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Objetivo. Determinar la existencia de asociación entre defectos congénitos y la exposición prenatal de mujeres gestantes a PM10 en una población colombiana. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo de casos y controles. Se incluyeron casos de madres de recién nacidos con defectos congénitos confirmados posnatalmente y controles sin defectos congénitos. La exposición a emisiones se determinó mediante disgregación temporo-espacial mediante ArcGIS® y georreferenciación mediante gvSIG, Google Earth y Google Street View®, usando estimaciones previamente publicadas y validadas para la ciudad. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando Jamovi-Stats Open now. Resultados . Se incluyeron un total de 101 pacientes, correspondiendo a 31 casos y 70 controles. Existió un aumento del riesgo de desarrollar defectos congénitos tras la exposición a emisiones de PM10 superiores a 2,23 Ton/año/250 m2 (OR: 8,17; IC 95%: 1.61 a 41.46; p = 0,011). Conclusiones. Existió relación entre la exposición a niveles elevados de PM10 y aumento en el riesgo de defectos congénitos en la población estudiada. Se sugiere la realización de futuras investigaciones sobre la relación entre contaminación medioambiental y eventos obstétricos adversos.

Objective: To determine the existence of an association between birth defects and prenatal exposure of pregnant women to PM10 in a Colombian population. Methods: Retrospective case-control study. Cases of mothers of newborns with postnatally confirmed congenital defects and controls without congenital defects were included. Emission exposure was determined by temporo-spatial disaggregation using ArcGIS® and georeferencing using gvSIG®, Google Earth® and Google Street View®, using previously published and validated estimates for the city. Statistical analysis was performed using Jamovi-Stats Open now®. Results: A total of 101 patients were included, corresponding to 31 cases and 70 controls. There was an increased risk of developing birth defects after exposure to PM10 emissions above 2.23 Ton/year/250m2 (OR: 8.17; 95% CI: 1.61 - 41.46; p = 0.011). Conclusions: There was a relationship between exposure to high levels of PM10 and increased risk of birth defects in the population studied. Future research on the relationship between environmental contamination and adverse obstetric events is suggested.

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Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre parto pretérmino y exposición prenatal de gestantes a emisiones vehiculares de material particulado menor de 10 micras y de monóxido de carbono, en una ciudad de Colombia, entre julio de 2014 y julio de 2015. Métodos: Estudio relacional, retrospectivo, de casos y controles, en el Hospital de Caldas de la ciudad de Manizales; en mujeres que asistieron para atención del parto. La exposición a emisiones vehiculares de material particulado menor de 10 micras y de monóxido de carbono, se determinó usando estimaciones previamente publicadas para la ciudad. El análisis estadístico se realizó en el aplicativo Jamovi ­ Stats Open Now. Se contó con el aval de los comités de ética de las instituciones implicadas. Resultados: Se analizaron 222 pacientes, 74 presentaron parto pretérmino (casos) y 148 parto a término (controles). No se encontró asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el desarrollo de parto pretérmino y los niveles de material particulado menor de 10 micras o de monóxido de carbono; no obstante, podría haber una asociación entre parto pretérmino y aseguramiento en salud, que no pudo establecerse por el tamaño de muestra pequeño. También se obtuvo el patrón espacial de los casos de parto pretérmino en la ciudad con base en la residencia habitual de las pacientes. Conclusión: Los contaminantes ambientales como el material particulado menor de 10 micras y el monóxido de carbono, pueden estar implicados en la presentación de parto pretérmino, sin embargo, se requieren más estudios que analicen esta asociación(AU)

Objective: To determine the association between preterm delivery and prenatal exposure of pregnant women to vehicular emissions of particulate matter smaller than 10 microns and carbon monoxide, in a city in Colombia, between July 2014 and July 2015. Methods: Relational, retrospective, case-control study at the Caldas Hospital in the city of Manizales; in women who attended delivery care. Exposure to vehicular emissions of particulate matter smaller than 10 microns and carbon monoxide was determined using previously published estimates for the city. The statistical analysis was carried out in the Jamovi ­ Stats Open Now application. It had the endorsement of the ethics committees of the institutions involved. Results: A total of 222 patients were analyzed, 74 presented preterm delivery (cases) and 148 term delivery (controls). No statistically significant association was found between the development of preterm labor and levels of particulate matter less than 10 microns or carbon monoxide; however, there could be an association between preterm delivery and health insurance, which could not be established due to the small sample size. The spatial pattern of cases of preterm delivery in the city was also obtained based on the habitual residence of the patients. Conclusion: Environmental pollutants such as particulate matter smaller than 10 microns and carbon monoxide may be involved in the presentation of preterm labor, however, more studies are required to analyze this association(AU)

