RESUMO
The opioid receptors (OR) regulate food intake. Still, despite extensive pre-clinical research, the overall effects and individual contribution of the mu (MOR), kappa (KOR), and delta (DOR) OR subtypes to feeding behaviors and food intake remain unclear. To address this, we conducted a pre-registered systematic search and meta-analysis of rodent dose-response studies to evaluate the impact of central and peripheral administration of non-selective and selective OR ligands on intake, motivation, and choice of food. All studies had a high bias risk. Still, the meta-analysis confirmed the overall orexigenic and anorexigenic effects of OR agonists and antagonists, respectively. Our results support a larger orexigenic role for central MOR agonists among OR subtypes and that peripheral OR antagonists reduce motivation for and intake of preferred foods. In binary food choice studies, peripheral OR agonists selectively increase the intake of fat-preferred foods; in contrast, they did not increase the intake of sweet carbohydrate-preferred foods. Overall, these data support that OR regulation of intake, motivation, and choice is influenced by food macronutrient composition.
Assuntos
Motivação , Receptores Opioides , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacologia , Ingestão de Alimentos , Comportamento Alimentar , Ligantes , Receptores Opioides muRESUMO
We isolated and identified functional groups of bacteria in the rumen of Creole goats involved in ruminal fermentation of native forage shrubs. The functional bacterial groups were evaluated by comparing the total viable, total anaerobic, cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, and amylolytic bacterial counts in the samples taken from fistulated goats fed native forage diet (Atriplex lampa and Prosopis flexuosa). Alfalfa hay and corn were used as control diet. The roll tubes method increased the possibility of isolating and 16S rDNA gene sequencing allowed definitive identification of bacterial species involved in the ruminal fermentation. The starch and fiber contents of the diets influenced the number of total anaerobic bacteria and fibrolytic and amylolytic functional groups. Pseudobutyrivibrio ruminis and Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans were the main species isolated and identified. The identification of bacterial strains involved in the rumen fermentation helps to explain the ability of these animals to digest fiber plant cell wall contained in native forage species.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Dieta/métodos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/classificação , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/isolamento & purificação , Rúmen/microbiologia , Animais , Carga Bacteriana , Análise por Conglomerados , DNA Bacteriano/química , DNA Bacteriano/genética , DNA Ribossômico/química , DNA Ribossômico/genética , Cabras , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/genética , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/metabolismo , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Análise de Sequência de DNARESUMO
El eritrasma es una infección superficial de la piel que afecta la capa córnea y es causado por una bacteria grampositiva, Corynebacterium minutissimum. Se presenta como manchas eritematosas a marrón en grandes pliegues y como descamación y maceración en pliegues interdigitales; es asintomática, aunque en algunos casos se acompaña de prurito. El diagnóstico es clínico por luz de Wood que da una fluorescencia rojo coral de las áreas afectadas. Su curso es benigno, aunque persiste si no se da un tratamiento adecuado.
Erythrasma is a superficial skin infection of the stratum corneum caused by a gram-positive bacteria, Corynebacterium minutissimum. It is characterized by reddish-brown areas affecting occluded intertriginous zones such as axillae, inframammary folds, and as irregular scaly patches or macerated lesions on toeweb spaces. It is asymptomatic, though sometimes accompanied by pruritus. Clinical diagnosis is supported by a red fluorescence under Wood s light examination. It is benign, yet persistent if not adequately treated.
Assuntos
Humanos , Eritrasma/diagnóstico , Eritrasma/terapia , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Eritrasma/epidemiologia , Eritrasma/microbiologia , Infecções por Corynebacterium/complicações , PrognósticoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Questionnaires are an epidemiological instrument to detect patients with asthma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Worldwide standardized questionnaires were selected, taking the most important points for making the diagnosis of asthma. A questionnaire was applied to outpatients who attend to pulmonary disease service. The answers were compared with a "gold standard" proposed, consisted in clinical screening and pulmonary function tests. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Kappa coefficient, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were obtained, with intervals of confidence of 95%. RESULTS: The questionnaires were applied to 120 patients, 70.83% women, the answering percentage was 99%. Mean age was 32 years with a range of 24-40. In 62.5% patients there was already a previous diagnosis of asthma. Positive Familial history was present in 65.83, cough in 85%, dyspnea in 80.83%, sneezes in 53.33% and wheezes in 77.5%. The was of kappa coefficient for previous medical diagnosis 0.96%, followed by positive familial history, wheezes and cough in 0.90%. The greatest specificity was for wheezes, dyspnea and previous medical diagnosis. The greatest specificity for previous medical diagnosis was wheezes and sneezes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of questionnaires for respiratory symptoms similar to asthma can be an option to detect groups of high risk.
