RESUMO
1. Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), potassium carbonate (K2CO3), and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) are commonly used to correct dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) in birds. However, there are many gaps in the knowledge of their effects when used simultaneously. This study investigated the effect of DEB levels on performance, femur bone characteristics and the expression of genes related to the balance of ionic concentrations in broilers at 21 days of age.2. Male Cobb broiler chickens (n = 245), aged 1-21 d, were divided into groups based on a completely randomised design with five DEB levels (110 mEq/kg, 175 mEq/kg, 240 mEq/kg, 305 mEq/kg, and 370 mEq/kg).3. The performance characteristics measured included body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), feed conversion (FCR) and body weight birds slaughtered (BWS).4. The bone variables assessed in the femur were weight (WE), relative bone weight (RBWE), length (L), width (WI), maximum load supported (MLS), bone-breaking resistance (BR), and Seedor index (SI). In addition, the expression of CHP1, SLC9A1, and SLC24A3 in the livers, intestines and kidneys of birds was evaluated.5. The DEB level of 370 mEq/kg, at Na+ content of 0.48%, resulted in the highest averages for L, MLS, and BR of the femur. This DEB level increased the expression of SLC9A1 in the liver and SLC24A3 in the intestine. A 240 mEq/kg DEB level decreased the expression of CHP1 in the liver, while supplementation with 110 mEq/kg increased the expression of SLC24A3 in the kidney.6. In conclusion, 370 mEq/kg DEB improved FCR and increased the mean bone characteristics of the femur (L, MLS, and BR) and the expression of SLC9A1 and SLC24A3 in the liver and intestine, respectively. These findings should be considered in future assessments of the effects of DEB levels on broilers.
Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Galinhas , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Galinhas/genética , Galinhas/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinária , Eletrólitos , Masculino , Equilíbrio HidroeletrolíticoRESUMO
Anecdotal reports suggest that the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (COVID-19) has increased overweight and obesity prevalence in dogs and cats. The present report aimed to perform a retrospective overweight/obesity survey on 1,001 consecutive cases attended in the Veterinary Clinics Hospital from the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul during its reopening to the public after months closed due to the pandemic. The overall overweight or obesity observed prevalence was 36.63%; being the frequency in cats slightly greater (38.37%) than compared to dogs (35.76%). No local increase in these frequencies was detected. Neutering (dogs and cats), age greater than 10 years (dogs), and male gender (cats) were factors associated with overweight/obesity. Bodyweight was not registered in about 30% of the medical records, while the body condition score was not registered in about 50% of the cases. These flaws were more often observed in feline medical records and efforts to improve these data records are warranted.
Especula-se que a pandemia pelo novo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) tenha agravado a prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade em cães e gatos. O presente artigo teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento de sobrepeso/obesidade, o qual avaliou os registros de 1001 casos consecutivos atendidos no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, durante a reabertura da instituição ao público, após meses fechada devido à pandemia. Observou-se uma prevalência de sobrepeso ou de obesidade de 36,63%, sendo a frequência ligeiramente maior em gatos (38,37%) do que em cães (35,76%) e não sendo documentado aumento local na prevalência. Castrações (cães e gatos), idade > 10 anos (cães) e sexo masculino (gatos) foram associadas ao sobrepeso/obesidade. Em cerca de 30% das fichas não havia peso registrado, e em cerca de 50% não havia registro de ECC. Essas falhas foram mais frequentes em fichas de felinos e demandam medidas para aumentar o registro desses dados pelas equipes clínicas.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Cães , Sobrepeso/veterinária , COVID-19/veterinária , Distúrbios Nutricionais/veterinária , Obesidade/veterinária , Coleta de Dados , Hospitais Veterinários/estatística & dados numéricosRESUMO
The functionality of pressure regulating valves (PRVs) is important for proper uniformity and efficiency of irrigation during center pivot irrigation, especially when the center pivot operates on sloping terrain. In practice, the regulated pressure at the PRV outlet is slightly influenced by its inlet pressure, the flow rate through it, and hysteresis effects. The objectives of this work were (a) to evaluate operational characteristics of PRVs based on requirements stated by ISO 10522 (1993) and (b) to model the regulated pressure as a function of inlet pressure and flow rate through the valve considering hysteresis. We carried out tests to evaluate regulation uniformity, regulation curve, hysteresis, and the regulated pressure as function of flow rate and inlet pressure. The following three models of PRVs were evaluated: 10 PSI, 15 PSI, and 20 PSI. For each model, three samples were tested under increasing and decreasing conditions of inlet pressure, within the range from 49.03 to 784.53 kPa, with increments of 49.03 kPa. In addition, flow rates were tested within the range of 0 and 4 m3 h-1. From the gathered data, models to predict outlet pressure as a function of inlet pressure and flow rate were fitted.
