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Supplements based on protein hydrolysates have been used as an effective source to access amino acids with greater bioavailability, promoting absorption to improve body composition. Five groups of young women were randomly selected. They followed a personalized eating plan that included different protein supplements (meat, vegan, branched-chain amino acids [BCAAs], whey, and control group), combined with an exercise plan, for eight weeks, aiming to assess their consumption effects combined with resistance exercise on body composition. Bioelectrical impedance before and after the treatment was conducted. The results showed that the supplementation with BCAAs presented a significant decrease (p < 0.05) on the BMI in this group (initial BMI = 19.7 kg/m2; final BMI = 19.4 kg/m2). When comparing the final measures among the groups, the BCAAs and vegan supplements caused a significant decrease in body weight (50.24 kg and 51.34 kg, respectively). The BMI of the group supplemented with meat proteins was statistically higher (22.06 kg/m2) than that the group supplemented with BCAAs (19.4 kg/m2) (p < 0.05). No significant changes were observed in the type of protein consumed to produce muscle mass in the participants after eight weeks of study under a controlled diet and anaerobic resistance exercise. Participants exhibited energy deficiencies, but their macronutrient distribution appeared normal. Following an 8-week intervention, meat and BCAAs reduced weight and BMI, although no statistical differences were observed. It is recommended to extend the treatment for a more comprehensive understanding.

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El calcio es uno de los nutrientes esenciales para la salud ósea. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de calcio en un grupo de mujeres pre-menopáusicas consumidoras de alimentación basada en plantas (ABP). Materiales y métodos: un grupo de mujeres premenopáusicas entre 30 y 45 años consumidoras de ABP fueron invitadas a participar. Para la evaluación de ingesta se empleó un recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas. Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNyS, 2007) como información relevada disponible de ingesta de calcio en nuestra población. En un subgrupo de participantes se evaluó la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de columna lumbar (L1-L4) por el método de absorciometría de rayos X (DXA), mientras que la microarquitectura fue estudiada a través del trabecular bone score (TBS). Resultados: se incluyeron 30 mujeres con un tiempo de adherencia promedio (X±DS) a la ABP 5,6±4 años, edad de 35,6±4 años, y un índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 23.,7±3 kg/m2. Una ingesta diaria de calcio promedio (IC al 95%) de 980 mg (639 mg-1320 mg) fue observada en las mujeres vegetarianas, mientras que en las veganas fue de 772 mg (460 mg-1085 mg), lo que resulta superior a la de la población general (406 mg). Una correlación positiva fue observada entre DMO e IMC (r=0,990; p=0,01) pero no entre DMO e ingesta de calcio. Conclusiones: en esta cohorte de mujeres premenopáusicas consumidoras de ABP, las vegetarianas y el 96,5% de las veganas cubrieron el requerimiento promedio estimado. La adecuada planificación de la ABP permite evitar deficiencias nutricionales que afecten la salud ósea. (AU)

Calcium is one of the essential nutrients intervening in bone health. Objective: To assess calcium intake in a group of premenopausal women consumers of a plant-based diet (PBD). Materials and methods: Premenopausal women between 30 and 45 y/o consumers of a PBD were invited to participate. A 24-hour food reminder was provided for the intake evaluation. Argentina's National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNyS, 2007) was used as available information on calcium intake in our population. In a participants' subset, the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while the trabecular bone score (TBS) was used to study the microarchitecture. Results: The study included 30 women with an average adherence time (X±DS) to PBD of 5.6±4 years, of 35.6±4 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.7±3kg/m2. An average daily calcium intake (95% CI) of 980mg (639 mg-1.320mg) was observed in vegetarian women, while in vegan women it was 772 mg (460mg-1.085mg), higher than the general population (406 mg). A positive correlation was observed between BMD and BMI (r=0.990; p=0.01), though not between BMD and calcium intake. Conclusions: In this cohort of premenopausal women consuming a PBD, the vegetarians and 96.5% of vegans met the estimated average requirement. An appropriate planning of the PBD prevents nutritional deficiencies that may affect bone health. (AU)

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BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) predispose to viral coinfections in patients submitted to renal replacement therapy (RRT); nevertheless, few reports have been performed to elucidate the current epidemiology within this population in Mexico. AIM: To estimate the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV coinfection and to explore factors associated with prevalent coinfection in patients living with renal failure undergoing to RRT. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional recruitment across 21 units at the Mexican Institute of Social Security (IMSS) at the State of Mexico was performed during 2019. A standardized clinical questionnaire was performed to elucidate individual and relatives-related conditions. A treatment facility questionnaire was applied to the chief responsible of each unit to explore treatment facility variables. Serological testing, clinical, biochemical, and anthropometrical parameters were extracted from clinical records. RESULT: In 1,304 patients (57.5% male, mean age 45.5 (SD: 15.6) years, and 95.8% in hemodialysis), the prevalence of any viral coinfection was 3.14% (95% CI: 2.32%-4.23%). The highest viral coinfection prevalence were for HCV, HBV, and HIV, in which men and subjects diagnosed after 2010's had the highest rates. We identify that being submitted to peritoneal dialysis, being treated in a surrogated dialysis center and living with a close relative with prior hepatitis coinfection were associated factors for any viral coinfection. CONCLUSION: In patients submitted to RRT, the prevalence of viral coinfection remains high compared with general population. Screening strategies, medical awareness and targeted public healthcare policies should prioritize better care practices within patients submitted to RRT in Mexico.

