RESUMO
The radiation environment on LDEF was monitored by cumulative absorbed dose measurements made with TLDs at different locations and shielding depths. The TLDs were included in four experiments: A0015(a) Biostack, P0004 Seeds in Space and P0006 Linear Energy Transfer Spectrum Measurements at the trailing edge (west side) of the satellite; M0004 Fiber Optics Data Link at the leading edge (east side); and A0015(b) Biostack at the Earth side. The shielding depths varied between 0.48 and 15.4 g/cm2, Al equivalent. Both the directional dependence of trapped protons incident on the satellite and the shielding thickness were reflected in absorbed dose values. The trapped proton anisotropy was measured by TLDs at the east and west sides of LDEF. At the east side doses ranged from 2.10 to 2.58 Gy under shielding of 2.90 to 1.37 g/cm2 (M0004) while on the west side doses ranged from 2.66 to 6.48 Gy under shielding of 15.4 to 0.48 g/cm2 (P0006). The west side doses were more than a factor of two higher, where the vertical shielding thicknesses to space were equal. Other west side doses of 3.04 to 4.49 Gy under shielding of 11.7 to 3.85 g/cm2 (A0015(a)) and 2.91 to 6.64 Gy under shielding of 11.1 to 0.48 g/cm2 (P0004) generally agreed with the P0006 results. The Earth side doses of 2.41 to 3.93 Gy under shielding of 10.0 to 1.66 g cm2 (A0015(b)) were intermediate between the east side and west side doses. Calculations utilizing a model of trapped proton spectra were performed by Watts et al. (1993) and comparisons of dose measurement and calculations may be found in a companion paper (Armstrong et al., 1996).
Assuntos
Radiação Cósmica , Modelos Teóricos , Prótons , Monitoramento de Radiação/instrumentação , Voo Espacial , Dosimetria Termoluminescente , Alumínio , Anisotropia , Oceano Atlântico , Calibragem , Planeta Terra , Meio Ambiente Extraterreno , Transferência Linear de Energia , Doses de Radiação , Proteção Radiológica , América do Sul , AstronaveRESUMO
AIM: To study the frequency of depression in elderly patients admitted to the Internal Medicine Service of an Institutional Hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients over 65 years old admitted to the Internal Medicine Service of the Military Hospital at Santiago. Chile were assessed using the CDS-20 depression questionnaire and the FROMAGE score for dementia. RESULTS: One hundred twenty seven patients (71 female), were assessed. According to the FROMAGE score, 30% had moderate and 35% had severe dementia. Ten percent of males and 12% of females were depressive. Moderately demented patients, females, subjects with low educational levels and those living alone had a higher frequency of depression. According to DSM-III the most frequent diagnosis among depressive patients was "adjustment disorder with depressive mood". Attending physicians made the diagnosis in only 11% of patients with depression. CONCLUSIONS: Depression is frequent among hospitalized elders.
Assuntos
Depressão/epidemiologia , Pacientes Internados/psicologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Prevalência , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
Leishmania braziliensis cells are difficult to culture in vitro and usually require media supplemented with serum for sustained cell division. Fresh, sterile urine is an inexpensive substitute for serum in the culture of 2 strains of L. braziliensis, 1 infected with Leishmania RNA virus 1, and 1 uninfected. In the presence of urine, both the infected and the uninfected strains grew to the same final cell density as the same strains grown in the presence of serum. One strain of Leishmania major was also successfully cultured in urine-supplemented media.
Assuntos
Leishmania braziliensis/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Urina , Animais , Divisão Celular , Meios de Cultura Livres de Soro , Humanos , Leishmania major/crescimento & desenvolvimento , MasculinoRESUMO
AIM: to validate an easy and simple test to measure cognitive function: the clock drawing test. STUDY DESIGN: 138 hospitalized and free living elders (96 female, mean age 77.9 years) were studied. They were requested to draw a clock, using standardized instructions. The drawings were independently analyzed and scored by the authors. The Mini Mental State test was used as reference and the scores of both tests were correlated. RESULTS: there was a correlation of 0.73 between the scores of the clock drawing and Mini Mental State tests. Using a score of 7 points in tye clock drawing and 26 points in the Mini Mental State test as cut of points for the diagnosis of dementia, the former's sensitivity and specificity was 0.82 and 0.71 respectively. CONCLUSIONS: the clock drawing test appears as a simple and effective test for the initial assessment of cognitive functions in patients with suspected dementia.