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Tuberculomas are rare and a life-threatening condition. Diagnosis followed by appropriate treatment can lead to complete resolution of the disease. A suggestive imaging study in an appropriate clinical setting can lead to the diagnosis. We describe a case of a postpartum woman with a headache and seizure in which eclampsia was the initial suspicion. Imaging exams demonstrated a solitary expansile lesion in the left parietal lobe suspicious of neoplasia. A biopsy, instead, confirmed a tuberculoma. In addition to eclampsia, many other differential diagnoses are possible in the context of seizures in pregnant and peripartum patients, including central nervous system tuberculosis. Brain imaging studies can be crucial in the diagnostic process.
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The term parasagittal meningioma applies to those tumors that are associated with the superior sagittal sinus (SSS), originating from the dura mater in close relation to the parasagittal wall or angle, with no intervening brain tissue, possibly extending to the dura of the convexity and/or falx cerebri.(Cushing et al., Meningiomas: their classification, regional behaviour, life history, and surgeical and results. Hafner, 1938) They make up about 20-30% of all meningiomas. There is a vast literature correlating the Simpson grade of resection with later recurrence. Frequent involvement of the superior sagittal sinus (SSS) by these tumors means that the optimal treatment recommended in the literature-complete resection, including of the dural base-is one of the most challenging.
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BACKGROUND: Meningioma is the most common benign intracranial neoplasm, accounting for 30% of all primary brain tumors. In 90% of cases, meningiomas are benign. Several aspects of molecular biology, including potential biomarkers, have been studied in attempts to better understand the natural history of meningiomas. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a biomarker responsible for inducing physiological and pathological angiogenesis. VEGF expression has been investigated as a potential predictor of several tumor aspects, including growth rate, recurrence rate, brain tissue invasion, peritumoral edema and surgical prognosis, and also as a marker of histological grade. However, there is no consensus in the literature with respect to the association between this biological factor and meningioma. We digitally analyzed immunohistochemical images using ImageJ software with the aim of correlating VEGF expression with tumor histology. METHODS: Tissue samples from patients presenting with meningioma who had undergone surgical removal between 2007 and 2016 at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), in Southern Brazil, were analyzed to identify possible immunohistochemical associations between VEGF and histological grade and subtype. RESULTS: Seventy-six patients were included; 82% were female, mean age was 59.9 years (range: 18-91). No statistically significant associations were found between VEGF expression and histological grade or subtype (P = 0.310). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that VEGF is frequently present in meningiomas regardless of histological grade and should not be used as a marker of severity or histological grade.
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BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to characterize the clinical profile of patients with anterior communicating artery (ACoA) aneurysms and examine potential correlations between clinical findings, aneurysm morphology, and outcome. METHODS: A review of medical records and diagnostic neuroimaging reports of patients treated at a neurosurgical service in Porto Alegre, Brazil, between August 2008 and January 2015 was performed. RESULTS: During the period, 100 patients underwent surgery for ACoA aneurysms. Fifteen had unruptured aneurysms and 85 had ruptured aneurysms. Ruptured aneurysms had a higher aspect ratio than unruptured ones (2.37 ± 0.71 vs. 1.93 ± 0.51, P = 0.02). Intraoperative rupture occurred in 3%, and temporary clipping was performed in 15%. Clinical vasospasm occurred in 43 patients with ruptured aneurysms (50.6%). Overall, mortality was 26%; 25 patients in the ruptured group (29.4%) and one in the unruptured group (6%). The Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) was favorable (GOS 4 or 5) in 54% of patients, significantly more so in those with unruptured aneurysms (P = 0.01). In patients with ruptured aneurysms, mortality was associated with preoperative Hunt and Hess (HH) score (P < 0.001), hydrocephalus (P < 0.001), and clinical complications (P < 0.001). Unfavorable outcomes were associated with HH score (P < 0.001), Fisher grade (P = 0.015), clinical vasospasm (P = 0.012), external ventricular drain (P = 0.015), hydrocephalus (P < 0.001), and presence of clinical complications (P = 0.001). In patients with unruptured aneurysms, presence of clinical complications was the only factor associated with mortality (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Despite advances in the management of subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgical treatment of aneurysms, mortality is still high, especially due to clinical complications.