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resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Abstract: In recent decades, the growing obesity epidemic in Mexico has become one of the most important public health challenges faced by the country. With support from the World Obesity Federation, we formed a working group in 2021 to identify and summarize priority actions that Mexico can take to face this epidemic. More than 1 000 health professionals joined the development and discussion process. Recommendations from previously published, high-level documents and guidelines were taken into account. In commemoration of World Obesity Day 2022, this statement is presented as input for health care professionals to develop actions to address obesity. The statement includes 10 recommendations that include population-level and individual-level actions. It emphasizes the importance of social participation, comprehensive interventions with a person- centered perspective, planetary sustainability, on improving education and communication campaigns, as well as fostering a built environment that promotes active living, and shielding prevention and control efforts from conflicts of interest. The statement calls for obesity to be treated seriously, based on scientific evidence, in a timely and comprehensive manner, employing a life-course and ethical approach that does not perpetuate weight stigma in society.

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Arterial hypertension is considered a public health problem with severe consequences at an individual and public health levels. However, there is a lack of information regarding its characterization in Mexico. The objective of this study is to estimate the proportion of undiagnosed arterial hypertension (UAH) and the overall prevalence and clinical management of arterial hypertension within the Eastern Zone of Mexico. Additionally, we explore associated factors related with both UAH and uncontrolled arterial hypertension. We obtained information from the May Measure Month (MMM) 2019 study. People were asked for cardiovascular risk factors and blood pressure was measured according to the protocols of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH). Data from 5901 subjects were extracted: 76.04% from the Eastern Zone of the State of Mexico. The overall prevalence of hypertension was 32.4% (95% CI 31.2-33.6). From all subjects living with hypertension, 28.3% had UAH, 22.1% had previous diagnosis but were untreated; 29.3% were treated but had uncontrolled hypertension. Younger men adults living in the State of Michoacán had increased proportion of UAH and untreated hypertension. We observed that male sex, age, obesity, living at Michoacán were risk factors for UAH. Finally, male sex, diabetes, and living at Michoacán were related risk conditions for having uncontrolled arterial hypertension. In summary, there is a high proportion of UAH in Easter Zone of Mexico. Younger adults had higher proportion of UAH and untreated hypertension profiles. Efficient actions are required to make a timely diagnosis in the young adult population to prevent long-term complications.

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Introducción: Los hábitos alimentarios se modifican en la adolescencia por diferentes factores que se relacionan estrechamente con los cambios propios de esta etapa. Objetivo: Examinar las preferencias y conducta alimentaria de adolescentes de secundaria básica. Métodos: Estudio transversal en la escuela secundaria básica "José Martí", municipio Cerro, La Habana, entre septiembre-octubre de 2015 en 94 adolescentes. A todos se les aplicó una encuesta sobre la frecuencia de las principales comidas, así como el consumo semanal de alimentos. Se empleó la prueba Ji-cuadrada para establecer las asociaciones entre variables. Resultados: Predominaron las hembras (55,0 por ciento) con una media de edad de 12,7±0,9 años. La mayoría no cumplen con la frecuencia recomendada de las comidas y su dieta está basada en alimentos con alto contenido de grasas y azucares, alta en sodio y baja en vitaminas, fibras y minerales. Las hembras son las que menos desayunan (32,0 por ciento), los varones los que menos almuerzan (11,4 por ciento) y la cena es la comida que más respetan ambos sexos (98,0 y 97,7 por ciento, respectivamente). Los cereales (64,0 por ciento), azúcares (58,0 por ciento) y lácteos (56,0 por ciento) están dentro de los alimentos más consumidos. El huevo, los embutidos y las carnes rojas son más consumido por los varones y las carnes blancas por las hembras. Conclusiones: La conducta alimentaria de los adolescentes es inadecuada en su mayoría con mayor afectación en el sexo femenino en el desayuno y en el masculino en el almuerzo. Tienen baja preferencia por los vegetales y las frutas en contraste con los cereales, azúcares y lácteos, más consumidos(AU)

Introduction: Eating habits are modified in adolescence by different factors that are closely related to the typical changes of this stage of life. Objective: Examine the food preferences and behavior of basic junior high school´s adolescents. Methods: Cross-sectional study in "José Martí" Basic Junior High School, Cerro municipality, Havana, in the period September-October 2015 in 94 adolescents. All of them underwent a survey on the frequency of main meals, as well as weekly food consumption. The Ji-square test was used to establish associations among variables. Results: Females predominated (55.0 percent) with an average age of 12.7±0.9 years. Most of them do not meet the recommended frequency of meals and their diet is based on foods high in fat and sugar, high in sodium and low in vitamins, fibers and minerals. Females have less breakfasts (32.0 percent), males have less lunch (11.4 percent) and dinner is the food that both sexes most respect (98.0 and 97.7 percent, respectively). Cereals (64.0 percent), sugars (58.0 percent) and dairy (56.0 percent) are within the most consumed foods. Egg, cold meats and red meats are most consumed by males and white meats by females. Conclusions: Adolescents' food behavior is mostly inadequate. in its majority with greater affectation in the feminine sex at breakfast and in the masculine sex at lunch. They have a low preference for vegetables and fruits in contrast to cereals, sugars and dairy products, which are more consumed(AU)

