RESUMO
Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH
Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH
RESUMO
Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH
Background: Rabies has long been recognized as the major cause of encephalitis in cattle in Latin American countries. It has been estimated that nearly 50.000 cattle heads per year are lost due to encephalitis in that subcontinent, with a significant economic impact on cattle productive chains. In Brazil only, 2.500 to 3.000 cattle heads are estimated to be lost every year due to rabies. However, it is believed that rabies incidence in cattle is much larger, since usually only a few samples from affected animals in disease outbreaks are submitted to diagnostic laboratories. Rabies encephalitis is promptly and accurately diagnosed; however, particularly when rabies is excluded as causa mortis, the agent responsible for neurological disease of infectious origin often remains undetermined. Two bovine herpesviruses (BoHVs), bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) and bovine herpesvirus type 5 (BoHV-5) are major pathogens of cattle which are widely disseminated in Brazil. As usual in herpesvirus biology, these tend to infect a large number of hosts and establish lifelong latent infections which may occasionally be reactivated. Both viruses, particularly BoHV-5, are often recovered from cases of neurological disease in cattle. The participation of BoHVs in the differential diagnosis of rabies must be evaluated. Besides, there might be associations between the occurrence of rabies and BoH
RESUMO
As condições para uma transfecção eficaz pelo método de fosfato de cálcio podem variar substancialmente. Neste estudo foi testado o tipo de cultivo celular mais apropriado para transfecção de DNA de herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) por esta técnica. Primeiramente foi avaliada a capacidade de multiplicação do BoHV-5 em três diferentes tipos de células. Para isto, a concentração viral foi calculada pelo método de dose infectante para cultivo celular / 50% (TCID 50/mL). O BoHV-5 foi titulado em células de linhagem de rim de macaco verde Africano (VERO), células de linhagem de rim de suíno (PKsC3), células primárias de testículos de terneiro (TT) e células de linhagem de rim de bovino (MDBK). Em células VERO e PKsC3 a concentração viral máxima obtida foi 103,3 TCID50/mL, enquanto que em células MDBK o título foi de 106,8 TCID50/mL, similar ao encontrado para as células TT. Para avaliar a eficácia da transfecção nessas células, foi utilizado DNA plasmideal expressando um gene repórter (EGFP). Os resultados mostraram um valor de 4,5% de células fluorescentes para células TT, de 2,9% para PKsC3, de 0,5% para VERO e de 0,05% para MDBK. Quando células PKsC3 e TT foram transfectadas com 0,5 ?g de DNA purificado de BoHV-5, somente as células TT apresentaram resultado positivo, com duas placas virais por poço. Para investigar a influência da concentração de DNA viral, células TT foram t
RESUMO
As condições para uma transfecção eficaz pelo método de fosfato de cálcio podem variar substancialmente. Neste estudo foi testado o tipo de cultivo celular mais apropriado para transfecção de DNA de herpesvírus bovino tipo 5 (BoHV-5) por esta técnica. Primeiramente foi avaliada a capacidade de multiplicação do BoHV-5 em três diferentes tipos de células. Para isto, a concentração viral foi calculada pelo método de dose infectante para cultivo celular / 50% (TCID 50/mL). O BoHV-5 foi titulado em células de linhagem de rim de macaco verde Africano (VERO), células de linhagem de rim de suíno (PKsC3), células primárias de testículos de terneiro (TT) e células de linhagem de rim de bovino (MDBK). Em células VERO e PKsC3 a concentração viral máxima obtida foi 103,3 TCID50/mL, enquanto que em células MDBK o título foi de 106,8 TCID50/mL, similar ao encontrado para as células TT. Para avaliar a eficácia da transfecção nessas células, foi utilizado DNA plasmideal expressando um gene repórter (EGFP). Os resultados mostraram um valor de 4,5% de células fluorescentes para células TT, de 2,9% para PKsC3, de 0,5% para VERO e de 0,05% para MDBK. Quando células PKsC3 e TT foram transfectadas com 0,5 ?g de DNA purificado de BoHV-5, somente as células TT apresentaram resultado positivo, com duas placas virais por poço. Para investigar a influência da concentração de DNA viral, células TT foram t