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BACKGROUND: Despite colloid cyst in the third ventricle is a very usual cause of hydrocephalus, its xanthogranulomatous variant is rare. The most important differential diagnosis is the third ventricular craniopharyngioma. To the best of the authors' knowledge, there have been few cases of xanthogranulomatous variant colloid cysts reported in the English literature. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 77-year-old white woman presented with headaches, memory loss, and abnormal gait for the past 4 months. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a solid cystic lesion measuring 3.0 cm×2.8 cm×2.9 cm located inside the anterior portion of the third ventricle causing obstructive hydrocephalus. The posterior portion of the lesion was predominantly solid and hypointense on T2 and T1, with areas of post- contrast enhancement, and the anterior portion was predominantly cystic with both hyper- and hypointense areas on T1 and T2, with no suppression on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery and no restriction to diffusion. The patient underwent a left frontal craniotomy with pterional approach, and the lesion was removed microsurgically. CONCLUSION: Xanthogranulomatous reaction is rarely described in colloid cysts, which happens as a response to desquamation of epithelial lining, subsequent lipid accumulation, and as tissue inflammatory response to intracystic hemorrhage. Microsurgical resection is the treatment of choice. As compared to the plain colloid cyst, these lesions are difficult to fully excise as the inflammatory reaction to the xanthomatous material leads to adhesions to adjacent structures; therefore, the aspiration of cystic contents without spillage is advisable to achieve maximal resection of cyst walls.
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BACKGROUND: Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant brain tumor in the pediatric population. Despite prognosis improvement in the past two decades, one-third of the patients still remain incurable. New evidence suggests that medulloblastoma comprises four distinct entities; therefore, treatment de-escalation is required. The aim of this article is to evaluate epidemiological data from patients treated at our institution. The primary objective is to analyze overall survival (OS) and event-free survival (EFS) and the secondary objective is to identify prognostic factor from this cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 69 patients who underwent surgical resection for medulloblastoma among 423 children from the tumor registry data bank of Santo Antônio Children's Hospital from 1995 to 2016. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to identify OS, EFS, and prognostic factors. RESULTS: The 5-year OS and EFS rates found were 44.5% and 36.4%, respectively. The extent of resection and radiotherapy as adjuvant treatments was positively correlated to outcome while metastatic disease at diagnosis was negatively related to OS. Age younger than 3 years old did not have a worse outcome in our cohort. CONCLUSION: Similar results to population-based studies were found, but we still face difficulties due to living in a developing country. In the near future, we look forward to new diagnostic techniques that will enable us to classify medulloblastomas according to molecular subgroups.
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OBJECTIVE: Correlate the middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm morphology with the pre-operative and intra-operative risk of rupture. METHODS: Forty patients with 46 middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms were treated microsurgically by the same surgeon. Aneurysms were classified according to shape and the Fisher test was applied to analyze the effect of morphology on the pre-operative and intra-operative rupture. RESULTS: Pre-operative and intra-operative ruptures were observed in 8/46 patients (17.4%) and 14/46 patients (30.4%) respectively. Thirty-two cases (69.6%) had no symptoms postoperatively, modified Rankin score (MRS) of 0; 6.5% had MRS of 1 (no significant disability); 13% had MRS of 2 (slight disability); 4.3% had moderately severe disability (MRS of 4); and there were 3 deaths (6.5%) post-operatively. The morphology was not directly related to the rupture rate. CONCLUSION: In general, ruptures are not affected by the morphology or the studied variables. Larger series are needed to validate these outcomes.
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Aneurisma Roto/diagnóstico por imagem , Angiografia Cerebral , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Complicações Intraoperatórias/cirurgia , Artéria Cerebral Média/cirurgia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Aneurisma Roto/etiologia , Aneurisma Roto/cirurgia , Feminino , Humanos , Aneurisma Intracraniano/complicações , Aneurisma Intracraniano/diagnóstico por imagem , Complicações Intraoperatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Fatores de Risco , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective Correlate the middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm morphology with the pre-operative and intra-operative risk of rupture. Methods Forty patients with 46 middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms were treated microsurgically by the same surgeon. Aneurysms were classified according to shape and the Fisher test was applied to analyze the effect of morphology on the pre-operative and intra-operative rupture. Results Pre-operative and intra-operative ruptures were observed in 8/46 patients (17.4%) and 14/46 patients (30.4%) respectively. Thirty-two cases (69.6%) had no symptoms postoperatively, modified Rankin score (MRS) of 0; 6.5% had MRS of 1 (no significant disability); 13% had MRS of 2 (slight disability); 4.3% had moderately severe disability (MRS of 4); and there were 3 deaths (6.5%) post-operatively. The morphology was not directly related to the rupture rate. Conclusion In general, ruptures are not affected by the morphology or the studied variables. Larger series are needed to validate these outcomes.
