RESUMO
'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' (Elm yellows, 16SrV-A), transmitted by Amplicephalus curtulus Linnavuori & DeLong (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), has been found in native Chilean plants, and transovarial transmission has been considered as a possible form of transmission. An analysis to detect the presence of 'Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi' and other phytoplasmas in A. curtulus eggs, nymphs of the first and fifth instars were carried out in two experiments using nested PCR and DNA sequencing. The first experiment showed the natural acquisition of phytoplasma by adult females, and the second demonstrated the acquisition of phytoplasma in controlled conditions. Results showed that eggs and the first and fifth instars were not positive for phytoplasmas in nested PCR. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma ulmi' was detected and identified on average 10 and 47% of the adult females used in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Other phytoplasma (X-disease group) was also found in adult females used in the experiment 1. We demonstrate that although gravid females contain phytoplasmas, they are not able to transmit them to their progeny, confirming that transovarial transmission of 'Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi' does not occur in A. curtulus.
Assuntos
Hemípteros/microbiologia , Insetos Vetores , Phytoplasma , Animais , Feminino , Ninfa/microbiologia , Ovário/microbiologia , Óvulo/microbiologia , Phytoplasma/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
In southern Chile, forage corn (Zea mays L.) is grown for feeding animals in milk diaries and livestock production. In December 2010, corn plants with small circular spots on leaves were collected from three fields located in Río Negro (Los Lagos region). Symptoms began as small, circular white to brown spots of 5 to 10 mm on different parts of the leaf and necrotic tissue with irregular brown to burgundy margins on the border and tip of the leaf. Estimated visual severity was ~5 to 40% for each leaf from field samples. Twelve small blocks of tissue were taken from the edge of necrotic spots from infected leaves, surface disinfected (2 min in 95% ethanol, 2 min in 0.5% NaOCl, followed by three rinses with sterile distilled water), and then placed on PDA and incubated for 7 days at 24 ± 1°C. Seventy five percent of the sampled tissues developed fungal colonies and a 4-mm3 block of agar that contained the advancing hyphal edge of each colony was transferred to PDA and carnation leaf agar and incubated for 10 days at 24 ± 1°C. Colonies were fast growing with pink-white and dense mycelia; with a carmine red color on the undersurface of the plate and orange sporodochia; polyphialides abundant; microconidia abundant, oval or pear-shaped or spindle-shaped, thin walled, hyaline, often with a papilla at the base, and 5.5 to 12.2 × 2.0 to 3.2 µm. Macroconidia were sickle-shaped, 3 to 5 septate, moderately curved to straight, hyaline, thick walled, and 20.5 to 42.9 × 3.5 to 5.0 µm. Morphology of colonies and conidia matched the description of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. (3). Identity of the fungus was confirmed by molecular characterization of the ITS and 18SrRNA regions (universal primers ITS4/5 and NS1/2, respectively) and the ß-tubulin gene (primers Bt1a/Bt1b) of three isolates. BLAST searches of the obtained sequences had between 99 to 100% homology with several isolates of F. sporotrichioides from GenBank (Accession Nos. KC866343 to KC866351). Pathogenicity tests were conducted by dispensing 10 µl of a prepared spore suspension (107 spores/ml) on corn leaves (16 leaves). Negative controls were corn leaves inoculated with sterile distilled water. Inoculated corn leaves were kept at 25 ± 1°C in glass bell jars and monitored for the onset of symptoms for 10 days. The test was conducted twice. Additionally, 20 corn plants of four hybrid lines were inoculated with ~5 ml of a spore suspension (104 macroconidia/ml) 2 months after seeding under field conditions in Valdivia, Los Ríos region, Chile. Seventy five days after sowing, similar lesions to those initially observed on field infected leaves were observed on inoculated leaves but not on water controls. Under field conditions, an extended damage on borders of basal leaves and spots on stems and cobs was observed. The pathogen was reisolated from infected tissues, thereby fulfilling Koch's postulates. F. sporotrichioides is a frequent pathogen in corn silage (1) and cereal crops (3,4), and produces trichothecene mycotoxins that cause toxicosis in animals (2,3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. sporotrichioides causing foliar spot on forage corn in Chile and this disease could represent a serious risk of mycotoxin contamination in this crop. References: (1) H. Baath et al. Arch. Tierernahr. 40:397, 1990. (2) A. E. Desjardins et al. Phytopathology 79:170, 1989. (3) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. Page 256 in: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. (4) R. H. Vargo et al. Plant Dis. 70:629, 1986.