RESUMO
Modifications in life-style and/or pharmacotherapies contribute to weight loss and ameliorate the metabolic profile of diet-induced obese humans and rodents. Since these strategies fail to treat hypothalamic obesity, we have assessed the possible mechanisms by which duodenal-jejunal bypass (DJB) surgery regulates hepatic lipid metabolism and the morphophysiology of pancreatic islets, in hypothalamic obese (HyO) rats. During the first 5 days of life, male Wistar rats received subcutaneous injections of monosodium glutamate (4 g/kg body weight, HyO group), or saline (CTL). At 90 days of age, HyO rats were randomly subjected to DJB (HyO DJB group) or sham surgery (HyO Sham group). HyO Sham rats were morbidly obese, insulin resistant, hypertriglyceridemic and displayed higher serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and hepatic triglyceride (TG). These effects were associated with higher expressions of the lipogenic genes and fatty acid synthase (FASN) protein content in the liver. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in ß-oxidation and TG export were down-regulated in HyO rats. In addition, these rats exhibited hyperinsulinemia, ß-cell hypersecretion, a higher percentage of islets and ß-cell area/pancreas section, and enhanced nuclear content of Ki67 protein in islet-cells. At 2 months after DJB surgery, serum concentrations of TG and NEFA, but not hepatic TG accumulation and gene and protein expressions, were normalized in HyO rats. Insulin release and Ki67 positive cells were also normalized in HyO DJB islets. In conclusion, DJB decreased islet-cell proliferation, normalized insulinemia, and ameliorated insulin sensitivity and plasma lipid profile, independently of changes in hepatic metabolism.
Assuntos
Duodeno/cirurgia , Fígado Gorduroso/metabolismo , Derivação Gástrica/métodos , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/citologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Jejuno/cirurgia , Obesidade/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Glicemia/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células , Colesterol/sangue , Ácido Graxo Sintase Tipo I/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/sangue , Fígado Gorduroso/fisiopatologia , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/fisiopatologia , Doenças Hipotalâmicas/cirurgia , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina , Secreção de Insulina , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/fisiopatologia , Lipogênese/genética , Fígado/metabolismo , Fígado/patologia , Masculino , Obesidade/fisiopatologia , Obesidade/cirurgia , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Pâncreas/patologia , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos Wistar , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Tempo , Triglicerídeos/sangueRESUMO
Triplaris gardneriana (Polygonaceae) is a dioecious pioneer tree reported as insect-pollinated, despite possessing traits related to anemophily. Here, we analyse the possible roles of insects and wind on the pollination of this species to establish whether the species is ambophilous. We carried out observations of floral biology, as well as on the frequency and behaviour of pollinators visiting flowers in a population of T. gardneriana in the Chaco vegetation of Brazil. We conducted experimental pollinations to determine the maternal fertility of female plants and whether they were pollen-limited, and we also conducted aerobiological experiments to provide evidence of how environmental factors influence atmospheric pollen dispersal. The population comprised an area of approximately 152.000 m2 and was composed of 603 female and 426 male plants (sex ratio = 0.59:0.41). We observed 48 species of insects visiting flowers of T. gardneriana, of which the bees Scaptotrigona depilis and Apis mellifera scutellata were the most effective pollinators. We recorded pollen grains dispersed by wind on 74% of the glass slides placed on females, located at different distances (1-10 m) from male plants. Airborne pollen concentration was negatively correlated with relative humidity and positively correlated with temperature. Our observations and experimental results provide the first evidence that T. gardneriana is an ambophilous species, with pollen dispersal resulting from both animal and wind pollination. This mixed pollination strategy may be adaptive in T. gardneriana providing reproductive assurance during colonisation of sites with different biotic and abiotic conditions.