RESUMO Objetivo Correlacionar a morfologia do aneurisma da bifurcação da artéria cerebral média com o risco de ruptura pré-operatória e intra-operatória. Métodos 40 pacientes com 46 aneurismas de bifurcação da artéria cerebral média receberam tratamento microcirúrgico pelo mesmo cirurgião. Os aneurismas foram classificados de acordo com a morfologia e o teste de Fisher foi aplicado para analisar o efeito da morfologia sobre a ruptura pré-operatória e intra-operatória. Resultados As rupturas pré e intra-operatória foram observadas em 8/46 pacientes (17,4%) e 14/46 (30,4%) respectivamente. Trinta e dois casos (69,6%) não apresentaram sintomas pós-operatórios, pontuação de Rankin modificada (MRS) de 0, 6,5% tinham MRS de 1 (sem incapacidade significativa), 13% tinham MRS de 2 (leve incapacidade), 4,3% moderadamente grave (MRS de 4) e houve 3 óbitos (6,5%) durante o pós-operatório. A morfologia não estava diretamente relacionada à taxa de ruptura pré-operatória ou intra-operatória. Conclusão Em geral, as rupturas não são afetadas pela morfologia ou pelas variáveis estudadas. São necessárias séries maiores para validar esses resultados.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Angiografia Cerebral , Aneurisma Intracraniano/cirurgia , Aneurisma Roto/diagnóstico por imagem , Artéria Cerebral Média/cirurgia , Complicações Intraoperatórias/cirurgia , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Aneurisma Intracraniano/complicações , Aneurisma Intracraniano/diagnóstico por imagem , Fatores de Risco , Aneurisma Roto/cirurgia , Aneurisma Roto/etiologia , Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico por imagem , Complicações Intraoperatórias/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To assess, by Rankin scale, the functional disability of patients who had a malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke, who underwent decompressive craniotomy (DC) within the first 30 days. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a University hospital. Between June 2007 and December 2014, we retrospectively analyzed the records of all patients submitted to DC due to a malignant MCA infarction. The mortality rate was defined during the hospitalization period. The modified outcome Rankin score (mRS) was measured 30 days after the procedure, for stratification of the quality of life. RESULTS: The DC mortality rate was 30% (95% CI 14.5 to 51.9) for the 20 patients reported. The mRS 30 days postoperatively was ≥ 4 [3.3 to 6] for all patients thereafter. CONCLUSION: DC is to be considered a real alternative for the treatment of patients with a malignant ischemic MCA infarction.
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Craniectomia Descompressiva/métodos , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/cirurgia , Estudos Transversais , Craniectomia Descompressiva/mortalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/mortalidade , Tempo de Internação , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective To assess, by Rankin scale, the functional disability of patients who had a malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) ischemic stroke, who underwent decompressive craniotomy (DC) within the first 30 days. Methods A cross-sectional study in a University hospital. Between June 2007 and December 2014, we retrospectively analyzed the records of all patients submitted to DC due to a malignant MCA infarction. The mortality rate was defined during the hospitalization period. The modified outcome Rankin score (mRS) was measured 30 days after the procedure, for stratification of the quality of life. Results The DC mortality rate was 30% (95% CI 14.5 to 51.9) for the 20 patients reported. The mRS 30 days postoperatively was ≥ 4 [3.3 to 6] for all patients thereafter. Conclusion DC is to be considered a real alternative for the treatment of patients with a malignant ischemic MCA infarction.
RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a capacidade funcional de pacientes com acidente vascular cerebral isquêmico no território da artéria cerebral média (ACM) submetidos à craniotomia descompressiva (CD) no período de 30 dias pela escala de Rankin. Métodos Estudo transversal em um hospital universitário. Entre junho de 2007 e dezembro de 2014, analisados retrospectivamente os registros de todos os pacientes submetidos a CD devido a enfarte maligno na ACM. A taxa de mortalidade foi definida durante o período de internação. O resultado da estratificação da qualidade de vida foi através da escala Rankin modificado (mRS) mensurado em 30 dias após o procedimento. Resultados A taxa de mortalidade CD foi de 30% (IC 95% 14,5-51,9) para os 20 pacientes relatados. A mRS 30 dias de pós-operatório foi => 4 [3,3-6] para todos os pacientes. Conclusão CD deve ser considerada uma alternativa real para o tratamento de pacientes com enfarte isquêmico no território da ACM.