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BACKGROUND: The effects of an early and prolonged lockdown during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on cardiovascular intensive care units (CICUs) are not well established. OBJECTIVES: This study analyses patterns of admission, mortality and performance indicators in a CICU before and during the Argentine lockdown in the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: This is a retrospective observational cross-sectional study of all consecutive patients aged 18 years or more admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit at a high-volume reference hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina, comparing hospitalization rates, primary causes of admission, inpatient utilization indicators, pharmacy supplies' expenditures and in-hospital mortality between 5 March and 31 July 2020, with two corresponding control periods in 2019 and 2018. RESULTS: We included 722 female patients [mean age of 61.6 (SD 15.5) years; 237 (32.8%)]. Overall hospitalizations dropped 53.2% (95%CI: 45.3, 61.0%), from 295.5 patients/year over the periods 2018/2019 to 137 patients in 2020. Cardiovascular disease-related admissions dropped 59.9%, while admission for non-cardiac causes doubled its prevalence from 9.6% over the periods 2018/2019 to 22.6% in the study period (P < 0.001).In the period 2020, the bed occupancy rate fell from 82.2% to 77.4%, and the bed turnover rate dropped 50% from 7.88 to 3.91 monthly discharges/bed. The average length of stay doubled from 3.26 to 6.75 days, and the turnover interval increased from 3.8 to 8.39 days in 2020.Pharmacy supplies' expenditures per discharge increased 134% along with a rise in antibiotics usage from 6.5 to 11.4 vials/ampoules per discharge (P < 0.02).Overall mortality increased from 7% (n = 41) to 13.9% (n = 19) (P = 0.008) at the expense of non-cardiac-related admissions (3.6-19.4%, P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a significant reduction in overall and cardiovascular disease-related causes of admission to the cardiac intensive care unit, worse performance indicators and increased in-hospital mortality along the first 5 months of the early and long-lasting COVID-19 lockdown in Argentina. These results highlight the need to foster public awareness concerning the risks of avoiding hospital attendance. Moreover, health systems should follow strict screening protocols to prevent potential biases in the admission of patients with critical conditions unrelated to the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Colorectal (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Most tumors develop from an adenoma in a period of 10 to 15 years, but some may appear without previous adenomatous lesions. Seventy-five percent of colorectal cancers are sporadic, 20% have a family component (first or second-degree relatives with CRC) and 5% have a hereditary predisposition with a Mendelian pattern. The epidemiological evolution in the recent years in Chile has a worrisome evolution and the treatment costs of advanced stages are a burden for the healthcare system. We herein highlight the main Chilean medical and scientific contributions on the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and treatment of CRC, which lead to its better understanding, and therefore better management, based on local evidence.

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Colorectal (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. Most tumors develop from an adenoma in a period of 10 to 15 years, but some may appear without previous adenomatous lesions. Seventy-five percent of colorectal cancers are sporadic, 20% have a family component (first or second-degree relatives with CRC) and 5% have a hereditary predisposition with a Mendelian pattern. The epidemiological evolution in the recent years in Chile has a worrisome evolution and the treatment costs of advanced stages are a burden for the healthcare system. We herein highlight the main Chilean medical and scientific contributions on the pathogenesis, early diagnosis, and treatment of CRC, which lead to its better understanding, and therefore better management, based on local evidence.

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This data article employs the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to perform the project risk assessment in a phase of the construction of a large hydroelectric project. The list of service packs and risk events was extracted from in-depth interviews and content analysis with experts. Such qualitative data were used to identify the relevant service pack and risk event indicators for two groups - the owner's and the builder's representatives - required to specify the model. FAHP was used to calculate the relative importance of such indicators in two stages. First the relevance of the service packs was measured through paired comparisons and then weighted. Next, the relevance of the risk events associated with each service pack was assessed through the same method. A complete method of calculation for one of the respondents is presented. At the end, the average weights for the risk events of the two groups are calculated. For further information it is recommended to read the article entitled "Multi-criteria risk assessment: Case study of a large hydroelectric project" (Ribas et al., 2019).