Assuntos
Asma/diagnóstico , Sons Respiratórios , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Asma/genética , Intervalos de Confiança , Tosse , Dispneia/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Testes de Função Respiratória , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , EspirroRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The utilisation of pesticides in the large cities has been increased. Exist few studies that determine the damage in the respiratory appliance. OBJECTIVE: Determined on a healthy population of Mexico City with two known products used for the control of the insecticides in household, with the main objective to determine the clinical and functional manifestations that its use implies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: They were included 70 sound volunteers with residence in the City of Mexico that lived in apartments with 100 square meters of construction, tobacco negative and without previous antecedents of cardiovascular disease, without acute infectious process. They were split into 2 groups one that inhaled pesticides for combustion and the group b in electric form, In them I accomplished study espirometric to the beginning and during 3 exposed hours. The analysis by T Student. RESULTS: In group A was observed a meaningful difference of 0.01 in the first hour and of p < 0.028 in the second and third hours, with collateral effects as irritation eyes (74%) disnea (57%) cough (43%) and headaches (28%). Group B with a small difference of the VEF-1 in the first hour p < 0.03 and without differences on the following hours. We haven't observed secondary effects according to this group. The analysis en both group we have only differences in the first hours with p < 0.004. CONCLUSION: The exposition to pesticides our group for combustion produces a lot of clinical and functional alterations than the electric pesticides.
Assuntos
Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados , Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Respiração/efeitos dos fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , População UrbanaRESUMO
Brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular bacterium capable of surviving inside professional and nonprofessional phagocytes. The microorganism remains in membrane-bound compartments that in several cell types resemble modified endoplasmic reticulum structures. To monitor the intracellular transport of B. abortus in macrophages, the kinetics of fusion of phagosomes with preformed lysosomes labeled with colloidal gold particles was observed by electron microscopy. The results indicated that phagosomes containing live B. abortus were reluctant to fuse with lysosomes. Furthermore, newly endocytosed material was not incorporated into these phagosomes. These observations indicate that the bacteria strongly affect the normal maturation process of macrophage phagosomes. However, after overnight incubation, a significant percentage of the microorganisms were found in large phagosomes containing gold particles, resembling phagolysosomes. Most of the Brucella bacteria present in phagolysosomes were not morphologically altered, suggesting that they can also resist the harsh conditions prevalent in this compartment. About 50% colocalization of B. abortus with LysoSensor, a weak base that accumulates in acidic compartments, was observed, indicating that the B. abortus bacteria do not prevent phagosome acidification. In contrast to what has been described for HeLa cells, only a minor percentage of the microorganisms were found in compartments labeled with monodansylcadaverine, a marker for autophagosomes, and with DiOC6 (3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide), a marker for the endoplasmic reticulum. These results indicate that B. abortus bacteria alter phagosome maturation in macrophages. However, acidification does occur in these phagosomes, and some of them can eventually mature to phagolysosomes.