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/cirurgia , Craniectomia Descompressiva/métodos , Qualidade de Vida , Estudos Transversais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/mortalidade , Craniectomia Descompressiva/mortalidade , Tempo de InternaçãoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is a life-saving procedure for treatment of large malignant middle cerebral artery (MCA) strokes. Post-stroke epilepsy is an additional burden for these patients, but its incidence and the risk factors for its development have been poorly investigated. OBJECTIVE: To report the prevalence and risk factors for post-stroke seizures and post-stroke epilepsy after DHC for treatment of large malignant MCA strokes in a cohort of 36 patients. METHODS: In a retrospective cohort study of 36 patients we report the timing and incidence of post-stroke epilepsy. We analyzed if age, sex, vascular risk factors, side of ischemia, reperfusion therapy, stroke etiology, extension of stroke, hemorrhagic transformation, ECASS scores, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, or modified Rankin scores were risk factors for seizure or epilepsy after DHC for treatment of large MCA strokes. RESULTS: The mean patient follow-up time was 1,086 days (SD = 1,172). Out of 36 patients, 9 (25.0%) died before being discharged. After 1 year, a total of 11 patients (30.6%) had died, but 22 (61.1%) of them had a modified Rankin score ≤4. Thirteen patients (36.1%) developed seizures within the first week after stroke. Seizures occurred in 22 (61.1%) of 36 patients (95% CI = 45.17-77.03%). Out of 34 patients who survived the acute period, 19 (55.9%) developed epilepsy after MCA infarcts and DHC (95% CI = 39.21-72.59%). In this study, no significant differences were observed between the patients who developed seizures or epilepsy and those who remained free of seizures or epilepsy regarding age, sex, side of stroke, presence of the clinical risk factors studied, hemorrhagic transformation, time of craniectomy, and Rankin score after 1 year of stroke. CONCLUSION: The incidence of seizures and epilepsy after malignant MCA infarcts submitted to DHC might be very high. Seizure might occur precociously in patients who are not submitted to anticonvulsant prophylaxis. The large stroke volume and the large cortical ischemic area seem to be the main risk factors for seizure or epilepsy development in this subtype of stroke.â©.
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Craniectomia Descompressiva/efeitos adversos , Epilepsia/epidemiologia , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/cirurgia , Convulsões/epidemiologia , Idoso , Brasil/epidemiologia , Craniectomia Descompressiva/mortalidade , Avaliação da Deficiência , Intervalo Livre de Doença , Epilepsia/diagnóstico , Epilepsia/mortalidade , Feminino , Mortalidade Hospitalar , Humanos , Incidência , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/diagnóstico , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/mortalidade , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Convulsões/diagnóstico , Convulsões/mortalidade , Fatores de Tempo , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Congenital hemangiomas are benign vascular tumors, and the intracranial counterpart was described in very few cases. CASE DESCRIPTION: A newborn presented with an intracranial tumor associated with an arachnoid cyst, diagnosed by antenatal ultrasound at 37 weeks of gestation. Surgery was indicated due to increased head circumference and bulging fontanelle, and a complete resection of an extra-axial red-brown tumor was performed at the 3(rd) week of life. Microscopy revealed a hemangioma. CONCLUSION: Hemangioma is a rare differential diagnosis that must be considered in extra-axial intracranial tumors affecting infants and neonates. The radiological features are not helpful in differentiating from other tumors, and surgery is indicated when the diagnosis is uncertain or whenever there are signs of increased intracranial pressure.
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BACKGROUND: Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic granulomatous disease caused by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) occurs in about 10% of cases. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 57-year-old white man presented with the complaint of headache and an episode of focal seizure 1 month earlier. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a ring-enhancing lesion in the right parietal lobe with peri-lesional vasogenic edema suggestive of a primary neoplasm. The patient underwent craniotomy and the intraoperative finding was a yellowish, hard lesion with thick content and yellow inside. Anatomo-pathological findings were pathognomonic of PCM: large, thick-walled, spherical yeast cells with multiple peripheral buds. The patient tested negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Encephalitis and meningitis were ruled out by cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Culture confirmed the diagnosis of PCM and the patient was treated with amphotericin B. The patient responded well to treatment with resolution of the headache and clinical improvement, despite a bitemporal hemianopia. He was clinically stable and then discharged in good general condition. CONCLUSIONS: Radiographic findings of PCM with CNS involvement may suggest neoplasia, making diagnosis difficult. In endemic areas, the diagnosis of PCM should be promptly considered when a ring-enhancing mass associated with peri-lesional edema is observed on MRI.