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Los implantes dentales son sustitutos radiculares colocados en los huesos maxilares con la finalidad de reponer uno o más dientes faltantes y devolver la funcionalidad y estética perdidas por su ausencia. Estudio observacional descriptivo retrospectivo, donde se analizó 139 fichas de pacientes que acudieron a la cátedra de Implantología de la Universidad Autónoma de Asunción desde el año 2012 al 2018, de las cuales 98 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron para estos análisis la planilla Excel y el programa Epiinfo v7.1 (CDC, Atlanta, USA). Del total de 98 fichas analizadas, 59 (60,2%) correspondieron a pacientes de sexo femenino y 39 (39,8%) de sexo masculino. La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 44,2 años (DE+/-12,6). En cuanto a las enfermedades sistémicas presentaron diabetes e hipertensión arterial en un 6,1% respectivamente y enfermedades cardiacas en un 2,1%. Solo 10/98 reportaron que fumaban. En cuanto a los implantes, hemos observado que se realizaron en total 217. Se colocaron 141 (64,97 %) implantes cilíndricos y 76 (35,03%) cónicos. Se observaron las zonas implantadas, en el maxilar superior se colocaron 129 implantes (59,44%) mientras que en el inferior 88 (40,56%). Los implantes más utilizados fueron los de longitud y diámetro medio. En cuanto a la regeneración ósea, el procedimiento más frecuente fue el de levantamiento de seno maxilar. Es importante realizar en el futuro trabajos de evaluación del éxito o fracaso de los implantes realizados para tomar medidas correctivas y mejorar el servicio al paciente(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective: Spastic cerebral palsy (sCP) is a cause of early onset scoliosis, although there are no data on its prevalence. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of early onset neuromuscular spinal deformities (SD) in severely compromised children with sCP. Methods: Cross-sectional quantitative, observational, exploratory, and descriptive study. Review of clinical records. Inclusion criteria: age 2 to 5 years, sCP, level V of the GMFCS, residents in our province. X-ray blind reading by 2 observers. The Student t test was used for parametric data and the chi-square test for non-parametric data. Level of statistical significance: p < 0.05. Results: Thirty-eight cases of 158 registered were included. Average age: 3 years 7 months (2 years - 5 years 2 months). Sex: 21 male/17 female. The predominant etiologies were perinatal: 21 (55.3%), and the prevalent nutritional status was eutrophic: 28 cases (73.7%). SD was very frequent: 32 patients (84.2%) without statistical differences between sexes; there were 20 kyphoscoliosis, 1 lordoscoliosis, 6 scoliosis, 5 hyperkyphosis. Mean angular values: 23.9° (10°- 50°) for the frontal plane deformities and 58° (9°- 92º) for the sagittal deformities. Seventeen patients (44.7%) had average pelvic obliquity of 15° (2°- 30°) without differences in patients with and without SD. There was no association between SD and etiology, digestive disorders, seizures, nutritional status, hip excentration, or limb deformities. Conclusions: The prevalence of SD in children up to 5 years old with severe sCP is high: 84.2% (32/38 cases). The orthopedic profile is children with sCP of any etiology at GMFCS level V, with multiple disabilities and independently of associated limb deformities. Level of evidence I; Diagnostic Studies - Investigating a Diagnostic Test: Testing of previously developed diagnostic criteria on consecutive patients (with universally applied reference "gold" standard).

RESUMO Objetivo: A Paralisia Cerebral espástica (PCe) é uma das causa de escoliose precoce,, embora não existam dados da prevalência. Nosso objetivo foi determinar a prevalência das deformidades espinhais (DE) neuromusculares de início precoce em crianças PCe severamente comprometidas. Métodos: Estudo quantitativo transversal, exploratório e descritivo, observacional. Revisão de prontuários. Critérios de inclusão: idade 2 a 5 anos, PCe, nível V do GMFCS, domiciliado na nossa província. Leitura cega das radiografias por 2 observadores. Foram utilizados o teste T de Student para dados paramétricos e, para o não-paramétricos, o chi-quadrado. Nível de significância estatística: p < 0.05. Resultados: 38 casos de 158 achados foram incluídos. Idade média: 3 anos 7 meses (2 anos - 5 anos 2 meses). Sexo: 21 homens/17 mulheres. Predominaram as causas perinatais: 21 (55,3%), e o estado nutricional prevalecente foi o eutrofico: 28 casos (73,7%). A DN foi muito frequente: 32 casos (84,2%), e nenhuma diferença estatística entre os sexos; houve 20 cifoescoliose, 6 escolioses, 1 lordoescoliose, 5 hipercifose. Valores médios angulares: 23.9° (10°- 50°) para as deformidades frontais e 58° (9°- 92º) para as sagitais. Dezessete casos (44,7%) apresentavam obliquidade pélvica média de 15° (2°-30°); não há diferenças em pacientes com e sem DE. Não havia nenhuma associação entre a DE e etiologia, distúrbios digestivos, convulsões, estado nutricional e luxação dos quadris ou deformidades dos membros. Conclusões: A prevalência de DE em crianças de até 5 anos com PCE severa é alta: 84.2% (32/38 casos). O perfil ortopédico são todas crianças GMFCS V, de qualquer etiologia, com diferentes deficiências e independentemente das deformidades dos membros associados. Nível de evidência I; Estudos diagnósticos - Investigação de um exame para diagnóstico. Teste de critérios diagnósticos desenvolvidos anteriormente em pacientes consecutivos (com padrão de referência "ouro" aplicado).