Assuntos
Brucella abortus/patogenicidade , Macrófagos/microbiologia , Animais , Brucella abortus/ultraestrutura , Diferenciação Celular , Linhagem Celular , Coloide de Ouro , Células HeLa , Humanos , Macrófagos/ultraestrutura , Fusão de Membrana , Camundongos , Microscopia Eletrônica , Fagossomos/microbiologia , Fagossomos/ultraestruturaRESUMO
El propósito de este estudio fue de establecer la frecuencia, localización y severidad de la enfermedad periodontal en pacientes con síndrome de Down del Instituto Tolimense de Educación Especial de la Ciudad de Ibagué. Para llevar a cabo este estudio de tipo descriptivo, se tomaron como muestra 51 pacientes con Síndrome de Down vinculados al instituto mencionado anteriormente con previa autorización escrita a sus padres. Los pacientes fueron distribuidos de acuerdo a la etapa de dentición en la cual se encontraron: dentición temporal, mixta y permanente. Debido a la alta prevalencia de enfermedad cardiaca; para la prevención de la endocarditis bacteriana los pacientes fueron premeditados de acuerdo Sociedad Americana de Cardiología antes de realizar el examen se consistió en la toma del índice periodontal INTPC de Ainamo (1982), índice de Ramfjord (nivel de inserción) y el índice de higiene oral de Oleary. Los resultados mostraron que la frecuencia de la enfermedad periodontal global en cualquiera de sus fases con el índice INTCP fue de 92.13; la frecuencia para enfermedad periodontal según el índice INTCP en los grados 3 y 4 fue de 23.52 y 5.88 respectivamente. La frecuencia de la pérdida de inserción en cualquiera de sus grados con el índice de Ramfjord fue de 54.89; la frecuencia para enfermedad periodontal según el índice de Ramfjord en los grados 1, 2 y 3 fue de 45.09, 3.92, y 5.88 respectivamente. No se encontró una relación directa entre índice periodontal e índice de higiene oral. La localización más frecuente de enfermedad periodontal fue la zona posteroinferior derecha y posterosuperior izquierda.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Down , Epidemiologia Descritiva , Doenças Periodontais , PrevalênciaRESUMO
The toxicity of lead (Pb) is of concern to public health due to its persistence in the environment. Brain is one of the major target organs where severe neurologic alterations may be triggered after exposure. The primary effects of lead on brain functions are thought to be a damage to the nervous system microvasculature. However, the mechanism of this toxicity is poorly understood. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) may be a target for lead and changes in its function can result in a cascade of pathophysiological effects that may be observed in isolated capillaries and synaptosomes. We have determined the concentration of lead in blood, capillaries and synaptosomes in brain from mice receiving 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm of lead for 14 days, through the drinking water. NOS activity was determined in the capillaries and synaptosomes by following the conversion of 3H-L-arginine to 3H-L-citrulline. The results show that blood lead levels were dose-dependent. Brain capillaries showed a preferential accumulation of lead as compared to synaptosomes. With all Pb treatments, synaptosomal constitutive NOS was inhibited (about 50% of control) while the inducible NOS activity in capillaries was enhanced. These data suggest that inhibition of cNOS activity and increase in iNOS may contribute to the Pb effects on the CNS.
Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Capilares/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/metabolismo , Compostos Organometálicos/toxicidade , Sinaptossomos/metabolismo , Animais , Arginina/metabolismo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Capilares/efeitos dos fármacos , Capilares/enzimologia , Citrulina/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Chumbo/análise , Chumbo/sangue , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Distribuição Aleatória , Sinaptossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinaptossomos/enzimologiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: To detect patterns of endogenous polypeptide phosphorylation in monocyte, lymphocyte, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte populations, induced by the products of the catalytic action of L-asparaginase (EcA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Monocytes, polymorphonuclear cells and lymphocytes were isolated from heparinized blood from healthy, voluntary donors. The samples were incubated in 0.4 mCi/ml of [gamma-32P]H3PO4, with: 1 microgram/microliter of EcA, EcA and the substrate or with the products of EcA's catalytic activity: NH4+ and aspartate. The cells were lysated and electrophoresed using denaturing polyacrylamide gels that were then exposed on radiographic plates. The levels of polypeptide phosphorylation were quantified by computer densitometric analysis. RESULTS: The autoradiographs and the densitometric quantification of the electrophoretic profiles of monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lymphocytes revealed an increase in polypeptide phosphorylation when the cells were incubated with the enzyme and its substrate, ammonium and aspartate, or ammonium, which demonstrates that the NH4+ triggers intracellular phosphotransferase activity. A 58 kDa phosphoprotein outstood, it being common to the three cell populations studied. There were also specific phosphorylable polypeptides in monocytes, polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and lymphocytes. CONCLUSIONS: Escherichia coli L-asparaginase, binds the plasma membrane in normal human immune cells, catalyzing the L-asparagine substrate. The products of its activity: aspartate and NH4+ modify the extracellular environment, particularly the latter since it could diffuse into the cytosol and modify the pH, which would activate signal transduction pathways associated with the phosphorylation of substrates.
