RESUMO
AIM: To investigate whether Brazilian green propolis improves the immune response against recurrent form isolate recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC) caused by Candida albicans by increasing neutrophil oxidative burst. MATERIALS & METHODS: We evaluated oxidant species production, oxygen consumption, microbicidal activity and myeloperoxidase activity in neutrophils previously treated with propolis and activated with different isolates of C. albicans (RVVC), vulvovaginal candidiasis, asymptomatic isolates and the reference strain. RESULTS: Propolis significantly increased oxidant species production, oxygen consumption, microbicidal activity and myeloperoxidase activity of neutrophils against different isolates of C. albicans including RVVC isolate that are considered resistant to the microbicidal activity of neutrophils. CONCLUSION: Brazilian green propolis may increase neutrophil burst oxidative response to RVVC leading to an efficient removal of C. albicans.
Assuntos
Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Candida albicans/imunologia , Candidíase Vulvovaginal/microbiologia , Neutrófilos/efeitos dos fármacos , Própole/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Brasil , Candida albicans/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida albicans/isolamento & purificação , Feminino , Humanos , Neutrófilos/imunologia , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Neutrófilos/microbiologia , Consumo de Oxigênio/efeitos dos fármacos , Peroxidase/metabolismo , RecidivaRESUMO
The aim of the present work was to develop a topical delivery system that contains Brazilian green propolis extract (PE-8) to increase efficiency and convenience when applied to herpetic lesions. The cytotoxicity and antiherpetic activity was determined in vitro and in vivo. The PE-8 was added to a system that contained poloxamer 407 and carbopol 934P. The in vitro characterization of the system included rheological studies, texture profile analysis, and mucoadhesion analysis. The PE-8 inhibited the virus during the phase of viral infection, induced virion damage, and exhibited an ability to protect cells from viral infection. The system had advantageous mucoadhesive properties, including a suitable gelation temperature of approximately 25°C for topical delivery, a desirable textural profile, and pseudoplastic behavior. The in vitro release study showed a rapid initial release of the PE-8 in the first 3 h, and the rate of drug release remained constant for up to 24 h. The system appeared to be macroscopically and microscopically innocuous to skin tissue. Therefore, the mucoadhesive thermoresponsive system that contained the PE-8 appears to be promising for increasing bioavailability and achieving prolonged release of the PE-8 when applied to skin lesions caused by herpes simplex virus type 1.
Assuntos
Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Herpes Simples/tratamento farmacológico , Herpesvirus Humano 1/efeitos dos fármacos , Própole/administração & dosagem , Acrilatos/química , Adesividade , Animais , Antivirais/química , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/toxicidade , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Chlorocebus aethiops , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Liberação Controlada de Fármacos , Feminino , Herpes Simples/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mucosa Bucal/efeitos dos fármacos , Mucosa Bucal/metabolismo , Mucosa Bucal/virologia , Poloxâmero/química , Própole/química , Própole/uso terapêutico , Própole/toxicidade , Reologia , Pele/efeitos dos fármacos , Pele/metabolismo , Pele/virologia , Temperatura , Células VeroRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The vaginal mucosal cavity is a feasible, safe, very attractive site for drug delivery and highly dynamic with respect to absorption of drugs, their metabolism and their elimination. Compared with other mucosal application sites, the vagina has the following advantages as, a fall in the incidence and severity of gastrointestinal side effects, avoidance of the inconvenience caused by pain, tissue damage and risk of infections which are associated with parenteral routes, ease of self-insertion and removal of the dosage form is possible. In addition, a prolonged contact of a delivery system with the vaginal mucosa may be achieved more easily than at other absorption sites like rectum or intestinal mucosa. Mucoadhesive systems provide intimate contact between a dosage form and the vaginal mucosa, which may result in high concentration in a local area and hence high drug flux through the vaginal mucosa. The efficacy of vaginal mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (DDS) is affected by the biological environment and the properties of the polymer and the drug. OBJECTIVE: This article reviews systematically some relevant citations regarding the environment, strategies for vaginal drug delivery, evaluation, and utilization of the main polymers. CONCLUSION: We provide a review of several vaginal mucoadhesive DDS currently in developmental stages or available in the market, immunization via the vagina and special emphasis on the challenges and difficulties associated with delivery of drugs via the vaginal route.