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la influencia de la técnica MIS-TLIF sobre los parámetros espinopélvicos de pacientes sometidos a artrodesis lumbar. Objetivo: La parálisis cerebral espástica (PCe) es una causa de escoliosis de comienzo temprano, aunque no existen datos de su prevalencia. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar la prevalencia de las deformidades espinales (DE) neuromusculares de comienzo temprano en niños con PCe severamente comprometidos. Métodos: Estudio transversal cuantitativo, observacional, exploratorio y descriptivo. Revisión de historias clínicas. Criterios de inclusión: edad 2 a 5 años, PCe, nivel V del GMFCS, domiciliados en nuestra provincia. Lectura a ciegas de radiografías por 2 observadores. Se usó el test t de Student para datos paramétricos y el chi-cuadrado para los no paramétricos. Nivel de significación estadística: p < 0,05. Resultados: Treinta y ochos casos de 158 registrados fueron incluidos. Edad promedio: 3 años 7 meses (2 años - 5 años 2 meses). Sexo: 21 varones/17 mujeres. Las etiologías predominantes fueron perinatales: 21 (55,3%), y el estado nutricional prevalente el eutrófico: 28 casos (73,7%). La DE fue muy frecuente: 32 pacientes (84,2%), sin diferencias estadísticas entre sexos; hubo 20 cifoescoliosis, 1 lordoescoliosis, 6 escoliosis, 5 hipercifosis. Valores angulares medios: 23,9° (10°- 50°) para las deformidades frontales y 58° (9° - 92°) para las sagitales. Diecisiete pacientes (44,7%) presentaron oblicuidad pélvica promedio de 15° (2°- 30°), sin diferencias en pacientes con y sin DE. No hubo asociación entre DE y etiología, trastornos digestivos, convulsiones, estado nutricional, excentración de caderas ni deformidades de miembros. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de DE en niños de hasta 5 años con PCe severa es alta: 84,2% (32/38 casos). El perfil ortopédico es de niños con PCe V del GMFCS de cualquier etiología, con diversas discapacidades e independientemente de las deformidades asociadas de los miembros. Nivel de Evidencia I; Estudios de diagnósticos - Investigación de un examen para diagnóstico. Pruebas de criterios de diagnósticos desarrollados anteriormente en pacientes consecutivos (con estándar de referencia "oro" aplicado).

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Introducción: El desempeño docente es el comportamiento del profesor durante la conducción del proceso formativo, con un carácter consciente e individual que demuestra su desarrollo personal, profesional y social. La caracterización del desempeño permite identificar los problemas y potencialidades para desarrollar actividades que propicien su mejoramiento. Objetivo: Caracterizar el desempeño docente en la formación académica de posgrado, de los profesores de pediatría de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas "Salvador Allende" en el período de enero-julio de 2016. Material y métodos: La muestra estuvo constituida por 21 de 32 profesores, dos directivos y 7 de 13 residentes. La caracterización del desempeño docente se realizó a partir del proceso de parametrización. Se estableció como variable fundamental el desempeño docente con enfoque de competencias con cinco dimensiones, 16 subdimensiones y 55 indicadores. Las indagaciones empíricas fueron entrevistas, encuestas, observación del desempeño y revisiones documentales. Se utilizó la estadística descriptiva y la moda como medida de tendencia central. Resultados: La triangulación metodológica permitió identificar como problemas: insuficiente planificación del trabajo autónomo, deficiente aprovechamiento de las TICs y el idioma extranjero, limitada producción científica, insuficiente superación profesional y autosuperación en la especialidad y la educación médica. Como potencialidades se identificaron: el trabajo educativo del profesor, dedicación demostrada y contribución a la formación de los residentes como ciudadanos y profesionales. Conclusiones: La caracterización del desempeño docente de los profesores en la formación académica de posgrado identificó problemas en las dimensiones de Trabajo Metodológico, Trabajo de Investigación e innovación y en la Superación. En desarrollo se encuentra el Trabajo Docente educativo y como potencialidad el Trabajo Político Ideológico(AU)

Introduction: Teaching performance is the behavior of the professor during the teaching process with a conscious and individual character, which demonstrates the professional, personal, and social development of this specialist. The characterization of performance allows to identify the problems and potentialities in order to develop activities that favor their improvement. Objective: To characterize the teaching performance of the Professors of Pediatrics in Postgraduate Education in Salvador Allende Medical Faculty from January to July 2016. Material and methods: The research sample consisted of 21 of 32 professors, 2 directors, and 7 of 13 residents. Characterization of teaching performance started with the parametrization process. Teaching performance focused on competence was selected as the main variable. Five dimensions, 16 subdimensions, and 55 indicators were defined. Empirical inquiries consisted of interviews, surveys, performance observation, and document reviews. Descriptive statistics and the mode were used as the measures of central tendency. Results: Methodological triangulation allowed to identify the following problems: insufficient planning of the autonomous work; deficient use of the information and communication technologies (ICTs) and foreign language; limited scientific production; insufficient professional and self-improvement in the specialty and in medical education. The following potentialities were identified: educational work carried out by the professors, proven dedication; and contribution to the formation of residents as citizens and professionals. Conclusions: The characterization of the teaching performance of the professors in postgraduate education allowed to identify problems in the following dimensions: methodological work, research and innovation work, and professional improvement. The teaching-learning process is being developed and the political-ideological work is considered a potentiality(AU)

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ABSTRACT Objective: To establish the frequency of presentation of multiple vertebral fractures and evaluate the relationship between the postsurgical condition and the initial neurological lesion, as well as to report the associated injuries in this group of patients. Methods: We conducted a review of patients with spinal trauma and a diagnosis of multiple vertebral fractures who were admitted to the "Dr. Manuel Dufoo Olvera" Spine Clinic of the Secretary of Health of Mexico City from January 1,2014 to June 30, 2017. The multiple fractures were classified as either contiguous or non-contiguous, according to the number of vertebral bodies and levels affected. The statistical analysis was conducted using formulas of descriptive statistics and the information was then tabulated and graphed to assess the relationship between the anatomical classification and the degree of neurological injury. Results: We observed 530 patients, of whom 47 met the criteria. Thirty-one (65.95%) of the cases corresponded to contiguous fractures and 16 cases (34.05%) to non-contiguous fractures. Fourteen patients (29.78%) with neurological integrity were classified as ASIA D, 20 patients (42.58%) with complete lesion as ASIA A, 7 seven patients (14.89%) as ASIA B, and 6 patients (12.76%) with partial injury as ASIA C. Conclusions: The correlation between the classification of vertebral injuries and the presence of neurological lesion did not show significant differences between contiguous and non-contiguous fractures. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective.

