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Parents´ perceptions can influence their children´s mode of commuting to school. In this sense, the purposes of this study were to compare parental barriers towards active commuting to school (ACS) between Ecuadorian and Spanish children, and to analyze the associations between those barriers and the children's mode of commuting. Descriptive and comparative analyses were performed using Chi-square and T-student test. Associations were analyzed by several logistic regression models. Results showed that road safety is the main barrier for ACS, and that all the barriers are perceived as higher by Ecuadorian parents (p<0.001). It was also found that Ecuadorian children were less likely to be active when parents perceive greater total barriers (OR=0.15, CI=0.06, 0.40). Public policies should focus on reducing the parental barriers in order to increase ACS, specifically those related to road safety.

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The bioenergetic status of fishes has been used to study their physiological responses to temporal changes at interannual scales. We evaluated the physiological responses of swordfish at an interannual scale from the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO): warm phase "El Niño" in 2015 to the cold phase "La Niña" in 2017 and under neutral conditions as well in 2019. Herein, muscle samples from females and males were analyzed to evaluate the bioenergetic status from their biochemical constituents (L: lipids, P: proteins and G: glucose, E: total energy, and FAs: fatty acid profile), elemental composition (C: carbon, N: nitrogen, H: hydrogen), and nutritional indices (L:P, C:N, DHA/C18:1n-3, DHA/C16:0 and ω3/ω6 FAs). The physiological response of swordfish showed an interaction between the year and sex. Herein, the L and E showed similar trends, with the lowest female values found in 2015 and the highest in 2019. Contrary, males showed their highest values in 2015 and lowest in 2019. FA profile differed among years and highlighted significant differences between females and males in 2019. Although the female L:P and C:N ratios were lower in 2015 than in 2017, a decreasing trend in these ratios was found from 2017 to 2019. Moreover, DHA/C18:1n-3, DHA/C16:0 and ω3/ω6 showed higher ratios in females than males in 2019. Our results coincide with the beginning of the ENSO phases; it is therefore likely that the swordfish diet changed in response to the disturbances in environmental conditions. Furthermore, the degree of individual dietary specialization found under the neutral conditions could indicate differences in the feeding behaviors of males vs. females, which may be an adaptive strategy in this species. These findings will aid in understanding the bioenergetic status of swordfish under different climatic scenarios and the current global warming, providing relevant information for the management of this resource.

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Human ß3-adrenoceptor (ß3AR) agonists were considered potential agents for the treatment of metabolic disorders. However, compounds tested as ß3AR ligands have shown marked differences in pharmacological profile in rodent and human species, although these compounds remain attractive as they were successfully repurposed for the therapy of urinary incontinence. In this work, some biarylamine compounds were designed and tested in silico as potential ß3AR agonists on 3-D models of mouse or human ß3ARs. Based on the theoretical results, we identified, synthesized and tested a biarylamine compound (polibegron). In CHO-K1 cells expressing the human ß3AR, polibegron and the ß3AR agonist BRL 37344 were partial agonists for stimulating cAMP accumulation (50 and 57% of the response to isoproterenol, respectively). The potency of polibegron was 1.71- and 4.5-fold higher than that of isoproterenol and BRL37344, respectively. These results indicate that polibegron acts as a potent, but partial, agonist at human ß3ARs. In C57BL/6N mice with obesity induced by a high-fat diet, similar effects of the equimolar intraperitoneal administration of polibegron and BRL37344 were observed on weight, visceral fat and plasma levels of glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides. Similarities and differences between species related to ligand-receptor interactions can be useful for drug designing.

