RESUMO
Recent common coronavirus (CCV) infections are associated with reduced COVID-19 severity upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, however the immunological mechanisms involved are unknown. We completed serological assays using samples collected from health care workers to identify antibody types associated with SARS-CoV-2 protection and COVID-19 severity. Rare SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibodies elicited by past CCV infections were not associated with protection; however, the duration of symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infections was significantly reduced in individuals with higher common betacoronavirus (ßCoV) antibody titers. Since antibody titers decline over time after CCV infections, individuals in our cohort with higher ßCoV antibody titers were more likely recently infected with common ßCoVs compared to individuals with lower antibody titers. Therefore, our data suggest that recent ßCoV infections potentially limit the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections through mechanisms that do not involve cross-reactive antibodies. Our data are consistent with the emerging hypothesis that cellular immune responses elicited by recent common ßCoV infections transiently reduce disease severity following SARS-CoV-2 infections.
RESUMO
Limited data are available for pregnant women affected by SARS-CoV-2. Serological tests are critically important to determine exposure and immunity to SARS-CoV-2 within both individuals and populations. We completed SARS-CoV-2 serological testing of 1,293 parturient women at two centers in Philadelphia from April 4 to June 3, 2020. We tested 834 pre-pandemic samples collected in 2019 and 15 samples from COVID-19 recovered donors to validate our assay, which has a ~1% false positive rate. We found 80/1,293 (6.2%) of parturient women possessed IgG and/or IgM SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. We found race/ethnicity differences in seroprevalence rates, with higher rates in Black/non-Hispanic and Hispanic/Latino women. Of the 72 seropositive women who also received nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction testing during pregnancy, 46 (64%) were positive. Continued serologic surveillance among pregnant women may inform perinatal clinical practices and can potentially be used to estimate seroprevalence within the community.
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Limited data are available for pregnant women affected by SARS-CoV-2. Serological tests are critically important for determining SARS-CoV-2 exposures within both individuals and populations. We validated a SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor binding domain serological test using 834 pre-pandemic samples and 31 samples from COVID-19 recovered donors. We then completed SARS-CoV-2 serological testing of 1,293 parturient women at two centers in Philadelphia from April 4 to June 3, 2020. We found 80/1,293 (6.2%) of parturient women possessed IgG and/or IgM SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. We found race/ethnicity differences in seroprevalence rates, with higher rates in Black/non-Hispanic and Hispanic/Latino women. Of the 72 seropositive women who also received nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction testing during pregnancy, 46 (64%) were positive. Continued serologic surveillance among pregnant women may inform perinatal clinical practices and can potentially be used to estimate exposure to SARS-CoV-2 within the community.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Betacoronavirus/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Coronavirus/epidemiologia , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Pneumonia Viral/epidemiologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/epidemiologia , Adulto , Negro ou Afro-Americano/estatística & dados numéricos , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , COVID-19 , Teste para COVID-19 , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos de Coortes , Infecções por Coronavirus/sangue , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Infecções por Coronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/virologia , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina G/imunologia , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/imunologia , Pandemias , Philadelphia/epidemiologia , Pneumonia Viral/sangue , Pneumonia Viral/imunologia , Pneumonia Viral/virologia , Gravidez , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/sangue , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/imunologia , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez/virologia , Domínios Proteicos/imunologia , SARS-CoV-2 , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Objetivos: Conocer el perfil epidemiológico de pacientes con trauma facial que acudieron a emergencia del Hospital Homero Castanier Crespo en la ciudad de Azogues en el año 2015. Material y métodos: Este estudio fue transversal retrospectivo de 22.652 fichas de emergencia obteniendo un total de 401 casos de traumatismos faciales representando esto el 2% de los casos de emergencia que acudieron al hospital Homero Castanier Crespo en el año 2015. Resultados: De los 401 pacientes la mayoría era del sexo masculino (66%). El grupo de edad más afectado fue los adultos de 20 a 64 años (51%), seguido de los niños de 0 a 9 años (30%). En cuanto a la etiología existió mayor frecuencia en las caídas (45%), seguido de agresiones físicas (39%) y los accidentes de tránsito (4%). En el sexo masculino se vio que pudo influir el estado etílico (39,8%). El factor etiológico más común de traumatismos faciales en mujeres adultas son las agresiones físicas (59%). Se pudo observar que al igual que en estudios realizados en el 2011 el sexo masculino es el más afectado por este tipo de traumatismos, si bien otros autores consideran a los accidentes de tránsito como el principal factor etiológico, en este estudio pudimos observar que entre las principales causas tenemos caídas y agresiones físicas. La mandíbula conocida como un "paragolpes" la nombran como el principal hueso afectado sin embargo nosotros encontramos más común la fractura nasal. Conclusiones: Los adultos de sexo masculino tienen mayor predisposición a traumatismos faciales, siendo más comunes las lesiones de los tejidos blandos, seguidos de fracturas nasales y traumatismos dentoalveolares, en hombres es más frecuente la relación de estos traumatismos con la ingesta de bebidas alcohólicas y en mujeres podemos ver una alta influencia de agresiones físicas. (AU)