RESUMO Objetivos: Estabelecer a frequência de apresentação de múltiplas fraturas vertebrais e avaliar a relação de sua condição pós-cirúrgica e a lesão neurológica inicial, bem como relatar as lesões associadas neste grupo de pacientes. Métodos: Uma revisão dos casos com traumatismo espinhal e diagnóstico de fratura vertebral múltipla, que entraram no Spine Clinic " Dr Manuel Dufoo Olvera " Secretário da Cidade do México saúde da coluna vertebral, durante o período de 1 de janeiro de 2014 a 30 de Junho de 2017. A classificação divide fraturas múltiplas como contíguas e não contíguas, seguido pelo número de pessoas afetadas e os corpos de nível. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando fórmulas statística descritivas, então tabuladas e as informações representadas graficamente. Para avaliar a relação entre a classificação anatômica e do grau de lesão neurológica. Resultados: 530 Pacientes foram observados, dos quais 47 apresentaram os critérios necessários. 31 pacientes (65,95%) do estudo foram classificados com fraturas adjacentes contíguas e 16 casos (34,05%) como não contíguas. 14 doentes (29,78%) foram classificados com integridade neurológica ÁSIA D, 20 doentes (42,58%) apresentaram lesão completa ÁSIA A, sete doentes (14,89%) na ASIA B e seis doentes. (12,76%) com lesão incompleta ÁSIA C. Conclusão: A correlação entre a classificação das lesões da coluna vertebral e a presença de lesão neurológica não mostraram diferenças significativas entre fraturas adjacentes e não adjacentes. Nível de Evidência II; Restrospectivo.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Establecer la frecuencia de presentación de las fracturas vertebrales múltiples y evaluar la relación de su condición postquirúrgica y la lesión neurológica inicial, así como relatar las lesiones asociadas en este grupo de pacientes. Métodos: Se realiza una revisión de los casos con traumatismo raquimedular y diagnóstico de fractura vertebral múltiple que ingresaron a la Clínica de Columna "Dr. Manuel Dufoo Olvera" de la Secretaría de Salud de Ciudad de México del 1° de enero de 2014 al 30 de junio del 2017. La clasificación divide las fracturas múltiples como contiguas y no contiguas, acorde al número de cuerpos afectados y el nivel.. El análisis estadístico se realizó utilizando fórmulas de estadística descriptiva, para después tabular y graficar la información, para evaluar la relación entre la clasificación anatómica y el grado de lesión neurológica. Resultados: Fueron observados 530 pacientes, de los cuales 47 presentaron los criterios necesarios. Treinta y un pacientes (65,95%) del estudio fueron clasificados con fracturas contiguas y 16 casos (34,05%) con no contiguas. Catorce pacientes (29,78%) fueron clasificados con integridad neurológica ASIA D, 20 pacientes (42,58%) presentaron lesión completa ASIA A, siete pacientes (14,89%) en ASIA B y seis pacientes (12,76%) con lesión incompleta ASIA C. Conclusiones: La correlación entre la clasificación de lesión de columna vertebral y la presencia de lesión neurológica no mostró diferencias significativas entre fracturas contiguas y no contiguas. Nivel de Evidencia II; Retrospectivo.

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BACKGROUND: Students' mental health is associated to academic performance. In high income countries, higher students' grades are related to lower odds of suicidal behaviors, but studies on other indicators of academic performance are more limited, specially in middle income countries. METHODS: Data from 28,519 middle and high school students selected with multistage clustered sampling in the Mexican National Survey of Student's Drug Use. Using a self-administered questionnaire, lifetime suicidal attempt and four indicators of academic performance were assessed: age inconsistency with grade level, not being a student in the last year, perceived academic performance and number of failed courses. Multiple logistic regression models were used to control for sociodemographic and school characteristics. RESULTS: The lifetime prevalence of attempted suicide was 3.0% for middle school students and 4.2% for high school students. Among middle school students, statistically adjusted significant associations of suicide attempt with academic performance indicators were: not being a student the year before, worse self-perceived performance and a higher number of failed courses; among high school students, predictors were failed courses and self-perceived academic performance, with ORs of 1.65 and 1.96 for the categories of good and fair/poor respectively, compared to those who reported very good performance. CONCLUSION: Self-perceived academic performance was the main indicator for suicide in both school levels. Suicide prevention efforts in Mexico's schools should include asking students about the perception they have about their own academic performance.

