RESUMO
Patulin (PAT) is a potent mycotoxin commonly found in apples and apple-based products such as juice, thus affecting global food safety. Therefore, development of fast and simple analytical methods to effectively control its contamination is of great importance. This study developed and validated a technique for the analysis of PAT in samples of industrialized apple juice based on liquid-liquid extraction and using acetonitrile as the extraction solvent. Detection via mass spectrometry was performed after Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization (APCI). Mean recoveries of 97.5, 92.49 and 96.92% were reached for 4, 8 and 20 µg/L of PAT, respectively. The analyte was monitored with an APCI source in negative ion mode to identify its fragments. The 24 analyzed samples presented PAT levels below the limit of quantification. It may be concluded that the method fulfilled all of the validation criteria, thus being appropriate for routine surveillance of PAT in apple juice.
Assuntos
Malus , Patulina , Bebidas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Cromatografia Líquida , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Patulina/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Este trabajo describe la variabilidad química del aceite esencial (AE) de N. megapotamica, utilizando análisis multivariado. Se colectaron hojas de tres individuos en una población en Santa Maria, Brasil, en cada estación durante un año y se clasificaron en hojas jóvenes y viejas. Los AE se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación y la composición química fue determinada por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas. Se realizó un análisis de agrupamiento jerárquico para formación de grupos químicos (GQ) y análisis de componentes principales (ACP) para verificar cuáles constituyentes influenciaron la formación de grupos. Inicialmente se observaron dos agrupamientos en el dendrograma debido a concentraciones de α-pineno y biciclogermacreno, constituyentes mayoritarios. En el segundo corte se discriminaron cinco GQ, siendo este también el número de componentes principales con valores propios superiores a 1. Los isómeros de asarona se observaron solamente en el AE de dos individuos (GQ5), constituyendo los principales elementos de diferenciación.
This work describes the chemical variability of the essential oils (EO) of N. megapotamica using multivariate analysis. Leaves of three individuals of a population in Santa Maria-RS were collected per season for a year, and classified into young and old. The EO were obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Cluster analysis (HCA) were performed for formation of chemical groups (CG), and principal component analysis was done (PCA) to determine which constituents influenced the formation of groups. Initially, two clusters were observed in the dendrogram, due to the concentration of α-pinene and bicyclogermacrene, major constituents of the EO. The second section showed five different CG, which is also the number of principal components with eigenvalues greater than 1. The occurrence of isomers of asarone was observed only in EO of two individuals (CG5), containing the main elements of differentiation.