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Obesity is a major health burden worldwide. Although bariatric surgery (BS) is recognized as an effective strategy for weight loss and comorbidities improvement, its impact on muscle strength and quality is still unclear. We aimed to examine postoperative changes in muscle strength and quality and their relationship with body mass index (BMI) changes among adults undergoing BS. To this end, we systematically searched the WoS, PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus databases. The meta-analyses, which included 24 articles (666 participants), showed that BS reduces absolute lower-limb isometric strength (ES = -0.599; 95% CI = -0.972, -0.226; p = 0.002). Subjects who experienced a more significant reduction in BMI after BS also suffered a higher loss of absolute muscle strength. Similarly, absolute handgrip strength showed a significant decrease (ES = -0.376; 95% CI = -0.630, -0.121; p = 0.004). We found insufficient studies investigating medium- and long-term changes in muscle strength and/or quality after BS. This study provides moderate-quality evidence that BS-induced weight loss can reduce the strength of appendicular muscles in the short term, which should be addressed in management these subjects. More high-quality studies are needed to evaluate the impact of BS on muscle strength and the different domains of muscle quality in the medium and long term (registered on PROSPERO CRD42022332581).

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Although bariatric surgery (BS) is recognized as an effective strategy for body weight loss, its impact on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is still unclear. We aimed to examine postoperative changes in CRF (VO2max/peak ) and its relationship with weight loss among adults undergoing BS. We systematically searched the WoS, PubMed, MEDLINE, and Scopus databases. Observational and intervention studies were selected reporting the presurgery and postsurgery CRF, measured by breath-by-breath VO2 or its estimation. Eleven articles (312 patients) revealed that BS leads to a reduction in absolute VO2max/peak in the short term (effect size, ES = -0.539; 95%CI = -0.708, -0.369; p < 0.001), and those patients who suffered a more significant decrease in BMI after BS also had a greater loss of absolute VO2max/peak . However, VO2max/peak relative to body weight increased after surgery (ES = 0.658; 95%CI = 0.473, 0.842; p < 0.001). An insufficient number of studies were found investigating medium and long-term changes in CRF after BS. This study provides moderate-quality evidence that the weight loss induced by BS can reduce CRF in the short term, which represents a therapeutic target to optimize BS outcomes. More high-quality studies are needed to evaluate the impact of BS on VO2max/peak in the short, medium, and long term including normalized values for fat-free mass.

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PURPOSE: Obesity has been associated with reduced vagal function and increased sympathetic activity. Cardiac autonomic dysfunction has emerged as a major risk factor in the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiac autonomic function (CAF) can be assessed by heart rate variability (HRV), an independent predictor of mortality based on changes in time intervals between adjacent heartbeats (RR). Bariatric surgery is considered the most effective treatment for obesity and its comorbidities, with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) being the most frequent bariatric procedure. There are few studies on HRV changes in women with obesity after SG. The aim of this study was to evaluate the short-term impact of SG on CAF and its relationship with weight loss. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An observational cohort study was conducted. Twenty-three female patients were assessed before SG and at 1 and 3 months after surgery. CAF was evaluated by analyzing HRV from 5-min records of RR intervals while the subject was supine. HRV was analyzed in time and frequency domains and with a nonlinear method. RESULTS: Patients (36.0 ± 11.1 years old, BMI 35.1 ± 3.4 kg/m2) presented higher HRV values, on average, in all domains both at 1 and 3 months after SG (p < 0.05). In addition, all anthropometric parameters improved (p < 0.001) although there was no relationship between HRV improvements and anthropometric changes. CONCLUSION: SG seems to be effective at reducing excess weight and improving HRV at the short term, and these changes are detectable as early as the first month after surgery. HRV assessment appears as a promising low-cost tool that deserves further research.

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The purpose of this study was to describe anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics of low-income Chilean preschool children and to examine whether weight status influences children's performance on fitness tests. A total of 434 preschool children (246 boys; 5.48 ± 0.31 years) participated in our study. Anthropometry (weight, height, body mass index -BMI- and waist circumference) and fitness tests (handgrip strength test, standing long jump and 20 m sprint) were assessed by trained nutritionists and physical education teachers, respectively. Significant differences in anthropometry and fitness tests between boys and girls were found. The prevalence of overweight was higher in girls; in contrast to that of obesity. Compared to normal-weight children, overweight/obese boys and girls were heavier and had greater waist circumference (P < 0.001), were taller (P ≤ 0.002), and showed higher performance in handgrip strength (P ≤ 0.027) but not in standing long jump nor 20 m sprint (P ≥ 0.052). Screening physical fitness levels in overweight/obese preschool children could be an important tool in order to design an efficacy physical activity programme.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características antropométricas y el nivel de condición física de preescolares chilenos de bajo nivel socioeconómico y examinar si el estado ponderal influye en el rendimiento de los niños en las pruebas de condición física. Un total de 434 preescolares (246 niños; 5,48 ± 0,31 años) participaron en nuestro estudio. Antropometría (peso, talla, índice de masa corporal ­IMC­ y perímetro de cintura) y tests de condición física (test de fuerza de prensión manual, test de salto de longitud y 20 m sprint) fueron evaluados por nutricionistas entrenados y profesores de educación física, respectivamente. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en antropometría y tests de condición física entre niños y niñas. La prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en las niñas; en contraste con la de la obesidad. En comparación con los preescolares con normopeso, los niños y niñas con sobrepeso/obesidad pesaron más y tuvieron mayor perímetro de cintura (P < 0.001), eran más altos (P ≤ 0.002) y mostraron mayor rendimiento en el test de fuerza de prensión manual (P ≤ 0.027), pero no en el test de salto de longitud ni en el test de sprint de 20 m (P ≥ 0.052). Detectar los niveles de condición física en preescolares con sobrepeso/obesidad puede ser una herramienta importante para diseñar programas eficaces de actividad física.

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OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of physical activity and fitness with leptin concentrations in European adolescents, after taking into account several potential confounders including total body fat (TBF). STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a school setting for the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence Cross-Sectional Study. This study included 902 (509 girls) adolescents aged 12.5-17.5 years. Weight, height, and TBF (sum of 6 skinfold thickness) were measured, and fat free mass and body mass index were calculated. Physical activity was assessed by accelerometry. Physical fitness was assessed by the handgrip, standing long jump, 4 × 10-m shuttle run, and 20-m shuttle run tests. Serum fasting leptin, insulin, and glucose concentrations were measured, and homeostasis model assessment was computed. Multiple linear regression models were used. RESULTS: Vigorous physical activity and fitness tests (all P < .05) were negatively associated with leptin, independently of several confounders including TBF and homeostasis model assessment. These associations remained significant after further controlling for each other (physical activity and fitness). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vigorous physical activity and fitness moderate the levels of leptin concentrations, regardless of relevant confounders including TBF. Intervention programs addressed to increase high intensity physical activity and fitness as well as to assess its impact on leptin concentration are required.

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