nares, showed 8 different pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns (PFGE). Upon analysis of PFGE patterns of the 12 MRSA strains isolated from blood cultures, 8 different patterns were observed, 9 (75 percent) strains were genetic related to nasal secretion isolates patterns. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the importance of screening of newborns for the presence of MRSA in Brazilian hospitals and the usefulness of genetic typing of these pathogen during epidemiologic studies. This should lead to a better knowledge on the significancy and spreading of MRSA in the hospitals
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Resistência a Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar/métodos , Estudos Prospectivos , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an organism that is frequently transmitted in hospitals and perinatal units. The MRSA is considered a public health problem in neonatology because of its strong potential for dissemination in the wards associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. In this study we describe the bacteriological, epidemiological and molecular characteristics of MRSA isolated from anterior nares and blood cultures of newborns hospitalized in a public maternity hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The frequency of MRSA isolated from nasal swabs of newborns was 47.8% (43/90). The genetic analysis of MRSA strains from anterior nares, showed 8 different pulsed field gel electrophoresis patterns (PFGE). Upon analysis of PFGE patterns of the 12 MRSA strains isolated from blood cultures, 8 different patterns were observed, 9 (75%) strains were genetic related to nasal secretion isolates patterns. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the importance of screening of newborns for the presence of MRSA in Brazilian hospitals and the usefulness of genetic typing of these pathogen during epidemiologic studies. This should lead to a better knowledge on the significancy and spreading of MRSA in the hospitals.
Assuntos
Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Resistência a Meticilina/genética , Infecções Estafilocócicas/microbiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Eletroforese em Gel de Ágar/métodos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Estudos Prospectivos , Infecções Estafilocócicas/epidemiologia , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Hospital infections cause an increase in morbidity and mortality of hospitalized patients with significant rise in hospital costs. The aim of this work was an epidemiological analysis of hospital infection cases occurred in a public University Hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Hence, 238 strains were isolated from 14 different clinical materials of 166 patients hospitalized in the period between August 1995 and July 1997. The average age of the patients was 33.4 years, 72.9% used antimicrobials before having a positive culture. The most common risk conditions were surgery (19.3%), positive HIV or AIDS (18.1%) and lung disease (16.9%). 24 different bacterial species were identified, S. aureus (21%) and P. aeruginosa (18.5%) were predominant. Among 50 S. aureus isolated strains 36% were classified as MRSA (Methicillin Resistant S. aureus). The Gram negative bacteria presented high resistance to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins. A diarrhea outbreak, detected in high-risk neonatology ward, was caused by Salmonella serovar Infantis strain, with high antimicrobial resistance and a plasmid of high molecular weight (98Mda) containing virulence genes and positive for R factor.
Assuntos
Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Adulto , Antibacterianos/uso terapêutico , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/tratamento farmacológico , Infecção Hospitalar/epidemiologia , Surtos de Doenças , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Plasmídeos , Fatores de Risco , Salmonella/efeitos dos fármacos , Infecções por Salmonella/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
We dissected the digestive tract of 245 females in pools of 35 flies forming 7 groups. These flies were Lutzomyia longipalpis originating from Lapinha Cave, Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais. Out of the 8 species of bacteria isolated there was a predominancy of Gram negative bacterias (GNB) in the group of non-fermenters of sugar belonging to the following species: Acinetobacter lwoffii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Pseudomonas putida and Flavimonas orizihabitans. The group of GNB fermenters were: Enterobacter cloacae and Klebsiella ozaenae. In the Gram positive group we isolated the genera Bacillus thuringiensis and Staphylococcus spp.
Assuntos
Psychodidae/microbiologia , Animais , Brasil , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The lysotypes, plasmidial profiles, and profiles of resistance to antimicrobial agents were determined in 111 Salmonella Typhimurium strains isolated from feces and blood of children treated in Rio de Janeiro and in Salvador. Six distinct lysotypes (19, 41, 97, 105, 120 and 193) were recognized, with a predominance of lysotype 193 (59.7%) in Rio de Janeiro and of phage type 105 (38.4) in Salvador. Approximately 86.7% of the lysotype 193 strains presented multiple resistance to more than six antimicrobial agents, whereas 93% of lysotype 105 strains were fully susceptible. More than 90% of the strains presented plasmids distributed into 36 different profiles in Rio de Janeiro and into 10 profiles in Salvador. A 40 MDa plasmid was the most frequent (47%) in the strains from Rio de Janeiro, whereas a 61 MDa plasmid predominated (14.5%) in Salvador. Combined analysis of plasmid profile and classification into lysotypes (especially those belonging to types 105 and 103, proved to be more discriminatory than the other methods applied).