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RESUMEN Objetivo Analizar la asociación entre la etnicidad y la gravedad de la infección por el virus del dengue en población mexicana. Materiales y Métodos Se analizaron de manera retrospectiva los datos registrados por el Gobierno Federal de México con respecto a los casos confirmados de dengue. El análisis se realizó desde el 3 de enero hasta el 29 de noviembre de 2021. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio para evaluar la asociación de la etnicidad con la necesidad de hospitalización y muerte utilizando Chi-cuadrado. También se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para evaluar otros indicadores de gravedad. Resultados Se evaluaron 5 759 pacientes; la media de edad fue 27 años y el 1,9 % era indígena. No se observó una asociación significativa entre la etnicidad y la gravedad del dengue tras analizar el porcentaje de muertes y hospitalizaciones. En el modelo crudo se encontró que los factores asociados a hospitalización fueron ser menor de edad (OR: 2,48; p<0,001), vivir en una entidad de alta marginación (OR: 2,06; p<0,001), tener cirrosis hepática (OR: 5,71; p=0,033), enfermedad renal crónica (OR: 4,76; p=0,008) o hipertensión (OR: 2,57, p<0,001). La asociación se mantuvo en la mayoría de variables evaluadas en el modelo ajustado. Conclusiones No fue posible demostrar asociación entre la etnicidad y la gravedad de la infección por el virus del dengue en el presente estudio. Son necesarios estudios prospectivos con la inclusión de una mayor cantidad de pacientes de etnia indígena.
ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this study was to explore the association between ethnicity and severity of dengue infection in the Mexican population. Materials and Methods We analyzed a national database of confirmed patients with dengue; data was collected between January 3 to November 29, 2021. We extracted the following information: demographics, ethnicity, associated comorbidities and outcomes of interest (need for hospitalization and death). Exploratory analysis using Chi-square was undertaken to examine the relationship between dengue severity and ethnicity. Other covariates were also included in logistic regression models (unadjusted and adjusted). Results 5 759 patients were included in our analysis; the mean age was 27 years and 1,9% were indigenous people. There was no association between ethnicity and severity of dengue infection as measured by the percentage of people who died or required inpatient care. In the unadjusted model, we found an association between the following risk factors and need for hospitalization: age under 18 (OR: 2,48; p<0,001), living in rural areas (OR: 2,06; p<0,001), cirrhosis (OR: 5,71; p=0,033), chronic kidney disease (OR: 4,76; p=0,008) and arterial hypertension (OR: 2,57, p<0,001). In the adjusted model, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension were found to be associated with hospitalization. Conclusions In this retrospective cohort study of patients with dengue, we could not find and association between ethnicity and severity of dengue infection. Prospective studies that consider ethnicity are urgently needed.
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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is associated with poor outcomes in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. Sepsis, direct injury to kidney cells by the virus, and severe systemic inflammation are mechanisms implicated in its development. We investigated the association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, D-dimer, lactate dehydrogenase, and ferritin) in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 and the development of AKI. Methods: A prospective cohort study performed at the Civil Hospital (Dr. Juan I. Menchaca) Guadalajara, Mexico, included patients aged >18 years with a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia confirmed by RT-PCR and who did or did not present with AKI (KDIGO) while hospitalized. Biomarkers of inflammation were recorded, and kidney function was estimated using the CKD-EPI formula. Results: 291 patients were included (68% males; average age, 57 years). The incidence of AKI was 40.5% (118 patients); 21% developed stage 1 AKI, 6% developed stage 2 AKI, and 14% developed stage 3 AKI. The development of AKI was associated with higher phosphate (p = 0.002) (RR 1.39, CI 95% 1.13-1.72), high procalcitonin levels at hospital admission (p = 0.005) (RR 2.09, CI 95% 1.26-3.50), and high APACHE scores (p = 0.011) (RR 2.0, CI 95% 1.17-3.40). The survival analysis free of AKI according to procalcitonin levels and APACHE scores demonstrated a lower survival in patients with procalcitonin >0.5 ng/ml (p = 0.001) and APACHE >15 points (p = 0.004). Conclusions: Phosphate, high procalcitonin levels, and APACHE levels >15 were predictors of AKI development in patients hospitalized with COVID-19.