RESUMO
Objective: To determine the changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL)in the osseointegrated transfemoral amputee patients treated in the Hospital del Trabajador of Santiago (HTS) during 2009-2010. Patients and Methods: Quasiexperimental design study with a unique cohort. The study included 10 transfemoral amputee patients who were beneficiaries of the 16,744 Law and treated in the HTS. They had undergone osseointegration treatment between August 2009 and March2010 and they had completed the rehabilitation process and protocol described in OPRA (Osseointegrated Prostheses for Rehabilitation of Amputees). HRQOL was assessed using the SF-36 questionnaire before and after surgery. Results: All patients were men with a mean age at the time of amputation of 35 years. 9 of10 subjects had unilateral amputation (4 right and 5 left) and one had a bilateral amputation. Trauma was the cause of amputation in all patients. 6 of 10 suffered traffic accidents and 3 of 10 had other associated injuries. Their age at the time of the first surgery was 42 +/- 8 years. Regarding HRQOL, there was a statistically significant difference in the 8 dimensions of the SF-36 questionnaire and in the physical component summary measure between pre and post surgery in relationship to the perceived quality of life (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This is the first study of osseointegration patients in Chile with encouraging results in relation to the improvement in HRQOL for patients who use osseointegraded prosthesis.
Objetivo: Determinar cambios en la calidad de vida relacionada a salud(CVRS) de los pacientes amputados transfemorales osteointegrados tratados en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago (HTS) durante 2009-2010. Pacientes y Método: Estudio de diseño cuasi experimental de cohorte única. Se incluyeron 10 pacientes amputados transfemorales beneficiarios de la Ley 16.744 y atendidos en el HTS, que fueron sometidos a la técnica de osteointegración entre agosto de 2009 y marzo de 2010 y quienes completaron el proceso de rehabilitación y seguimiento descrito en el protocolo OPRA (Osseointegrated Prostheses for Rehabilitation of Amputees). La CVRS se evaluó mediante encuesta SF-36 pre y post cirugía. Resultados: Todos los pacientes son hombres; edad promedio al momento de la amputación de 35 años. 9/10 sujetos tenían amputación unilateral (4 derechos y 5 izquierdos) y uno bilateral. La causa de amputación fue traumática en todos los pacientes; de ellos 6/10, sufrieron lesiones de trayecto (traumas de tránsito y atropello) y 3/10 presentaban otras lesiones asociadas. Edad al momento de la primera cirugía de 42 +/- 8 años. Respecto a CVRS, se registró diferencia estadísticamente significativa en las 8 dimensiones de la encuesta SF-36 y en componente sumario físico entre el pre y post operatorio (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Este estudio es el primero que se realiza en pacientes osteointegrados en Chile, donde los resultados son alentadores en relación a la mejoría en CVRS de los pacientes usuarios de prótesis osteointegradas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Amputados/psicologia , Amputados/reabilitação , Qualidade de Vida , Membros Artificiais , Estudos de Coortes , Implantação de Prótese/métodos , Osseointegração , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Although there are great advances in prosthetic devices for people with major amputations, these devices still have a negative impact on quality of life. Poor functional results are associated to conventional socket use, especially for patients with short stumps, multiple scars or grafted stumps, or patients who carry proximal amputations. An alternative solution is the use of an osseointegrated anchoring device for prosthesis fixation, which definitely eliminates the problems associated with the use of the conventional socket. This device improves functionality for those patients who are severely limited for the use of a prosthetic device. This method was developed in Sweden, during the 50s, and was based on studies done by Dr. Per-Ingvar Brånemark, who developed dental implants, and who later on, with Dr. Rickard Brånemark, achieve the application of the technique in patients with major amputations, operating their first case in 1990. This method has undergone continuous improvement, until what is nowadays known as the OPRA Protocol (Osseointegrated Prostheses for Rehabilitation of Amputees), developed in Gothemburg, Sweden. Currently, this technique is successfully being applied in Sweden, Spain, England, France, Australia, and since the year 2009, in America, at the Hospital del Trabajador in Santiago, Chile. This article´s objective is to review the technique´s main characteristics and the application of the osseointegration protocol to amputee patients.
A pesar de los grandes avances en los dispositivos protésicos, para personas con amputaciones mayores, estos aún tienen un impacto negativo en la calidad de vida de los pacientes, presentando pobres resultados funcionales, en relación al uso del socket convencional, especialmente en pacientes con muñones muy cortos, con cicatrices múltiples o muñones injertados o portadoras de amputaciones muy proximales. Una alternativa de solución, es el uso de un anclaje osteointegrado para la sujeción de la prótesis, que elimina definitivamente los problemas derivados al uso del socket convencional, mejorando la funcionalidad en individuos que por las condiciones mencionadas anteriormente, se ven tremendamente limitados en el uso de un dispositivo protésico. Este método surge en Suecia en la década del 50 y, se basa en los estudios realizados por el Dr. Per-Ingvar Brãnemark, quien logra el desarrollo de los implantes dentales y posteriormente, en conjunto con el Dr. Rickard Brånemark, consiguen la aplicación de la técnica en pacientes con amputaciones mayores, siendo el primer caso operado en el año 1990. Desde entonces, este método para personas amputadas se ha ido perfeccionando, hasta lo que es hoy el protocolo OPRA (Osseointegrated Prostheses for Rehabilitation of Amputees), desarrollado en Gotemburgo, Suecia. Actualmente, esta técnica se aplica satisfactoriamente en Suecia, España, Inglaterra, Francia, Australia y desde el año 2009, en América, en el Hospital del Trabajador de Santiago, Chile. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar las características más importantes de la técnica y del protocolo de la aplicación de la osteointegración en pacientes amputados.