RESUMO
BACKGROUND: A poor ability of recommended risk scores for predicting in-hospital bleeding has been reported in elderly patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS). No study assessed the prediction of post-discharge bleeding in the elderly. The new BleeMACS score (Bleeding complications in a Multicenter registry of patients discharged with diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome), was designed to predict post-discharge bleeding in ACS patients. We aimed to assess the predictive ability of the BleeMACS score in elderly patients. METHODS: We assessed the incidence and characteristics of severe bleeding after discharge in ACS patients aged ≥ 75 years. Bleeding was defined as any intracranial bleeding or bleeding leading to hospitalization and/or red blood transfusion, occurring within the first year after discharge. We assessed the predictive ability of the BleeMACS score according to age by Fine-Gray proportional hazards regression analysis, calculating receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curves (AUC). RESULTS: The BleeMACS registry included 15,401 patients of whom 3,376/15,401 (21.9%) were aged ≥ 75 years. Elderly patients were more commonly treated with clopidogrel and less often treated with ticagrelor or prasugrel. Of 3,376 elderly patients, 190 (5.6%) experienced post-discharge bleeding. The incidence of bleeding was moderately higher in elderly patients (hazard ratio [HR], 2.31, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.92-2.77). The predictive ability of the BleeMACS score was moderately lower in elderly patients (AUC, 0.652 vs. 0.691, p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with ACS had a significantly higher incidence of post-discharge bleeding. Despite a lower predictive ability in older patients, the BleeMACS score exhibited an acceptable performance in these patients.
Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/cirurgia , Clopidogrel/efeitos adversos , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Hemorragias Intracranianas/induzido quimicamente , Alta do Paciente , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Inibidores da Agregação Plaquetária/efeitos adversos , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/diagnóstico , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Ásia/epidemiologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Canadá/epidemiologia , Transfusão de Eritrócitos , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incidência , Hemorragias Intracranianas/diagnóstico , Hemorragias Intracranianas/epidemiologia , Hemorragias Intracranianas/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Readmissão do Paciente , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea/efeitos adversos , Cloridrato de Prasugrel/efeitos adversos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Sistema de Registros , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Ticagrelor/efeitos adversos , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The prevalence and outcome of patients with cancer that experience acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have to be determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: The BleeMACS project is a multicentre observational registry enrolling patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention worldwide in 15 hospitals. The primary endpoint was a composite event of death and re-infarction after one year of follow-up. Bleedings were the secondary endpoint. 15,401 patients were enrolled, 926 (6.4%) in the cancer group and 14,475 (93.6%) in the group of patients without cancer. Patients with cancer were older (70.8±10.3 vs. 62.8±12.1 years, P<0.001) with more severe comorbidities and presented more frequently with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction compared with patients without cancer. After one year, patients with cancer more often experienced the composite endpoint (15.2% vs. 5.3%, P<0.001) and bleedings (6.5% vs. 3%, P<0.001). At multiple regression analysis the presence of cancer was the strongest independent predictor for the primary endpoint (hazard ratio (HR) 2.1, 1.8-2.5, P<0.001) and bleedings (HR 1.5, 1.1-2.1, P=0.015). Despite patients with cancer generally being undertreated, beta-blockers (relative risk (RR) 0.6, 0.4-0.9, P=0.05), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers (RR 0.5, 0.3-0.8, P=0.02), statins (RR 0.3, 0.2-0.5, P<0.001) and dual antiplatelet therapy (RR 0.5, 0.3-0.9, P=0.05) were shown to be protective factors, while proton pump inhibitors (RR 1, 0.6-1.5, P=0.9) were neutral. CONCLUSION: Cancer has a non-negligible prevalence in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention, with a major risk of cardiovascular events and bleedings. Moreover, these patients are often undertreated from clinical despite medical therapy seems to be protective. Registration:The BleeMACS project (NCT02466854).