Objectives: The purpose of this research was to determine the epidemiological profile of patients with facial trauma attending emergency Homero Crespo Castanier Hospital in the city of Azogues in 2015. Material and methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study of 22,652 sheets was conducted emergency obtaining a total of 401 cases of facial trauma that representing 2% of emergency cases admitted to hospital Homero Castanier Crespo in 2015. Results: of the 401 patients the majority were male (66%). The most affected age group were adults who consider them 20 to 64 years (51%), followed by infants from 0 to 5 years (21%). As for the etiology the prevalence was: falls (45%), followed by physical aggression (39%) and traffic accidents (5%). In the male looks that can influence the drunk state (39.8%). The most common of facial trauma in adult women etiological factor is physical assault (59%). It was observed that as in studies conducted in 2011 the male is the most affected by this type of trauma, although other articles considere that traffic accidents are the main etiological factor in this study we observed that the main causes are fallen and physical attacks. The jaw bone is named the main affected however we find most common nasal fracture. Conclusions: adult males are more prone to facial trauma, being more common injuries of soft tissues, followed by nasal fractures and dentoalveolar trauma in men is more common the relationship of these injuries with the intake of alcoholic beverages and women can see a high influence of physical aggression. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Perfil de Saúde , Traumatismos do Nervo Facial/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Canine rabies was reintroduced to the city of Arequipa, Peru in March 2015. The Ministry of Health has conducted a series of mass dog vaccination campaigns to contain the outbreak, but canine rabies virus transmission continues in Arequipa's complex urban environment, putting the city's 1 million inhabitants at risk of infection. The proximate driver of canine rabies in Arequipa is low dog vaccination coverage. Our objectives were to qualitatively assess barriers to and facilitators of rabies vaccination during mass campaigns, and to explore strategies to increase participation in future efforts. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted 8 focus groups (FG) in urban and peri-urban communities of Mariano Melgar district; each FG included both sexes, and campaign participants and non-participants. All FG were transcribed and then coded independently by two coders. Results were summarized using the Social Ecological Model. At the individual level, participants described not knowing enough about rabies and vaccination campaigns, mistrusting the campaign, and being unable to handle their dogs, particularly in peri-urban vs. urban areas. At the interpersonal level, we detected some social pressure to vaccinate dogs, as well as some disparaging of those who invest time and money in pet dogs. At the organizational level, participants found the campaign information to be insufficient and ill-timed, and campaign locations and personnel inadequate. At the community level, the influence of landscape and topography on accessibility to vaccination points was reported differently between participants from the urban and peri-urban areas. Poor security and impermanent housing materials in the peri-urban areas also drives higher prevalence of guard dog ownership for home protection; these dogs usually roam freely on the streets and are more difficult to handle and bring to the vaccination points. CONCLUSIONS: A well-designed communication campaign could improve knowledge about canine rabies. Timely messages on where and when vaccination is occurring could increase dog owners' perception of their own ability to bring their dogs to the vaccination points and be part of the campaign. Small changes in the implementation of the campaign at the vaccination points could increase the public's trust and motivation. Location of vaccination points should take into account landscape and community concerns.
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Surtos de Doenças , Doenças do Cão/epidemiologia , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Vacina Antirrábica/administração & dosagem , Raiva/veterinária , Vacinação/estatística & dados numéricos , Animais , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/transmissão , Cães , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Masculino , Propriedade , Peru/epidemiologia , Raiva/epidemiologia , Raiva/prevenção & controle , Raiva/transmissão , População Suburbana , População UrbanaRESUMO
La competitividad en el rubro de la economía es un sinónimo de calidad, que permite a los empresarios buscar nuevas alternativas de negocio con un estándar que propicie entrar en una dinámica motivada por la demanda y oferta de productos y servicios. En esa línea este proyecto se enfoca en la búsqueda de información actualizada de las principales actividades que tienen las empresas de alimentos y bebidas del destino turístico Paseo El Carmen, de la ciudad de Santa Tecla, la cual permita hacer un análisis global de los indicadores que afectan los servicios que brindan. El trabajo realizado recopila datos importantes como la forma de administrar cada negocio, los protocolos de atención a los clientes y los procesos higiénicos en la preparación de alimentos de acuerdo con los estándares universales del rubro de alimentos y bebidas.
Competitiveness in the area of ââthe economy is a synonym of quality, which allows entrepreneurs to seek new business alternatives with a standard that encourages entering into a dynamic motivated by the demand and supply of products and services. In this line, this project focuses on the search for updated information on the main activities of the food and beverage companies of the tourist destination Paseo El Carmen, in the city of Santa Tecla, which allows a global analysis of the indicators that affect the services they provide. The work carried out collects important data such as how to manage each business, customer service protocols and hygienic processes in food preparation in accordance with universal standards in the food and beverage industry.