Assuntos
Polinização/fisiologia , Polygonaceae/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , Ecologia , Insetos/fisiologia , Reprodução/fisiologia , VentoRESUMO
We report the roadkill of a jaguar in one of the longest highways in Brazil (BR-101), in the stretch where this road crosses one of the most important Atlantic Forest remnants in the country: the Linhares-Sooretama block. The jaguar population present in this area represents the very last in entire Espírito Santo state. There is an approved project to the lines duplication of the entire BR-101 Highway and the company responsible by the work has already started the first activities in the state. However, there is no environmental impact assessment already done neither planning for the implementation of measures to avoid or reduce the roadkill risk in the region. Thus, to minimize the impacts associated with the BR-101, we do not recommend its lines duplication along the 15 km stretch traversing the Linhares-Sooretama block. In addition, alternatively, we suggest the deviation of the current route of the BR-101 Highway or the construction of overpasses to fauna in the most critical points, interspersing these overpasses with electronic speed monitoring devices and warning and educational plates.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Panthera/fisiologia , Animais , Brasil , Feminino , FlorestasRESUMO
We report experiments with polyaniline-Fe3O4 (PANI-Fe3O4) nanocomposites synthesized under several different conditions. With a reaction carried out at room temperature and assisted by intense ultra-violet (UV) irradiation, we observe sustained oscillations in the magnetization with a period of about 25 min. The oscillations are interpreted as the result of an oscillatory chemical reaction in which part of the Fe(+2) ions of magnetite, Fe3O4, are oxidized by the UV irradiation to form Fe(+3) so that a fraction of the magnetite content transforms into maghemite, γ-Fe2O3. Then, Fe(+3) ions at the nanoparticle surfaces are reduced and transformed back into Fe(+2), when acting as an oxidizing agent for polyaniline in the polymerization process. Since maghemite has smaller magnetization than magnetite, the oscillating chemical reaction results in the oscillatory magnetization. The observations are interpreted with the Lotka-Volterra nonlinear coupled equations with parameters that can be adjusted to fit very well the experimental data.
RESUMO
We report the roadkill of a jaguar in one of the longest highways in Brazil (BR-101), in the stretch where this road crosses one of the most important Atlantic Forest remnants in the country: the Linhares-Sooretama block. The jaguar population present in this area represents the very last in entire Espírito Santo state. There is an approved project to the lines duplication of the entire BR-101 Highway and the company responsible by the work has already started the first activities in the state. However, there is no environmental impact assessment already done neither planning for the implementation of measures to avoid or reduce the roadkill risk in the region. Thus, to minimize the impacts associated with the BR-101, we do not recommend its lines duplication along the 15 km stretch traversing the Linhares-Sooretama block. In addition, alternatively, we suggest the deviation of the current route of the BR-101 Highway or the construction of overpasses to fauna in the most critical points, interspersing these overpasses with electronic speed monitoring devices and warning and educational plates.(AU)
A presente comunicação reporta o atropelamento e morte de uma onça-pintada na Rodovia BR-101 em trecho associado a um dos remanescentes de Mata Atlântica mais importantes do país: o bloco Linhares-Sooretama, que abriga a última população da espécie no estado do Espírito Santo. O projeto para duplicação de toda BR-101 já foi aprovado e a concessionária responsável pelas obras já iniciou as primeiras ações no estado, mas ainda não há estudo de impacto ambiental para o projeto de duplicação ou o planejamento de medidas especiais para evitar ou reduzir o risco de atropelamento de fauna na região. Desta forma, para minimizar os impactos associados à BR-101, é recomendada a não duplicação do trecho de 15 quilômetros que atravessa o bloco Linhares-Sooretama. Sugere-se, alternativamente, o desvio do traçado atual da Rodovia BR-101 ou a construção de viadutos para a fauna nos pontos mais críticos, intercalando estas passagens com redutores eletrônicos de velocidade e placas educativas e de advertência.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/métodos , Panthera/fisiologia , Brasil , FlorestasRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Preeclampsia is a complex and heterogeneous disease with increased risk of maternal mortality, especially for earlier gestational onset. There is a great inconsistency regarding the genetics of preeclampsia across the literature. The gene Activin A receptor, type IIA (ACVR2A), was reported as associated to preeclampsia in Australian/New Zealand and Norwegian populations. The goal of this study was to validate this genetic association in a Brazilian population. METHODS: We performed a case-control study using 693 controls and 613 cases (443 preeclampsia, 64 eclampsia and 106 HELLP syndrome), from a Northeastern Brazilian population. Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in ACVR2A were tested for association through multiple logistic regression models. RESULTS: There was no statistical association with preeclampsia (per se), eclampsia or HELLP. However, by grouping preeclampsia in accordance to the gestational age at delivery, SNPs rs1424954 (OR = 1.86; 95% CI, 1.25-2.78; p = 0.002) and rs1014064 (OR = 1.77; 95% CI, 1.21-2.60; p = 0.004) were significantly associated with early onset preeclampsia (gestational age ≤ 34 weeks). The risk haplotype had a frequency of 0.468 in early preeclampsia compared to 0.316 in controls (p = 0.0008 and permuted p = 0.002). DISCUSSION: Activin A receptors are important in decidualization, trophoblast invasion and placentation processes during pregnancy. The gene ACVR2A was associated with the more severe early onset preeclampsia. This finding supports the hypothesis of different pathogenic mechanisms contributing to the early- and late-onset preeclampsia.