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Human bocavirus (HBoV) is an emerging virus detected around the world that may be associated with cases of acute gastroenteritis (AGE). However, its contribution to AGE has not been elucidated. This study aimed to describe the frequency, clinical features, and HBoV species circulation in children up to 5 years with or without AGE symptoms in Acre, Northern Brazil. A total of 480 stool samples were collected between January and December 2012. Fecal samples were used for extraction, nested PCR amplification, and sequencing for genotyping. Statistical analysis was applied to verify the association between epidemiological and clinical characteristics. Overall, HBoV-positivity was 10% (48/480), with HBoV-positive rates of 8.4% (19/226) and 11.4% (29/254) recorded in diarrheic and non-diarrheic children, respectively. The most affected children were in the age group ranging between 7 and 24 months (50%). HBoV infection was more frequent in children who live in urban areas (85.4%), use water from public networks (56.2%), and live with adequate sewage facilities (50%). Co-detection with other enteric viruses was 16.7% (8/48) and the most prevalent coinfection was RVA+ HBoV (50%, 4/8). HBoV-1 was the most frequent species detected in diarrheic and non-diarrheic children, responsible for 43.8% (21/48) of cases, followed by HBoV-3 (29.2%, 14/48) and HBoV-2 (25%, 12/48). In this study, HBoV infection was not always associated with AGE, as most HBoV cases belonged to the non-diarrheal group. Future studies are warranted in order to determine the role of HBoV in causing acute diarrhea disease.

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Ananindeua city, State of Pará, North of Brazil, is a hyperendemic area for tuberculosis (TB), with a cure rate below the recommendation by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. We aimed to describe: (I) the TB incidence coefficient of Ananindeua municipality comparatively against Brazilian data; (II) TB treatment outcomes; (III) to compare the socioeconomic and epidemiological characteristics of abandonment versus cure outcome; and (IV) to evaluate the risk factors associated with TB treatment abandonment in Ananindeua city, from 2017 to 2021. This is a retrospective, descriptive, and cross-sectional epidemiological study which used secondary TB entries. Data were analyzed by linear regression, descriptive statistics, and associations were made using the Chi-square test and G-test, followed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Cure rates ranged from 28.7% to 70.1%, abandonment between 7.3% and 11.8%, deaths from the disease ranged from 0% to 1.6%, and drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB-DR) rates had frequencies from 0% to 0.9%. Patient transfer rates to other municipalities were between 4.9% and 12.5%. The multivariate analysis showed that alcohol is almost 2 times more likely to lead an individual to abandon treatment and use of illicit drugs was almost 3 times more likely. Individuals between 20 and 59 years of age were also more likely to abandon treatment almost twice as often. Finally, data obtained in the present report is of great relevance to strengthen epidemiological surveillance and minimize possible discrepancies between the information systems and the reality of public health in high endemicity areas.

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Despite considerable therapeutic advances in the care of people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and an overall reduction of 47% in the AIDS mortality rate in the last decade, the AIDS-mortality rates remains high. The social determinants of health (SDH) have a direct influence on the dynamics of this phenomenon. However, changes in SDH caused by the implemented policies against HIV have been poorly investigated. Moreover, the Brazilian rainforest has had the highest and continuously increasing AIDS mortality rate in Brazil since the 1980s. In this study, AIDS mortality in a province of the Brazilian rainforest was examined by using temporal and spatial analyses. METHODS: In this ecological study, data from 2007 to 2018 were extracted from the Mortality Information System provided by the State Department of Public Health of Pará. For the temporal analysis, the integrated autoregressive model of moving average (ARIMA) and locally weighted polynomial regression (STLF) were used to forecast AIDS mortality from 2019 to 2022. For the spatial analysis, spatial autocorrelation and geographically weighted regression (GWR) analyses were employed. RESULTS: The samples consisted of 6,498 notifications for AIDS-related deaths. From 2007 to 2013, the AIDS mortality rates showed an upward trend, followed by a stabilization until 2018 and an upward forecasted trend from 2019 to 2022. High mortality rates and high-high clusters were found in economic pole municipalities. Furthermore, AIDS mortality risk was directly associated with per capita income and demographic density, except in the southwestern region of Pará, which exhibited an inverse association with population density. CONCLUSION: Although the policies against HIV may have contributed to the stabilization of AIDS mortality rates from 2013 in Pará, the upward forecasted trend until 2022 raises an alert and concern to health authorities to provide reinforcement of the policies. The geographic variability of AIDS mortality promoted by SDH provides subsidies to health authorities to implement SDH-focused strategies for AIDS mortality reduction.

