RESUMO
We studied mother-infant relationships and infant independence in wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi) during the first 3 years of infant life. We used 15-min focal sampling to collect data on mother-infant interactions and infant behavior in 12 mother-infant dyads in the Yucatan peninsula, Mexico. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models. Newborns spent almost all their time in proximity and in contact with their mothers. The time infants spent within one-arm reach from the mother decreased with age, and the infant was primarily responsible for maintaining proximity. The time infants spent farther than 8 m from the mother, in independent locomotion, exploration, and proximity with group members other than the mother increased with age. We identified two developmental periods associated with critical milestones of infant independence: the first at 8 to 10 months when independent locomotion and exploration began, and the proportion of time in proximity with group members other than the mother increased and the second at 19 to 21 months when the mother's rejection started, maternal carrying ended and mother's help, in the form of bridging canopy gaps, peaked. Compared with other primate species of similar size, Ateles geoffroyi have an extended dependence period, which could be related to the cognitive and developmental challenges imposed by their socioecological characteristics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
Assuntos
Ateles geoffroyi , Atelinae , Feminino , Animais , Humanos , Mães , MéxicoRESUMO
Experiences during immature phases of development, especially social experiences with individuals of the opposite sex, have implications for adult sexual behavior. Nevertheless, whether and how early experience can affect sexual learning in adulthood is still unclear. We present two experiments exploring how early experience impacts adult sexual Pavlovian conditioning in male Japanese quail. In Experiment 1, 25 male Japanese quail divided into three groups received different stimuli presentations at an early age, namely paired presentations of a conditioned stimulus (CS; a terry cloth model) and an unconditioned stimulus (US; an adult female quail), unpaired presentations of CS and US, and no exposure to stimuli. When they reached sexual maturity, we performed a sexual Pavlovian conditioning procedure with all groups using the same stimuli and tested their conditional response. In Experiment 2, we replicated the first experiment but with younger subjects and additional control variables. In the first experiment, we observed shorter approaching latencies to the CS and longer times near the CS in subjects with paired CS-US presentations compared to unpaired stimuli presentations. This was not replicated in Experiment 2. In both experiments, we found shorter approaching latencies and longer times near the CS in the groups with early exposure to the stimuli (paired or unpaired) compared to the group without this experience. Our findings indicate that the early presentations of stimuli at early stages of life can influence males' (speed of) sexual Pavlovian conditioning during adulthood.
Assuntos
Coturnix , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Animais , Condicionamento Clássico , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento SexualRESUMO
En los últimos años, la comunidad científica latinoamericana ha emprendido diversas estrategias para mejorar la calidad de las publicaciones académicas y lograr aumentar su impacto y visibilidad. En este artículo se propone la creación y el fomento de revistas estudiantiles como una herramienta esencial para lograr establecer una cultura de la publicación exitosa en América Latina. Se describen algunas revistas estudiantiles de psicología en Latinoamérica, así como casos ejemplares de otras regiones del mundo y en especial de la comunidad médico-estudiantil. Finalmente, se introducen algunas reflexiones acerca de qué caracteriza a una revista estudiantil y se señalan herramientas claves para su creación en la comunidad académica.
In recent years, the Latin American scientific community has used several strategies aimed at improving the quality of its academic journals and directed to achieve greater impact and visibility. The article proposes that the creation and promotion of student journals can serve as a tool for the development of a successful publication culture in Latin America. The article also describes some student journals of psychology in Latin America, as well as exemplary international cases, particularly those of medical student publications. Finally, the article presents some ideas on the characteristics of quality student journals and identifies key tools for their development within the scientific community.
Nos últimos anos, a comunidade latino-americana vem empreendendo diversas estratégias para melhorar a qualidade das publicações acadêmicas e conseguir aumentar seu impacto e visibilidade. Neste artigo se propõe a criação e o fomento de revistas estudantis como uma ferramenta essencial para atingir o estabelecimento de uma cultura da publicação de sucesso na América Latina. Descrevem-se algumas revistas estudantis de Psicologia na América Latina bem como casos exemplares de outras regiões do mundo e, em especial, da comunidade médicoestudantil. Finalmente, algumas reflexões sobre o que caracteriza uma revista estudantil são introduzidas e se sinalizam ferramentas-chave para sua criação na comunidade acadêmica.