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Introducción: Una de las tendencias a nivel mundial es el enfoque de competencias en el ámbito académico, para lo cual es necesaria la preparación de los profesores que permita un desempeño docente con este enfoque. Objetivo: El trabajo tiene como objetivo diseñar un modelo pedagógico para el mejoramiento del desempeño docente con enfoque de competencias en la especialidad de Pediatría de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Salvador Allende en correspondencia con las exigencias sociales y del Sistema Nacional de Salud cubano. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron métodos teóricos, empíricos y estadísticos. De una población de 32 profesores, participó 65,62 por ciento y sus dos directivos. El muestreo fue incidental. Resultados: Es un modelo pedagógico. Se estructura en dos niveles: conceptual y metodológico. El conceptual comprende los fundamentos teóricos, las ideas rectoras, las dimensiones y la finalidad. El metodológico se concreta en su dinámica de aplicación y se estructura en cuatro etapas con objetivos definidos y un conjunto de acciones: Etapa I: Identificación de la posibilidad de obtención de información y su pertinencia; Etapa II: Determinación de problemas; Etapa III: Diseño de actividades para el mejoramiento del desempeño docente con enfoque de competencias. Etapa IV: Evaluación del modelo. Conclusiones: La modelación como método científico permitió la elaboración de un modelo pedagógico para el mejoramiento del desempeño docente con enfoque de competencias de los profesores de la especialidad de Pediatría de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas Salvador Allende. La validación del modelo resultó estadísticamente significativa(AU)

Introduction: The approach on competences in the academic field is one of the trends worldwide; therefore, professors´ preparation that leads to a teaching performance based on this approach is necessary. Objective: This work is aimed at designing a pedagogical model for the improvement of teaching performance with an approach on competences in the specialty of Pediatrics in Salvador Allende Medical Faculty in accordance with the social demands of the Cuban National Health System. Material and methods: Theoretical, empirical, and statistical methods were used. Out of a total population of 32 professors, the 65,62 percent of them and the two directors participated in the study. Sampling was incidental. Results: It is a pedagogical model, which is structured in two levels: conceptual and methodological. The conceptual level comprises the theoretical basis, principal ideas, dimensions, and purpose. The methodological level limits itself in its application in dynamics and it is structured in four stages with defined objectives and a group of actions: Stage I: Identification of the possibility of obtaining information and its relevance; Stage II: Setting of problems; Stage III: Design of activities for the improvement of the teaching performance with an approach on competences. Stage IV: Evaluation of the model. Conclusions: The method of scientific modeling allowed the development of apedagogical model for the teaching performance with an approach on competences in the professors of the specialty of Pediatrics in Salvador Allende Medical Faculty. The validation of the model was statistically significant(AU)

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Introducción: la adolescencia es considerada una etapa compleja no solo por los cambios que ocurren en el organismo desde todos los puntos de vista, sino por la complejidad que presupone el manejo psicológico de la misma, de esta forma también influye, lo relacionado con su hábitos alimenticios. Objetivo: describir el comportamiento de las aversiones alimentarias en 94 adolescentes, de la escuela Secundaria Básica "José Martí". Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, con 94 adolescentes de la escuela Secundaria Básica "José Martí" del municipio Cerro, que cursaban el 7mo grado, cuyas edades oscilaron de 11 a 15 años de edad, durante el período de septiembre a octubre del 2015. Resultados: los grupos de alimentos más detestados fueron los vegetales y las frutas. El pescado a pesar de su importancia nutricional fue el alimento más rechazado y el menos consumido. Las viandas, las legumbres, los cereales, las carnes blancas, el huevo y los lácteos fueron los grupos de alimentos por los que menos aversión mostraron. Continúa siendo un factor de riesgo para la población adolescente, la ingestión de dulces y azúcares por ser uno de los alimentos preferidos y de mayor consumo. Conclusiones: las aversiones alimentarias detectadas sitúan a este grupo atareo en una situación vulnerable desde el punto de vista nutricional, y ratifica que los alimentos con mayores valores nutricionales son los menos aborrecidos, a pesar de las consecuencias actuales y futuras que pueden generar en su salud, así como el incremento de la incidencia de enfermedades relacionadas con los hábitos dietéticos (AU).

Introduction: the adolescence is considered a complex stage not only because of the changes occurring in the organism from all the points of view, but also due to the complexness of its psychological management. Eating habits belong to this field. Objetive: to describe the behavior of food aversions in 94 teenagers of the Junior High School "José Martí." Materials and Methods: a cross-sectional, descriptive study was carried out during the period September-October 2015, with 97 7th-grade students of the Junior High school "José Martí", municipality Cerro, whose age ranged from 11 to 15 years. Results: the most detested food groups were vegetables and fruits. Fish, in spite of its nutritional importance, was the most rejected food and the less consumed one. Vegetables, legumes, cereals, white meats, eggs and dairy products are the food groups for which they showed less aversion. It is still a risk factor for the adolescent population the consumption of sweets and sugar because they are their preferable food and the ones they consume the most. Conclusions: the detected food aversions locate this age group in a vulnerable situation from the nutritional point of view, and ratifies foods with higher nutritional values are the less detested ones, in spite of the current and future consequences that could generate in their health, and also indicates the raise of the incidence of diseases related with dietary habits (AU).