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Dorper rams (n = 24) were evaluated during the sexual resting season to determine their social rank (SR), either high (HSR) or low (LSR), under intensive management conditions in northern Mexico (25° N). Aggressive behaviors were quantified during male-to-male interactions, and appetitive and consummatory sexual behaviors during male-to-female interactions. Morphometric, live weight (LW), and body condition score (BCS) were recorded. During the early reproductive season, male-to-female behaviors were newly itemized simultaneously by seminal quality and quantity sampling. Finally, the dependent variables of the hemogram components were also quantified. Neither LW (61.25 ± 2.4 kg) nor morphometric variables differed between SR groups. However, BCS (2.25 vs. 2.66 u), sexual behaviors (i.e., approaches: 59.6 vs. 21.73 n, mating with ejaculation: 77.7 vs. 42.86 %, latency to ejaculation: 16.6 vs. 143.07 s), ejaculate volume (0.57 vs. 0.23 mL), and hemogram components favored the HSR rams (p < 0.05). Moreover, in their first male-to-female interaction, >50% of the LSR rams failed to display any sexual activity. HSR rams displayed a greater number of threatening behaviors, managing to displace LSR rams when exposed to estrus ewes during the male sexual resting season; more sexual behaviors; and an increased seminal volume in a non-live weight-dependent fashion.

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The potential effect of intravenous administration of glutamate on the ovarian activity and the LH secretion pattern, considering the anestrous yearling goat as an animal model, were assessed. In late April, yearling goats (n = 20) were randomly assigned to either (1) Glutamate supplemented (GLUT; n = 10, Live Weight (LW) = 29.6 ± 1.02 kg, Body Condition (BCS) = 3.4 ± 0.2 units; i.v. supplemented with 7 mg GLUT kg−1 LW) or (2) Non-supplemented (CONT; n = 10; LW = 29.2 ± 1.07 kg, BCS = 3.5 ± 0.2 units; i.v. saline). The oats were estrus-synchronized; blood sampling (6 h × 15 min) was carried out for LH quantification. Response variables included pulsatility (PULSE), time to first pulse (TTFP), amplitude (AMPL), nadir (NAD), and area under the curve (AUC) of LH. Ovaries were ultra-sonographically scanned to assess ovulation rate (OR), number of antral follicles (AF), and total ovarian activity (TOA = OR + AF). LH-PULSE was quantified with the Munro algorithm; significant treatment x time interactions were evaluated across time. The variables LW and BCS did not differ (p > 0.05) between the experimental groups. Nevertheless, OR (1.77 vs. 0.87 ± 0.20 units), TOA (4.11 vs. 1.87 ± 0.47 units) and LH-PULSE (5.0 vs. 2.2 pulses 6 h-1) favored (p < 0.05) to the GLUT group. Our results reveal that targeted glutamate supplementation, the main central nervous system neurotransmitter, arose as an interesting strategy to enhance the hypothalamic−hypophyseal−ovarian response considering the anestrous-yearling goat as an animal model, with thought-provoking while promising translational applications.

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Math anxiety (MA) seems to result from an interaction of genetic vulnerability with negative experiences learning mathematics. Although mathematics achievement does not substantially differ between the sexes, MA levels are usually higher in girls. Molecular genetic markers of MA vulnerability have been seldom explored. This article examines the contribution of the monoamine oxidase A gene (MAOA) to MA and to sex differences in MA. Five hundred and sixty-eight third to fifth graders were genotyped for the MAOA-LPR polymorphism (a repetitive element in MAOA promoter that has been associated with MAOA enzymatic activity), and assessed on general cognitive ability, mathematics achievement, and the cognitive and affective dimensions of MA. MAOA-LPR genotypes were classified as high (MAOA-H) or low (MAOA-L) according to their predicted enzymatic activity. Mixed models controlling for effects of school, sex, general cognitive ability, and mathematics achievement were evaluated. The best fitting model included school, math achievement, sex, MAOA-LPR, and the MAOA-LPR by sex interaction. This indicated that under the MAOA-H dominant model, anxiety toward mathematics interacted with the MAOA genotype: girls with an MAOA-L genotype exhibited higher levels of MA, with a small but significant effect. The association between MAOA-L genotype and MA in girls may represent an example of developmental plasticity.