Assuntos
Receptores de Activinas Tipo II/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Pré-Eclâmpsia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Idade de Início , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Idade Gestacional , Síndrome HELLP/epidemiologia , Síndrome HELLP/genética , Humanos , Pré-Eclâmpsia/epidemiologia , Gravidez , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Investigou-se a influência da melatonina sobre o hemograma de ratas prenhes e dos filhotes e sobre a histogênese e morfometria do baço e do timo dos filhotes. A melatonina foi administrada na dose 0,5mg/kg de peso corporal, dissolvida em 0,1mL de etanol e diluída em 0,3mL de solução salina. Para análise do hematócrito, contagem total de hemácias e contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos, amostras de sangue foram coletadas no sétimo, 14ºe 21ºdias de prenhez e aos 10 dias de nascimento dos filhotes. Cortes histológicos do baço e do timo da prole foram utilizados para histoquímica e morfometria. A ausência da melatonina promoveu alterações no hemograma apenas no terço final da gestação, sem interferir no hemograma dos filhotes, e induziu modificações morfológicas e morfométricas no timo e no baço nos primeiros dias de vida dos filhotes. Concluiu-se que a melatonina materna é importante para a modulação do hemograma em ratas prenhes e para o desenvolvimento normal do baço e do timo dos filhotes.
We investigated the influence of melatonin on the hemogram of pregnant rats and puppies, and on the histogenesis and morphology of the spleen and thymus of puppies. Melatonin was administered at a dose 0.5mg/kgbody weight, dissolved in 0.1mL of ethanol and diluted in 0.3mL of saline. For hematocrit analysis, total erythrocyte count and total and differential leukocyte count, blood samples were collected on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of pregnancy and the offspring at 10 days of birth. Histological sections of spleen and thymus of the offspring were used for histochemistry and morphometry. The absence of melatonin promoted changes in blood count only in the final third of gestation, without interfering with the hemogram of the puppies, and induced morphological and morphometric changes in the thymus and spleen in the first days of life of the puppies. It was concluded that maternal melatonin is important for the modulation of the blood count in pregnant rats and the normal development of the spleen and thymus of the offspring.