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Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la asociación entre la exposición a emisiones vehiculares de PM10 y monóxido de carbono y la preeclampsia en Manizales, Colombia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio relacional, retrospectivo, de casos y controles efectuado entre julio de 2014 y julio de 2015 en pacientes con preeclampsia, residentes en la zona urbana de Manizales, Colombia. Se usó el sitio de residencia para la estimación de la exposición y la concentración de contaminantes a través de un instrumento de determinación de exposición a emisiones de PM10 y monóxido de carbono (toneladas por año por cada 250 metros cuadrados). Se utilizaron dos definiciones de exposición: cuartil superior (Q4) en comparación con los cuartiles restantes (Q1-Q3) y otra: comparación de los cuatro cuartiles tomando como referencia el primero (Q1). Se ajustaron modelos de regresión logística con el fin de explorar el efecto de la exposición. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 222 pacientes: 74 casos y 148 controles. No se observó relación entre la concentración de PM10 en el área de residencia de la madre y la probabilidad de preeclampsia con la primera definición de exposición (RM de 1.013 [IC95%: 0.35 a 2.97; p = 0.981] y la segunda [Q2; p = 0.562], [Q3; p = 0.347], [Q4; p=0.887]). Para el caso del monóxido de carbono tampoco se encontró relación estadística en las dos definiciones (RM: 0.829 [IC95%: 0.29 a 2.39] p = 0.729.). CONCLUSIONES: No se observó asociación entre las concentraciones de exposición a PM10 y monóxido de carbono y la aparición de preeclampsia durante los tiempos descritos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between exposure to PM10 and carbon monoxide vehicle emissions and preeclampsia in Manizales, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a relational, retrospective, case-control study in patients with pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia, residents of Manizales-Colombia between July 2014 and July 2015. The place of residence was used to estimate exposure and the concentration of pollutants through an instrument for determining exposure to PM10 and CO emissions (tons per year for every 250 square meters). Two definitions of exposure were used: upper quartile (Q4) vs the remaining quartiles (Q1-Q3) and another: comparison of the four quartiles taking the first quartile (Q1) as a reference. Logistic regression models were fitted in order to explore the effect of exposure. RESULTS: 222 patients were included, 74 cases and 148 controls. No relationship was observed between the concentration of PM10 in the mother's area of residence and the probability of presenting preeclampsia with both the first definition of exposure (OR of 1.013 (95%CI: 0.35 to 2.97) p = 0.981) as with the second (Q2 (p=0.562), Q3 (p = 0.347), Q4 (p = 0.887)). In the case of OC, no statistical relationship was found in the two definitions (OR: 0.829 (95%CI: 0.29 to 2.39) p = 0.729). CONCLUSIONS: No association was observed between the levels of exposure to PM10 and CO and the appearance of preeclampsia in pregnant women during the times described.

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The complexity of aerodynamic particulate matter's (PM) matrices poses a challenge for the extraction and quantification of metals, especially for analytes with low concentration. Aiming to solve this issue, a precise and accurate protocol with the ultrasound extraction combined with microwave radiation digestion (USMW), was applied to PM samples with excellent compensations in sample throughput, digestion efficiency, and energy consumption. After the digestion and extraction procedures, the inorganic analytes, including rare earth elements, were determined by ICP OES. Two types of particulate matter sampled from two stations, Gobernacion (GOB10 and GOB2.5) and Milan (MIL10), corresponding to PM2.5 and PM10, were digested with a combination between HF, HNO3, and H3BO3. The absolute limits of detection ranged from 0.42 pg m-³ for V, to 3459 pg m-³ for As. The accuracy of the experimental study was assessed using two certified reference materials (CRMs), Coal Fly Ash (NIST1633b) and Fly Ash (BCR176). The method presented good accuracy, with recoveries ranging from 90 to 115%, except for Al (120%) and Fe (123%). Considering the replicates for the determination of analyte elements, the repeatability was below 10% for the relative standard deviation (RSD). A cloud point extraction (CPE) procedure, with parameters optimized for the determination of Pd and Pt, was successfully applied in digested PM samples with detection limits of 1.43 and 2.05 pg m-³ for Pd and Pt in MIL10 sample, respectively, and 76.6 pg m-³ for Pd and 110 pg m-³ for Pt, in samples GOB10 and GOB2.5, respectively.

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A special initiative in the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network was implemented to provide information on new and emerging persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale atmospheric concentrations of the new and emerging POPs hexachlorobutadiene (HCBD), pentachloroanisole (PCA) and dicofol indicators (breakdown products) are reported for the first time. HCBD was detected in similar concentrations at all location types (<20-120 pg/m3). PCA had elevated concentrations at the urban site Concepción (Chile) of 49-222 pg/m3, with concentrations ranging <1-8.5 pg/m3 at the other sites in this study. Dicofol indicators were detected at the agricultural site of Sonora (Mexico) at concentrations ranging 30-117 pg/m3. Legacy POPs, including a range of organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), were also monitored to compare regional atmospheric concentrations over a decade of monitoring under the GAPS Network. γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and the endosulfans significantly decreased (p < 0.05) from 2005 to 2015, suggesting regional levels are decreasing. However, there were no significant changes for the other legacy POPs monitored, likely a reflection of the persistency and slow decline of environmental levels of these POPs. For the more volatile OCs, atmospheric concentrations derived from polyurethane foam (PUF) (acting as an equilibrium sampler) and sorbent impregnated PUF (SIP) (acting as a linear phase sampler), were compared. The complimentary methods show a good agreement of within a factor of 2-3, and areas for future studies to improve this agreement are further discussed.

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A special initiative was run by the Global Atmospheric Passive Sampling (GAPS) Network to provide atmospheric data on a range of emerging chemicals of concern and candidate and new persistent organic pollutants in the Group of Latin America and Caribbean (GRULAC) region. Regional-scale data for a range of flame retardants (FRs) including polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), and a range of alternative FRs (novel FRs) are reported over 2 years of sampling with low detection frequencies of the novel FRs. Atmospheric concentrations of the OPEs were an order of magnitude higher than all other FRs, with similar profiles at all sites. Regional-scale background concentrations of the poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), including the neutral PFAS (n-PFAS) and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs), and the volatile methyl siloxanes (VMS) are also reported. Ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) was detected at highly elevated concentrations in Brazil and Colombia, in line with the use of the pesticide sulfluramid in this region. Similar concentrations of the perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFAS) were detected throughout the GRULAC region regardless of location type, and the VMS concentrations in air increased with the population density of sampling locations. This is the first report of atmospheric concentrations of the PFAAs and VMS from this region.

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