Assuntos
Asparaginase/metabolismo , Proteínas Sanguíneas/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/enzimologia , Imunidade Celular , Catálise , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida , Humanos , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Monócitos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas/sangue , FosforilaçãoRESUMO
Intracellular calcium, [Ca2+]i, can regulate meiotic progression of mammalian oocytes. However, the role of [Ca2+]i in the regulation of the spermatogenic process and its cellular homeostatic mechanisms in spermatogenic cells has not been elucidated. Using intracellular fluorescent probes for Ca2+ and immunodetection of plasma membrane (PM) Ca(2+)-ATPases, we report that: a) rat round spermatids maintain [Ca2+]i levels of 60 +/- 5 nM (SEM), as estimated with fluo-3 in single cells or fura-2 in cells in suspension; b) these cells regulate [Ca2+]i by actively extruding it using a PM Ca(2+)-ATPase; c) rat spermatids also actively transport Ca2+ by sarco-endoplasmic reticulum type ATPases (SERCA); d) rat spermatids possess non-mitochondrial intracellular Ca2+i stores insensitive to thapsigargin but releasable by ionomycin; and e) rat spermatids do not activate Ca2+ entry mechanisms by the release of Ca2+ from SERCA-regulated stores. These results demonstrate that rat round spermatids can generate modulated intracellular Ca2+ signals upon activation of Ca2+ channels or Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
Assuntos
Sinalização do Cálcio , Cálcio/metabolismo , Homeostase , Espermátides/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfatases/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Sinalização do Cálcio/efeitos dos fármacos , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio/análise , Diferenciação Celular , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Indóis/farmacologia , Ionomicina/farmacologia , Ionóforos/farmacologia , Masculino , Manganês/farmacologia , Meiose/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana/análise , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Espermátides/citologia , Espermátides/efeitos dos fármacos , Espermatogênese/efeitos dos fármacos , Tapsigargina/farmacologia , Vanadatos/farmacologiaRESUMO
La esofagogastroduodenoscopia (EGD) ha demostrado ser un procedimiento seguro y útil. Su uso durante el embarazo no ha sido aceptado. El registro tococardiográfico de la frecuencia cardíaca fetal es un índice confiable del bienestar del producto, y sus alteraciones muestran el sufrimiento fetal. Se realizo un estudio prospectivo y logitudinal en 75 mujeres embarazadas, con sintomatología gastrointestinal superior, las cuales se sometieron a procedimiento endoscópico con monitoreo tococardiográfico. El promedio de edad fue de 26.6 años. 27 pacientes (49.3 por ciento) se encontraban entre la semana 20 y 27 de gestación 23 (30.6 por ciento) entre la semana 28 y 35). 15 pacientes (20 por ciento) entre la semana 36 y 42. Se registro bradicardía transitoria leve en 45 productos (60 por ciento), taquicardía transitoria en 15 (20 por ciento) y no se presentaron alteraciones 15 productos (20 por ciento). No se registro ninguna complicación durante el procedimiento ni durante el periodo de seguimiento hasta el momento del parto. Concluimos que el procedimiento de EGD realizado en las mujeres embarazadas es un procedimiento seguro y útil, y que no representa riesgo para la madre ni el producto.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Adulto , Ecocardiografia , Endoscopia do Sistema Digestório , Sofrimento Fetal/diagnóstico , Monitorização Fetal , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez , Medição de Risco , Medidas de SegurançaRESUMO
Previous observations indicate that a zinc and phorbol ester binding factor is necessary for endosome fusion. To further characterize the role of this factor in the process, we used an in vitro endosome fusion assay supplemented with recombinant Rab5 proteins. Both zinc depletion and addition of calphostin C, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, inhibited endosome fusion in the presence of active Rab5. Addition of the phorbol ester PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) reversed the inhibition of endosome fusion caused by a Rab5 negative mutant. Moreover, PMA stimulated fusion in the presence of Rab5 immunodepleted cytosol. These results suggest that the phorbol ester binding protein is acting downstream of Rab5 in endosome fusion.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Caenorhabditis elegans , Endossomos/metabolismo , Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/metabolismo , Proteína Quinase C/metabolismo , Receptores de Droga/metabolismo , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte , Fusão de Membrana , Proteínas rab5 de Ligação ao GTPRESUMO
The complex mechanism of intracellular transport is regulated by free calcium in different manners. Calcium binding proteins regulate several aspects of the vesicle fusion mechanism mediated by NSF (N-ethylmaleimide sensitive fusion factor). At least in some regulated exocytosis, calcium-binding proteins are the trigger for fusion downstream of NSF, Still, calcium-binding proteins, such as annexins, may be part of a different fusion mechanism mediating some specific transport steps or working in parallel to the NSF-dependent fusion process. Calcium is not the only ion necessary for the function of factors involved in vesicular transport. A zinc requirement has been also proposed. One of the zinc-dependent factors is probably a protein with a cysteine-rich region that coordinates zinc and binds phorbol esters. Although protein kinase C is the more prominent family of proteins carrying this domain, the factor necessary for transport does not appear to function as a kinase.