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Introducción: El adenoma tubular de mama una patología benigna que se presenta en mujeres jóvenes como una masa unilateral que genera asimetría mamaria y se tiende a confundir con fibroadenoma gigante juvenil, diferenciándose en el estudio histopatológico. Es una patología muy rara, con excepcionales casos reportados en la literatura de mayor a 10 cm, motivo de presentación de este caso. Caso clínico: Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 21 años de edad con una masa de10 cm aproximadamente en la mama derecha, de 1 año de evolución con crecimiento paulatino, sin síntomas asociados. El examen físico sin hipertrofia de ganglios axilares. Taller diagnóstico: La paciente fue sometida a una exéresis quirúrgica reportando en el estudio patológico definitivo un adenoma tubular de mama. Conclusión: Como conclusión se trata de una patología poco frecuente, pero debemos conocerla y tener un mínimo de sospecha diagnóstica para evitar confusiones con patología mamaria maligna.

Introduction: Tubular adenoma of the breast is a benign pathology in young women as a unilateral mass that generates breast asymmetry and tends to be confused with giant juvenile fibroadenoma, differing in the histopathological study. It is a very rare pathology, with exceptional cases reported in the literature of greater than 10 cm, which is the reason for presenting this case. Clinical case: We present the case of a 21-year-old woman with a mass of approximately 10 cm in the right breast, of 1 year of evolution with gradual growth, without associated symptoms. Physical examination showed no axillary node hypertrophy. Diagnostic workshop: The patient underwent surgical excision, reporting a tubular adenoma of the breast in the definitive pathological study. Conclusion: It is a rare pathology, but we must know it and have a minimum of diagnostic suspicion to avoid confusion with malignant breast pathology.

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This paper proposes a time-series stochastic socioeconomic model for analyzing the impact of the pandemic on the regulated distribution electricity market. The proposed methodology combines the optimized tariff model (socioeconomic market model) and the random walk concept (risk assessment technique) to ensure robustness/accuracy. The model enables both a past and future analysis of the impact of the pandemic, which is essential to prepare regulatory agencies beforehand and allow enough time for the development of efficient public policies. By applying it to six Brazilian concession areas, results demonstrate that consumers have been/will be heavily affected in general, mainly due to the high electricity tariffs that took place with the pandemic, overcoming the natural trend of the market. In contrast, the model demonstrates that the pandemic did not/will not significantly harm power distribution companies in general, mainly due to the loan granted by the regulator agency, named COVID-account. Socioeconomic welfare losses averaging 500 (MR$/month) are estimated for the equivalent concession area, i.e., the sum of the six analyzed concession areas. Furthermore, this paper proposes a stochastic optimization problem to mitigate the impact of the pandemic on the electricity market over time, considering the interests of consumers, power distribution companies, and the government. Results demonstrate that it is successful as the tariffs provided by the algorithm compensate for the reduction in demand while increasing the socioeconomic welfare of the market.

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The GABAergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission systems are involved in seizures and other disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Benzofuran derivatives often serve as the core in drugs used to treat such neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to synthesize new γ-amino acids structurally related to GABA and derived from 2,3-disubstituted benzofurans, analyze in silico their potential toxicity, ADME properties, and affinity for the GluN1-GluN2A NMDA receptor, and evaluate their potential activity and neuronal mechanisms in a murine model of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)- and 4-aminopyridine (4-AP)-induced seizures. The in silico analysis evidenced a low risk of toxicity for the test compounds as well as the probability that they can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach their targets in the CNS. According to docking simulations, these compounds bind at the active site of the NMDA glutamate receptor with high affinity. The in vivo assays demonstrated that 4 protects against 4-AP-induced seizure episodes, suggesting negative allosteric modulation (NAMs) at the glutamatergic NMDA receptor. Contrarily, 3 (the regioisomer of 4) and its racemic derivatives (cis-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans) were previously described to exacerbate such episodes, pointing to their positive allosteric modulation (PAMs) of the same receptor.