Assuntos
Animais , Baço/anatomia & histologia , Gravidez/fisiologia , Imunidade , Melatonina/análise , Ratos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Investigou-se a influência da melatonina sobre o hemograma de ratas prenhes e dos filhotes e sobre a histogênese e morfometria do baço e do timo dos filhotes. A melatonina foi administrada na dose 0,5mg/kg de peso corporal, dissolvida em 0,1mL de etanol e diluída em 0,3mL de solução salina. Para análise do hematócrito, contagem total de hemácias e contagem total e diferencial dos leucócitos, amostras de sangue foram coletadas no sétimo, 14ºe 21ºdias de prenhez e aos 10 dias de nascimento dos filhotes. Cortes histológicos do baço e do timo da prole foram utilizados para histoquímica e morfometria. A ausência da melatonina promoveu alterações no hemograma apenas no terço final da gestação, sem interferir no hemograma dos filhotes, e induziu modificações morfológicas e morfométricas no timo e no baço nos primeiros dias de vida dos filhotes. Concluiu-se que a melatonina materna é importante para a modulação do hemograma em ratas prenhes e para o desenvolvimento normal do baço e do timo dos filhotes.(AU)
We investigated the influence of melatonin on the hemogram of pregnant rats and puppies, and on the histogenesis and morphology of the spleen and thymus of puppies. Melatonin was administered at a dose 0.5mg/kgbody weight, dissolved in 0.1mL of ethanol and diluted in 0.3mL of saline. For hematocrit analysis, total erythrocyte count and total and differential leukocyte count, blood samples were collected on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of pregnancy and the offspring at 10 days of birth. Histological sections of spleen and thymus of the offspring were used for histochemistry and morphometry. The absence of melatonin promoted changes in blood count only in the final third of gestation, without interfering with the hemogram of the puppies, and induced morphological and morphometric changes in the thymus and spleen in the first days of life of the puppies. It was concluded that maternal melatonin is important for the modulation of the blood count in pregnant rats and the normal development of the spleen and thymus of the offspring.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Melatonina/análise , Gravidez/fisiologia , Baço/anatomia & histologia , Imunidade , Ratos/classificaçãoRESUMO
Avaliou-se o efeito da administração de dexametasona no início e no meio da gestação de ratas, sobre os perfis glicídicos e hematológicos materno e da prole. Os animais foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: dexametasona do primeiro ao sétimo dia e placebo do oitavo ao 14º dia; placebo do primeiro ao sétimo dia e dexametasona do oitavo ao 14º dia; dexametasona do primeiro ao 14º dia e placebo do primeiro ao 14º dia de gestação. A dexametasona foi administrada por via intraperitoneal, na dose de 0,8mg/kg. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue no sétimo, 14º e 21º dias de gestação, e de sangue e tecido hepático da prole no quinto, 10º e 15º dias pós-natal. Para a verificação das reservas de glicogênio hepático da prole, cortes histológicos foram corados pelo ácido periódico de Schiff. Os resultados apontam para um efeito tempo-dependente da administração de dexametasona durante a gestação, levando a alterações temporais distintas na hematologia e na concentração plasmática de carboidratos nas matrizes e na prole.
The effect of the administration of dexamethasone at the beginning and middle of the pregnancy in rats on hematological and glicidic maternal and offspring profile was evaluated. The animals underwent the following treatments: dexamethasone from the first to the seventh day and placebo from the 8th to the 14th day, placebo from the first to the seventh day and dexamethasone from the 8th to the 14th day; dexamethasone from the 1st to the 14th day, and placebo treatment from the first to the 14th day of gestation. Dexamethasone was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of pregnancy, and blood and liver tissue of offspring on the fifth, 10th and 15th days postnatal. For verification of the reserves of liver glycogen on the offspring, histological sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff. The results point to a time-dependent effect of dexamethasone during pregnancy, leading to different temporal changes in hematology and plasma levels of carbohydrates in headquarters and in the offspring.