Assuntos
Transporte Biológico , Proteínas de Ligação ao Cálcio/fisiologia , Cálcio/fisiologia , Metaloproteínas/fisiologia , Proteínas de Transporte Vesicular , Zinco/fisiologia , Animais , Proteínas de Transporte/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular , Vesículas Revestidas/fisiologia , Cães , Exocitose/fisiologia , Líquido Intracelular/metabolismo , Rim , Fusão de Membrana , Proteínas Sensíveis a N-Etilmaleimida , Ésteres de Forbol/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Proteína Quinase C/fisiologiaRESUMO
Intravenous infusion of free fatty acid (FFA) 20 mg.kg-1.min-1 produces pulmonary edema, hypoxemia, hyperventilation and increase in the alveolar surfactant content in rabbits in less than 15 min. We tried to study the role of leukotrienes (LT) and the effects of PGI2 in pulmonary response to FFA. We used Piriprost an inhibitor of LT synthesis or Epoprostenol (Prostacyclin: PGI2) in 4 series of rabbits treated with FFA or its vehicle. Piriprost given as an aerosol (0.1% W/W in THAM) scarcely modified the morphofunctional changes induced by FFA. The only pulmonary effect prevented by Piriprost was the increase in surfactant content (disaturated phosphatidylcholine: DSPC) in broncho-alveolar lavage gluid (BAL). PGI2 administered in a dose of 0.1 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 5 minutes prior to a 15 min infusion of FFA was also unable to prevent most of the effects of FFA on the lung. Only the increase in DSPC in BAL was prevented by PGI2. Some animals received a smaller dose of FFA, because they died earlier. Piriprost, as well as PGI2, shortened the survival time of rabbits treated with FFA. This decrease in the survival rate of animals treated with FFA could account for the lack of increase in DSPC post-FFA. Since other morphofunctional changes induced by FFA were scarcely modified by both Piriprost or PGI2, our results suggest that it is unlikely that either leukotrienes on PGI2 may have a significant effect on pulmonary disturbances induced by FFA.
Assuntos
Epoprostenol/análogos & derivados , Epoprostenol/farmacologia , Ácidos Graxos não Esterificados/farmacologia , Leucotrienos/fisiologia , Pulmão/fisiologia , Tromboxano A2/farmacologia , Animais , Epoprostenol/administração & dosagem , Hemodinâmica/efeitos dos fármacos , Infusões Intravenosas , Pulmão/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , CoelhosRESUMO
Bacteriological studies were carried out on several necropsy samples from five animals whose deaths had been attributed to bovine botulism. This disease, regionally called Mal de Aguapey, enzootically affects animals from a wide area of the north-east of Argentina (Province of Corrientes) with a bovine population estimated at near to 2,500,000. Either C. botulinum type D, its toxin or both were identified in all animal samples, alternatively in contents of rumen, jejunum, ileum, caecum and in samples of spleen, liver and kidney (Table 1). C. botulinum type A was isolated respectively from the liver and the kidney of two animals. Cultures of 100 soil samples taken in the enzootic area were positive only for C. botulinum type A (3%). These results enlarge and confirm previous findings and lend support to the botulinic etiology of the Mal de Aguapey.