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Injúria Renal Aguda , COVID-19 , Sepse , Masculino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Feminino , APACHE , SARS-CoV-2 , Pró-Calcitonina , Estudos Prospectivos , Proteína C-Reativa , COVID-19/complicações , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico , Biomarcadores , Ferritinas , Fosfatos , Lactato Desidrogenases , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Nutritional risk is highly prevalent in patients with COVID-19. Relevant data on nutritional assessment in the critically ill population are scarce. This study was conducted to evaluate the modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically Ill (mNUTRIC)-Score as a mortality risk factor in mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted this retrospective observational study in critically ill patients with COVID-19. Patients' characteristics and clinical information were obtained from electronic medical records. The nutritional risk for each patient was assessed at the time of mechanical ventilation using the mNUTRIC-Score. The major outcome was 28-day mortality. RESULTS: Ninety-eight patients were analyzed (mean age, 57.22 ± 13.66 years, 68.4% male); 46.9% of critically ill COVID-19 patients were categorized as being at high nutrition risk (mNUTRIC-Score of ≥5). A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that high nutritional risk has higher 28-day hospital mortality (OR = 4.206, 95% CI: 1.147-15.425, p=0.030). A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high-risk mNUTRIC-Score had a significantly increased full-length mortality risk during hospitalization (OR = 1.991, 95% CI: 1.219-3.252, p=0.006). CONCLUSION: The mNUTRIC-Score is an independent mortality risk factor during hospitalization in critically ill COVID-19 patients.
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Resumen: El término reporte matutino se utiliza para describir un foro de discusión en donde los médicos presentan y discuten uno o más casos clínicos. Las metas educativas del reporte matutino son, entre otras, la enseñanza basada en casos, facilitar las habilidades de presentación de los becarios y promover la capacidad de toma de decisiones. Además, esta actividad permite evaluar la calidad del cuidado otorgado facilitando acciones que podrían reducir la morbilidad y mortalidad hospitalaria. La discusión de los casos clínicos debe ser en un ambiente propicio; será preciso, por tanto, conocer los elementos del proceso de enseñanza para así cumplir los objetivos de programa académico. Se realiza una revisión bibliográfica de los beneficios teóricos del foro denominado reporte matutino.
Abstract: Morning report is a case based conference where physicians present and discuss clinical cases. While its primary goal is medical education (it was design to improve residents knowledge, leadership, presentation and problem-solving skills), the advantages for actual patients are many and include monitoring care and reviewing management decisions in a supportive, intellectually stimulating and controlled environment. Didactic style education, proper case selection and organizational characteristics are of upmost importance in designing a proper morning report. In this paper it is reviewed the theoretical benefits of implementing a morning report conference in an academic or university hospital.
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Resumen El médico internista utiliza varias estrategias en sus procesos diagnósticos del día a día. Su pensamiento debe ser estructurado, coherente y cimentado en un amplio conocimiento teórico. La información recabada a partir de la historia clínica es el insumo indispensable para tomar decisiones clínicas acertadas; ello precisa una buena dosis de inteligencia -para obtener e interpretar los datos relevantes- a la par de una buena memoria -que permita recordar la información almacenada- para la construcción de un adecuado juicio clínico. A este respecto, los datos pivote actúan como catalizadores del proceso diagnóstico: facilitan la construcción a partir de un punto de partida. El objetivo de este artículo es describir un enfoque basado en la obtención de datos pivote. Este método está diseñado para auxiliar en la marcha diagnóstica del médico novel.
Abstract The general internist uses various strategies in his/her daily diagnostic process. A structured method is required to provide adequate reasoning with the information gathered. Knowledge, intelligence and memory are of utmost importance for constructing clinical reasoning. The information gathered from the clinical history is indispensable to make right clinical decisions; this requires a good dose of intelligence -to obtain and interpret the relevant data- along with a good memory -to remember the stored information-; both are essential to acquire expert clinical judgment. A pivot diagnostic strategy might provide a guide for clinical reasoning and act as a cognitive aid. We propose here an approach to pivotal diagnosis. This strategy is especially useful for less clinically experienced doctors who are less likely to generate appropriate differential diagnosis.