Assuntos
Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/epidemiologia , Neoplasias/epidemiologia , Intervenção Coronária Percutânea , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Medição de Risco , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/complicações , Síndrome Coronariana Aguda/cirurgia , Idoso , Ásia/epidemiologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias/complicações , América do Norte/epidemiologia , Prevalência , América do Sul/epidemiologia , Taxa de Sobrevida/tendências , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Anthracyclines are cytostatic antibiotics discovered almost half a century ago exerting their action through inhibition of topoisomerase II. The two most representative drugs are doxorubicin and daunorubicin and they have been proven as useful antineoplastics and are widely prescribed in daily oncology practice; unfortunately, cardiotoxicity has been a limiting factor when it comes to their use. Diverse mechanisms have been involved in anthracycline cardiotoxicity, none of which are capable of causing the whole clinical picture by itself. Traditionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have received more attention, although recently basic research has proven other factors to be as important as ROS. These factors mainly involve sarcomeric structure disruption, toxic accumulation of metabolites, iron metabolism, energetic alterations and inflammation. The role of genetics has been studied by some groups, although a clear genotype-response relationship is yet to be elucidated. With the improved survival from different oncologic diseases we are witnessing more cases of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and the advent of new anticancer drugs poses several challenges for the cardiologist, highlighting the importance of a deep knowledge of the main mechanisms inducing this toxicity.
Hace casi medio siglo se descubrieron las antraciclinas; estas son antibióticos citostáticos inhibidores de la topoisomerasa II. Los 2 fármacos más representativos de este grupo son la doxorrubicina y la daunorrubicina. Estos fármacos han demostrado ser eficaces antineoplásicos y han sido ampliamente utilizados en la práctica oncológica. Desafortunadamente, la cardiotoxicidad sigue siendo un elemento limitante para su uso. Los mecanismos mediante los cuales estos fármacos ocasionan cardiotoxicidad son múltiples pero ninguno de ellos de forma individual es capaz de explicar el cuadro clínico por completo. Casi siempre se ha considerado que la formación de especies reactivas de oxígeno era responsable de gran parte de la toxicidad, sin embargo la experimentación básica reciente ha demostrado que hay otros factores, entre los que destacan las alteraciones en la estructura sarcomérica, la acumulación de metabolitos tóxicos, las alteraciones del metabolismo del hierro o de los mecanismos energéticos, y la liberación de mediadores de inflamación. Por otra parte, diversos grupos han investigado la intervención que la genética podría tener en el desarrollo de esta enfermedad, si bien no se puede definir aún una clara correlación genotipo-respuesta. Con el aumento de la supervivencia por el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades oncológicas, se están detectando más casos de cardiotoxicidad mediada por quimioterapia; y con la aparición de nuevos fármacos quimioterápicos se añaden nuevos retos, con lo que se demuestra la importancia del estudio profundo de los mecanismos causales.
Assuntos
Humanos , Antraciclinas/efeitos adversos , Cardiomiopatias/induzido quimicamente , Antraciclinas/metabolismo , CardiologiaRESUMO
Anthracyclines are cytostatic antibiotics discovered almost half a century ago exerting their action through inhibition of topoisomerase II. The two most representative drugs are doxorubicin and daunorubicin and they have been proven as useful antineoplastics and are widely prescribed in daily oncology practice; unfortunately, cardiotoxicity has been a limiting factor when it comes to their use. Diverse mechanisms have been involved in anthracycline cardiotoxicity, none of which are capable of causing the whole clinical picture by itself. Traditionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have received more attention, although recently basic research has proven other factors to be as important as ROS. These factors mainly involve sarcomeric structure disruption, toxic accumulation of metabolites, iron metabolism, energetic alterations and inflammation. The role of genetics has been studied by some groups, although a clear genotype-response relationship is yet to be elucidated. With the improved survival from different oncologic diseases we are witnessing more cases of chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity and the advent of new anticancer drugs poses several challenges for the cardiologist, highlighting the importance of a deep knowledge of the main mechanisms inducing this toxicity.