RESUMO
Avaliou-se o efeito da administração de dexametasona no início e no meio da gestação de ratas, sobre os perfis glicídicos e hematológicos materno e da prole. Os animais foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: dexametasona do primeiro ao sétimo dia e placebo do oitavo ao 14º dia; placebo do primeiro ao sétimo dia e dexametasona do oitavo ao 14º dia; dexametasona do primeiro ao 14º dia e placebo do primeiro ao 14º dia de gestação. A dexametasona foi administrada por via intraperitoneal, na dose de 0,8mg/kg. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue no sétimo, 14º e 21º dias de gestação, e de sangue e tecido hepático da prole no quinto, 10º e 15º dias pós-natal. Para a verificação das reservas de glicogênio hepático da prole, cortes histológicos foram corados pelo ácido periódico de Schiff. Os resultados apontam para um efeito tempo-dependente da administração de dexametasona durante a gestação, levando a alterações temporais distintas na hematologia e na concentração plasmática de carboidratos nas matrizes e na prole.(AU)
The effect of the administration of dexamethasone at the beginning and middle of the pregnancy in rats on hematological and glicidic maternal and offspring profile was evaluated. The animals underwent the following treatments: dexamethasone from the first to the seventh day and placebo from the 8th to the 14th day, placebo from the first to the seventh day and dexamethasone from the 8th to the 14th day; dexamethasone from the 1st to the 14th day, and placebo treatment from the first to the 14th day of gestation. Dexamethasone was administered intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.8 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected on the 7th, 14th and 21st days of pregnancy, and blood and liver tissue of offspring on the fifth, 10th and 15th days postnatal. For verification of the reserves of liver glycogen on the offspring, histological sections were stained with periodic acid-Schiff. The results point to a time-dependent effect of dexamethasone during pregnancy, leading to different temporal changes in hematology and plasma levels of carbohydrates in headquarters and in the offspring.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Camundongos , Prenhez , Glucocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Glucocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Metabolismo dos Carboidratos , Proteínas/metabolismoRESUMO
A comparative study on the behavior in the air-water interface of ß-lactoglobulin, α-lactoalbumin, glycinin and ß-conglycinin was performed. The behavior at the interface was evaluated by equilibrium surface tension and surface rheological properties of adsorbed films. There were significant differences (α ≤ 0.05) in the values of the constants of adsorption to the interface of the four proteins. The glycinin had the slowest rate of adsorption, due to its low average hydrophobicity, low molecular flexibility and large molecular size. Smaller proteins like ß-lactoglobulin and α-lactoalbumin tended to greater equilibrium pressure values than the larger proteins because of its higher rate of adsorption to the interface. The foam capacity of proteins showed a positive correlation with the average hydrophobicity; the maximal retained liquid volume or the initial rate of passage of liquid to foam were significantly lower (α ≤ 0.05) when protein was glycinin. The dilatational modulus of glycinin was the lowest, which implies lowest resistance to disruption of the film. Glycinin protein has lower proportion of gravitational drainage and higher disproportionation having perhaps a less resistant film. In conclusion, ß-conglycinin and whey proteins showed a similar behavior, so ß-conglycinin might be the best soybean protein to replace milk proteins in food formulations.
Assuntos
Ar , Interações Hidrofóbicas e Hidrofílicas , Proteínas/química , Reologia , Propriedades de Superfície , Água/químicaRESUMO
Com a utilização de plantas medicinais em infusões, xaropes, tinturas, ungüentos, dentre outras formas, pressupõe-se que fungos endofíticos, presentes no interior das plantas, mas sem causar doença, possam tornar-se um componente destes produtos, principalmente quando utilizados in natura. Além disso, os fungos endofíticos podem também produzir substâncias tóxicas aos usuários ou mesmo alterar o metabolismo vegetal, modificando a composição e as propriedades medicinais, assim como, a qualidade do produto armazenado e comercializado. Neste sentido, objetivou-se isolar e identificar a flora fúngica endofítica de onze espécies medicinais escolhidas ao acaso. Obtiveram-se culturas-puras dos fungos Phomopsis, Colletotrichum, Pestalotia, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Nigrospora e Glomerella ocorrendo endofiticamente em Plectranthus barbatus, Vernonia condensata, Pfaffia paniculata, Foeniculum vulgare, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cordia curassavica, Maytenus ilicifolia, Punica granatum, Morus nigra e Bauhinia forficata. As espécies vegetais em que se identificaram o maior número de fungos endofíticos foram Vernonia condensata, Punica granatum e Morus nigra. Todos os fungos recuperados neste trabalho apresentaram características estritamente endofíticas, não manifestando patogenicidade nas espécies hospedeiras. Dentre os fungos detectados, especial atenção deve ser dada ao gênero Fusarium, uma vez que inúmeras espécies deste gênero são conhecidas produtoras de micotoxinas e constituem-se em importantes patógenos pós-colheita.