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Background Anterior petrosectomy has become an increasingly used approach for petroclival lesions. This study measures the volume and the anatomical variants of the anterior portion of the petrous apex outlined by the Kawase triangle using computed tomography (CT). Methods This was a transversal retrospective study. We assessed the anterior petrous apex portion outlined by the Kawase triangle in consecutive patients > 18 years of age from CT scans of temporal bone stored in an archive system. The volumetry was performed on a workstation. Results A total of 154 petrosal apex were analyzed in 77 patients (36 men). The average volume of the region outlined by the Kawase triangle was 1.89 ± 0.52 cm(3). The volume average in men was 2.01 ± 0.58 cm(3), and the average in women was 1.79 ± 0.41 cm(3). Intra- and interobserver agreement were both excellent, and there was little variance. Nineteen petrous apex demonstrated anatomical variations. In 18 cases it was pneumatized, and in one case a vascular or nerve-like structure was identified, a report we did not find in the literature. Conclusion The volumetry of the petrous apex anterior portion outlined by the Kawase triangle can be made by CT with excellent intra- and interobserver agreement and reproducibility. There are anatomical variants in this region that are relevant to surgery.
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O estudo visa determinar os fatores prognósticos para sequelas e complicações perioperatórias nas cirurgias de aneurismas da artéria comunicante anterior (ACoA), secundários ou relacionados à clipagem temporária. Num universo de 92 pacientes operados de aneurisma da ACoA entre 2000 e 2013, 32 foram operados nos últimos sete anos. Destes, 21 foram submetidos à clipagem temporária durante a cirurgia para reparo do aneurisma. Aneurismas maiores que 7mm tiveram uma tempo estatisticamente maior de clipagem temporária que aqueles menores (22±5.7 vs 11.3±4.1, Teste-t, p <0.0001). Não se evidenciou correlação estatística entre o tempo de oclusão e o prognóstico (r=0.92, Pearson, p>0.08). Idade, Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG) da primeira avaliação, e Escala de Fisher da Tomografia de Crânio da entrada foram fatores de pior prognóstico (Glasgow Outcome Scale GOS ≤ 3) (regressão-cox, p<0.001). Idade maior que 50 anos, ECG menor que 13, e Fisher III ou IV resultaram em pior prognóstico. Por sua vez gênero, tabagismo, alcoolismo, obesidade, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, dislipidemia, localização da oclusão temporária, rotura trans-operatória do aneurisma e tamanho do aneurisma não foram identificados como fatores independentes de prognóstico. Durante seguimento pós-operatório, dois terços dos pacientes tiveram um prognóstico favorável (GOS≥ 4), retomando suas atividades de vida diária sem maiores dificuldades. Cinquenta e dois por cento dos pacientes evoluíram com hidrocefalia, a despeito da fenestração rotineira da lâmina terminalis, realizada em 71,4% dos procedimentos. A maioria dos pacientes desenvolveu vasoespasmo (66%), sendo 19% vasoespasmo severo. Sequela neurológica por isquemia tardia foi observada em 28,5% dos pacientes, secundária ao vasoespasmo grave, sem correlação estatística com o tempo de oclusão ou com ruptura aneurismática intraoperatória.
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Aneurisma Intracraniano , NeurocirurgiaRESUMO
Melhora significativa dos resultados do tratamento das Malformações Arteriovenosas (MAV) do sistema nervoso central tem sido observada, associada a avanços das modalidades de diagnóstico e tratamento. Os autores relatam esses avanços no diagnóstico e tratamento global integrado das MAV.
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Embolização Terapêutica , Cirurgia Geral , RadiocirurgiaRESUMO
O tratamento de aneurismas de arteria cerebral media (AACM) e a relação de sua morfologia com a probabilidade de rupturasão tópicos importantes na neurocirurgia vascular. Objetivo: Avaliar a correlação entre a morfologia desses aneurismas e 1)probabilidade de ruptura do aneurisma e 2) sua mobimortalidade. Métodos: Vinte e nove pacientes portadores de AACM nosegmento M1 (4 pacientes com aneurismas múltiplos) foram acompanhados / tratados por nossa equipe em uma única instituiçãopelos últimos 5 anos. Catorze aneurismas sofreram ruptura no momento da admissão e 15 foram diagnosticados acidentalmente.Através do formato e geometria, os aneurismas foram classificados e correlacionados com a taxa de ruptura e morbimortalidade.Resultados: Os aneurismas apresentaram medidas entre 7 e 10 mm de diâmetro (90%), sem diferença no tamanho entre os rotos enão-rotos. Pacientes cujos AACMs se romperam na admissão eram o triplo daqueles não-rotos com formato elíptico transverso ede pera invertida (21% vs 9%, p<0,05). Por outro lado, pacientes com AACMs não-rotos possuem aneurisma em formato de pera(36,3% vx 5,2%, p<0,001). Aneurismas com formato arredondado eram os mais frequentes, embora não fosse significativamentepropensos à ruptura. Conclusão: Embora a amostra seja pequena, concluímos que aneurismas com formato elíptico transversoe de pera invertida estavam mais associados com a ruptura que aqueles redondos ou em forma de pera.