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BACKGROUND: Reported urban malaria cases are increasing in Latin America, however, evidence of such trend remains insufficient. Here, we propose an integrated approach that allows characterizing malaria transmission at the rural-to-urban interface by combining epidemiological, entomological, and parasite genotyping methods. METHODS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A descriptive study that combines active (ACD), passive (PCD), and reactive (RCD) case detection was performed in urban and peri-urban neighborhoods of Quibdó, Colombia. Heads of households were interviewed and epidemiological surveys were conducted to assess malaria prevalence and identify potential risk factors. Sixteen primary cases, eight by ACD and eight by PCD were recruited for RCD. Using the RCD strategy, prevalence of 1% by microscopy (6/604) and 9% by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (52/604) were found. A total of 73 houses and 289 volunteers were screened leading to 41 secondary cases, all of them in peri-urban settings (14% prevalence). Most secondary cases were genetically distinct from primary cases indicating that there were independent occurrences. Plasmodium vivax was the predominant species (76.3%, 71/93), most of them being asymptomatic (46/71). Urban and peri-urban neighborhoods had significant sociodemographic differences. Twenty-four potential breeding sites were identified, all in peri-urban areas. The predominant vectors for 1,305 adults were Anopheles nuneztovari (56,2%) and An. Darlingi (42,5%). One An. nuneztovari specimen was confirmed naturally infected with P. falciparum by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS: This study found no evidence supporting the existence of urban malaria transmission in Quibdó. RCD strategy was more efficient for identifying malaria cases than ACD alone in areas where malaria transmission is variable and unstable. Incorporating parasite genotyping allows discovering hidden patterns of malaria transmission that cannot be detected otherwise. We propose to use the term "focal case" for those primary cases that lead to discovery of secondary but genetically unrelated malaria cases indicating undetected malaria transmission.

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Introducción: la tuberculosis es la séptima causa de muerte mundial. Menos del 1% de los pacientes tiene compromiso raquídeo. El objetivo del estudio fue investigar la frecuencia del mal de Pott en la provincia e identificar pautas para regiones similares. Materiales y Métodos: Rastreo de pacientes internados por tuberculosis entre 1996 y 2014, en Hospitales provinciales de cabecera. Revisión de historias de casos raquídeos. Clasificaciones de Frankel y del GATA. Datos de censos nacionales. Revisión bibliográfica. Resultados: Catorce casos: 8 varones/6 mujeres. Edad promedio: 35.4 años (rango 3.8-63). Seguimiento: 2.8 años (1 mes-15 años); un óbito posoperatorio inmediato. Siete pacientes provenían de Departamentos con baja carga de morbilidad de tuberculosis. Síntomas iniciales: déficit neurológico (9 casos), dolor axial o radicular puro (4 casos) y deformidad vertebral pura (1 caso). Frankel al ingreso: E (5 casos), D (2), C (2) y A (5). Localizaciones: torácica, 5; toracolumbar, 6; lumbar, 1; múltiple 2 pacientes. Distribución étnica: 5 caucásicos, 5 aborígenes, 3 criollos, 1 mestizo. Según la Clasificación del GATA: 1 lesión de tipo IB; 4 de tipo II; 8 de tipo III; 1 caso inclasificable. Los pacientes de etnia originaria tuvieron cuadros neurológicos y lesiones GATA más graves. Doce fueron operados; 5 presentaron deformidad secuelar, sin diferencias entre doble instrumentación, instrumentación posterior aislada o sin instrumentación. Al seguimiento: 8 pacientes asintomáticos, 4 fallecidos y 2 con síntomas moderados; no hubo deterioros neurológicos y solo 5 mejorías. Conclusiones: En pacientes de etnia originaria son más frecuentes las formas graves, las presentaciones avanzadas y de tratamiento quirúrgico habitual. La mortalidad es alta.

Introduction: tuberculosis is the seventh leading cause of death. Spinal involvement represents <1% of cases. The objective was to investigate the frequency of Pott´s disease in our province, to typify its profile and to identify guidelines for similar regions. Methods: Identification of all tuberculosis admissions from 1996 to 2014 in the main referral hospitals of our province. Medical records review of all cases with spinal involvement. Frankel and GATA classifications. Data from last national census. Literature review. Results: Fourteen cases: 8 males/6 females. Average age: 35.4 years (range 3.8-63). Follow-up: 2.8 years (range 1 month-15 years); one immediate postoperative death. Seven patients came from low tuberculosis burden Departments. Initial symptoms: neurological impairment (9 cases), pure axial and/or radicular pain (4 cases) and pure spine deformity (1 patient). Initial Frankel: E, 5 cases; D, 2; C, 2; and A, 5 patients. Localization: thoracic, 5; thoraco-lumbar, 6; lumbar, 1; multiple 2 patients. Ethnic distribution: 5 caucasians, 5 natives, 3 creoles, 1 mestizo. According to GATA classification: 1 type IB lesion; 4 type II; 8 type III; one unclassifiable case. Native patients had more severe neurological and GATA lesions. Twelve patients were operated on; 5 had residual deformities without differences among double instrumentation, isolated posterior instrumentation and no instrumentation. At follow-up: 8 asymptomatic cases, 4 deceased and 2 patients with moderate symptoms. No neurological worsening was observed; only 5 patients improved. Conclusions: Severe forms, and advanced and common surgical presentations are more frequent in native patients. Mortality is high.

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