With the use of medicinal plants in infusions, syrups, dyes, unguents, among other forms, it is expected that endophytic fungi, present inside the plants but not causing diseases, become components of these products, especially when used in natura. In addition, endophytic fungi can produce toxic substances to the users or even modify the plant metabolism, altering the medicinal composition and properties, as well as the quality of the stored and commercialized product. Therefore, the aim of this study was to isolate and identify the endophytic flora from eleven randomly chosen medicinal species. Pure cultures were obtained from the fungi Phomopsis, Colletotrichum, Pestalotia, Trichoderma, Fusarium, Nigrospora and Glomerella endophytically occurring in Plectranthus barbatus, Vernonia condensata, Pfaffia paniculata, Foeniculum vulgare, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon nardus, Cordia curassavica, Maytenus ilicifolia, Punica granatum, Morus nigra and Bauhinia forficata. The plant species that presented the highest number of endophytic fungi were Vernonia condensata, Punica granatum and Morus nigra. All fungi recovered in this study showed strictly endophytic features, not manifesting pathogenicity in their host species. Among the detected fungi, special attention must be given to the genus Fusarium, since a wide range of species of this genus are known to produce mycotoxins and constitute important post-harvest pathogens.
Assuntos
Plantas Medicinais/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fungos/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , MicotoxinasRESUMO
The temporal and spatial resource use among hummingbirds was studied over 13 months in an urban forest remnant (Prosa State Park: PSP) in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Hummingbird visitation was recorded at three ornithophilous and eleven non-ornithophilous species. Flower density was roughly constant during the study period, with the density of non-ornithophilous flowers being higher than that of ornithophilous ones. Mean values of nectar volume and concentration were similar between ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous species. Eight hummingbird species were observed at PSP: Amazilia fimbriata, Anthracothorax nigricollis, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura, Hylocharis chrysura, Florisuga fusca, Thalurania furcata and an unidentified species. Hummingbird visit frequencies to ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous flowers were similar. However, some non-ornithophilous species received a higher number of visits, which seems to be related to their large number of open flowers per plant per day. The number of feedings bouts of hummingbirds increased with the total number of flowers observed per focal plant. All recorded species of hummingbirds visited non-ornithophilous flowers, predominantly melittophilous and generalised entomophilous flowers. Hummingbird species recorded at PSP may be viewed as generalists, visiting a large number of non-ornithophilous species. Despite being an urban forest, PSP is relatively rich in hummingbird species, suggesting that it provides important shelter and foraging sites for hummingbirds in such an environment.
Assuntos
Aves/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Flores/classificação , Animais , Aves/classificação , Brasil , Densidade Demográfica , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The temporal and spatial resource use among hummingbirds was studied over 13 months in an urban forest remnant (Prosa State Park: PSP) in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Hummingbird visitation was recorded at three ornithophilous and eleven non-ornithophilous species. Flower density was roughly constant during the study period, with the density of non-ornithophilous flowers being higher than that of ornithophilous ones. Mean values of nectar volume and concentration were similar between ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous species. Eight hummingbird species were observed at PSP: Amazilia fimbriata, Anthracothorax nigricollis, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura, Hylocharis chrysura, Florisuga fusca, Thalurania furcata and an unidentified species. Hummingbird visit frequencies to ornithophilous and non-ornithophilous flowers were similar. However, some non-ornithophilous species received a higher number of visits, which seems to be related to their large number of open flowers per plant per day. The number of feedings bouts of hummingbirds increased with the total number of flowers observed per focal plant. All recorded species of hummingbirds visited non-ornithophilous flowers, predominantly melittophilous and generalised entomophilous flowers. Hummingbird species recorded at PSP may be viewed as generalists, visiting a large number of non-ornithophilous species. Despite being an urban forest, PSP is relatively rich in hummingbird species, suggesting that it provides important shelter and foraging sites for hummingbirds in such an environment.(AU)
