RESUMO
Using data for Latin America, "this paper analyses the [potential] of using social policies in connection with policies to affect demographic behaviour.... It shows that there is a coincidence between the interests of the countries, as expressed by the national governments, and the demographic wishes of couples.... It shows that to a certain extent, it is possible to...[implement] social and population policies that are relatively independent from the economic situation. The document also discusses the role of social scientists...[and central and local governments] in the elaboration and execution of policies in general, and socio-demographic polices in particular...." (SUMMARY IN ENG)
Assuntos
Comportamento , Características da Família , Governo , Política Pública , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , PolíticaRESUMO
PIP: This study examines the relationship between poverty and fertility pointing out socioeconomic correlatives of family size. An attempt is made to identify the poor. Data for the families was taken out of a National household survey carried out between July 1966 and June 1967. Poverty levels were defined by taking into consideration the minimal subsistence salaries as established by the Consejo Nacional de Salarios (National Income Council) for the period between October 1966 and September 1968. Additional variables examined were the parents' educational level, type of union (consensual or legal), area of residence, diet, residence characteristics, and the role of offspring in the family's income. Results indicate a positive relationship between family size and poverty for both legal and consensual unions and for urban and rural areas. In all cases, low income families had a larger average number of children. In urban areas the difference between low and high income families varied from 4.3 to 3.2 children. This difference ranged between 4.6 and 3.0 children in rural areas. Education was shown to determine the income of the family head and the education of the children. 65.4% of those with less than 3 years of education did not reach above the 1st income level; the offspring of poor families received less than 3 years of education on the average, while only 2.9% of children from high income families remained at that educational level. The poor consumed a greater quantity of grains than did the higher income families. In low income families both from rural and urban areas a room was shared by more than 1 person. The study suggests that children were seen as part of survival strategies. Only 4% of the families without children were destitute. Nevertheless, 21.1% of these earned high incomes. By contrast only 5% of families with 1 or 2 children were destitute and only 1.5 reached high income categories. Tables illustrate results. A brief literature review is included.^ieng
Assuntos
Características da Família , Fertilidade , Renda , Pobreza , Problemas Sociais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estatística como Assunto , América , América Central , Criança , Costa Rica , Demografia , Países Desenvolvidos , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Escolaridade , América Latina , Estado Civil , América do Norte , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Ocupações , População , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Características de Residência , Classe SocialRESUMO
"The paper analyzes the demographic aspects of the aging of the population in Latin America. Aging is still incipient in the great majority of countries of the region, but it will become generalized and will be accentuated especially after the year 2000. The dependency relationship will continue to decrease until higher levels of aging are reached; the proportion of the aged in the potentially dependent population will increase and the relationship between the population from 15 to 59 years of age and over 60 will decrease. "At present, the proportion of single women [over 60] is much higher than that of single men. From the information on participation in the labour force and the access that the aged have to income or pension benefits, the paper also shows that most of the aged that continue to work do so because they require an income for subsistence. "The paper finally includes some conclusions on the causes and consequences of the aging of the population and the actions that would be necessary to broaden knowledge for the formulation of policies." (summary in ENG)
Assuntos
Idoso , Dependência Psicológica , Emprego , Previsões , Renda , Assistência a Idosos , Dinâmica Populacional , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , População , Características da População , Política Pública , Pesquisa , Distribuição por Sexo , Classe Social , Estatística como AssuntoRESUMO
PIP: The author constructs a model of a theoretical universe that integrates the various phenomena present in the migratory process. The model is based on a global conceptualization of migration that considers economic, cultural, political, psychological, and social factors. Various theoretical approaches used in Latin American social science research are discussed and evaluated. The relationships between migratory processes and factors including the size and structure of the agricultural sector, technological development, the social organization of agricultural production, family structure, ethnicity, and cultural, political, and psychological influences are analyzed.^ieng
Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração , Modelos Teóricos , Dinâmica Populacional , Pesquisa , Agricultura , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , América Latina , Política , População , Psicologia , Ciências Sociais , Fatores SocioeconômicosRESUMO
PIP: While making comparative analyses of data collected by the World Fertility Survey regarding Latin America, a group of investigators of CELADE (Centro Latinoamericano de Demografia) realized that the selection of economic variables for the study of fertility had serious limitations. Such limitations did not allow the elaboration of a theory which took into account the complicated process of fertility, in all its socioeconomic, cultural, and psychological manifestations. Thus, this paper intends to lay the theoretical basis for the selection of all relevant variables, distinguishing, for example, the average fertility of women according to area of residence, place of early socialization, migrant status, social status, occupation of husband, level of instruction, occupation, and all changes in occupational activities of women in fertile age.^ieng
Assuntos
Coeficiente de Natalidade , Educação , Classe Social , Demografia , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emigração e Imigração , Fertilidade , América Latina , População , Características da População , Dinâmica Populacional , População Rural , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Nações Unidas , População UrbanaAssuntos
Agricultura , Países em Desenvolvimento , Economia , Emprego , Renda , Dinâmica Populacional , Pobreza , População Urbana , América , Demografia , Equador , Emigração e Imigração , América Latina , População , Características da População , Classe Social , Planejamento Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , América do SulRESUMO
PIP: This study defines poverty as the socioeconomic situation characterizing people who are unable to meet basic needs. The study also tries to identify factors which are usually associated with poverty. Poverty is almost always associated with, and aggravated by, a demographic behavior characterized by high fertility rate. The concentrating and excluding patterns of economic development, and the causal interaction of structural and demographic behavior, often lead to the economic margination of a section of the population, thus establishing poverty, constituted by deficient schooling and living conditions. The margination of this section of the population from the development process gives it those material and demographic characteristics which, in turn, make it extremely difficult for these people to get out of the margination process.^ieng