O uso temporal e espacial de recursos por beija-flores foi estudado ao longo de 13 meses em um remanescente florestal urbano (Parque Estadual do Prosa: PSP) em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. As visitas dos beija-flores foram registradas em três espécies ornitófilas e 11 não ornitófilas. A densidade de flores foi mais ou menos constante durante o período de estudo, com a densidade de flores não ornitófilas sendo maior que a de flores ornitófilas. Os valores médios de volume e concentração do néctar foram similares entre as espécies ornitófilas e não ornitófilas. Oito espécies de beija-flores foram observadas no PSP: Amazilia fimbriata, Anthracothorax nigricollis, Chlorostilbon lucidus, Eupetomena macroura, Hylocharis chrysura, Florisuga fusca, Thalurania furcata e uma espécie não identificada. A frequência de visitas dos beija-flores foi similar entre as espécies ornitófilas e não ornitófilas. Entretanto, algumas espécies não ornitófilas receberam um alto número de visitas, o que parece estar relacionado ao alto número de flores abertas por planta por dia. O número de turnos de visitas dos beija-flores aumentou com o número total de flores observadas por planta focal. Todas as espécies de beija-flores visitaram flores não ornitófilas, predominantemente flores de espécies melitófilas e entomófilas generalistas. Os beija-flores observados no PSP podem ser considerados generalistas, visitando um grande número de espécies não ornitófilas. Apesar de o PSP ser um fragmento florestal urbano, possui riqueza de espécies de beija-flores relativamente alta, sugerindo ser importante sítio de abrigo e forrageamento para os beija-flores neste ambiente.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Aves/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar/fisiologia , Flores/classificação , Aves/classificação , Brasil , Estações do AnoRESUMO
The present study has analyzed thirty chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) brains, injected with latex, aiming tosystematize and describe the distribution and the vascularization territories of the rostral cerebral artery. Therostral cerebral artery was the terminal branch of the terminal branch, right and left, of the basilar artery,projected from the emittion of the middle cerebral artery, rostromedially, crossing dorsally the optic nerve untilit reaches the cerebral longitudinal fissure, ventrally. Its branches were distributed mostly on the paleopallium,supplying the olfactory trigone, the medial olfactory tract, the olfactory peduncle and the olfactory bulb.The branches to the neopallium vascularized the entire medial surface, except for the tenctorial part of it, thefrontal pole and a zone that was extended from the frontal to the occipital poles, medially to the vallecula,on the convex surface of the cerebral hemisphere. The first collateral branch of the rostral cerebral artery wasthe medial branch, which entered into the longitudinal fissure of the brain and continued as rostral interhemisphericartery. The rostral cerebral artery continued rostrally emitting central branches and the medialand lateral arteries of the olfactory bulb, to the paleopallial region of the chinchilla brain. After the emittion ofthe medial artery of the olfactory bulb, the rostral cerebral artery continued to follow the cerebral longitudinalfissure, as internal ethmoidal artery, its terminal branch.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Artérias Cerebrais/anatomia & histologia , Artérias Cerebrais/fisiologia , Cérebro/anatomia & histologia , Cérebro/irrigação sanguínea , Cérebro/metabolismo , Artérias/metabolismo , Chinchila , LátexRESUMO
The pollen diet of Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera L. was studied during seven months (October 2006 to April 2007) in a natural forest fragment in the southern Pantanal, sub-region of Abobral, Mato Grosso do Sul. The analysis of the pollen diet was based on direct observations of the bees visiting flowers as well as through the use of a pollen trap installed in a wild colony in a tree hole in the same forest fragment. The total of 28 species in 15 botanical families were observed as potential sources of pollen for A. mellifera, with visits registered in 24 of these species in 13 botanical families. In the pollen trap we recorded 25 pollen types. This study is the first report to use this type of trap for pollen collection in the Neotropical region and aimed to identify the polliniferous bee plants of Brazilian Pantanal.
Assuntos
Abelhas/fisiologia , Comportamento Alimentar , Pólen , Animais , Abelhas/classificação , BrasilRESUMO
Soybean plants are promising bioreactors for the expression of biochemically complex proteins that cannot be produced in a safe and/or economically viable way in microorganisms, eukaryotic culture cells or secreted by transgenic animal glands. Soybeans present many desirable agronomic characteristics for high scale protein production, such as high productivity, short reproductive cycle, photoperiod sensitivity, and natural organs destined for protein accumulation in the seeds. The significant similarities between plant and human cells in terms of protein synthesis processes, folding, assembly, and post-translational processing are important for efficient accumulation of recombinant proteins. We obtained two transgenic lines using biolystics, incorporating the human proinsulin gene under control of the monocot tissue-specific promoter from sorghum gamma-kafirin seed storage protein gene and the alpha-coixin cotyledonary vacuolar signal peptide from Coix lacryma-jobi (Poaceae). Transgenic plants expressed the proinsulin gene and accumulated the polypeptide in mature seeds. Protein targeting to cotyledonary protein storage vacuoles was successfully achieved and confirmed with immunocytochemistry assays. The combination of different regulatory sequences was apparently responsible for high stability in protein accumulation, since human proinsulin was detected after seven years under room temperature storage conditions.