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Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 40 años de edad, con estreñimiento de un año de evolución y antecedentes de enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, se realiza endoscopia digestiva alta y baja y se realiza diagnóstico sincrónico de adenocarcinoma de estómago, recto y colon descendente, realizamos tomografía por emisión de positrones con tomografía computarizada pre quirúrgico y cirugía como tratamiento primario. Mostramos una descripción del caso y una revisión de la bibliografía.

We present the case of a 40-year-old man with a one year evolution constipation and a history of GERD. An upper and lower digestive endoscopy was performed and a synchronous diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the stomach, rectum and descending colon was established. A PET-CT pre-surgical was performed and the surgery was carried out as primary treatment. We show a description of the case and a bibliographic review.

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Brazil has been promoting essential improvements in health indicators by implementing free-access health programs, which successfully reduced the prevalence of neglected zoonosis in urban areas, such as rabies. Despite constant efforts from the authorities to monitor and control the disease, sylvatic rabies is a current issue in Amazon's communities. The inequalities among Amazon areas challenge the expansion of high-tech services and limit the implementation of active laboratory surveillance to effectively avoid outbreaks in human and non-human hosts, which also reproduces a panorama of vulnerability in risk communities. Because rabies is a preventable disease, the prevalence in the particular context of the Amazon area highlights the failure of surveillance strategies to predict spillovers and indicates the need to adapt the public policies to a "One Health" approach. Therefore, this work assesses the distribution of free care resources and facilities among Pará's regions in the oriental Amazon; and discusses the challenges of implanting One Health in the particular context of the territory. We indicate a much-needed strengthening of the sylvatic and urban surveillance networks to achieve the "Zero by 30" goal, which is inextricable from multilateral efforts to combat the progressive biome's degradation.

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In the Southeast Pacific Ocean, Xiphias gladius migrates through the Chilean coastal zone for feeding. Here, it forages for different prey items from autumn to spring, acquiring a great variety of energy and nutritional reserves. We evaluated seasonal variations in the biochemical reserves (i.e., contents of lipids, proteins, and glucose), total energy content and fatty acid profile of specimens captured during the austral autumn, winter, and spring. Our results show that higher amounts of lipids were found in the winter and spring, while protein and glucose were higher in the autumn. Thus, the energy content showed significant differences, with higher levels in winter and spring. Furthermore, the fatty acid profile was more diverse in the spring than the autumn and winter and was characterized by higher amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids. These findings suggest that temporal changes in the biochemical reserves, total energy content and fatty acid profile support the idea of a "trophic migration" (i.e., the feeding period) established by the dynamics of fishery fleets. The high amounts of lipids and diverse fatty acid profile found in the spring could indicate the end of the trophic migration during this season. Thus, X. gladius may reach an optimum nutritional condition in the spring and make energetic adjustments to carry out its reproductive migration during the austral summer. Therefore, this species seems to meet the high energy demands of the reproductive season by foraging for a wide range of prey items from autumn to spring and storing an increased amount of lipids at the end of the feeding period. Overall, our data provides crucial baseline knowledge for future research on the ecophysiology of X. gladius, as well as for the management and conservation of this fishery resource under an ecosystem approach.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of two doses of hCG (100 and 300 IU) applied at two different times (7 and 14 d) after a fixed-time artificial insemination protocol (FTAI) upon some variables involved in the embryonic implantation rate in goats during the natural deep anestrous season (April, 25° north). The experimental units considered crossbred, multiparous, anovulatory goats (n = 69, Alpine, Saanen, Nubian x Criollo), with average body weight (43.6 ± 5.7 kg) and body condition score (1.86 ± 0.28 units) located in northern-semiarid Mexico (25° N, 103° W). Once the goat's anestrus status was confirmed, goats were subjected to an estrus induction protocol. Upon estrus induction confirmation, goats (n = 61) were subjected to a FTAI procedure. Immediately after the FTAI, the goats were randomly distributed to five experimental groups: (1). G100-7 (n = 13) 100 IU, hCG 7 d post-FTAI, (2). G100-14 (n = 12) 100 IU hCG, 14 d post-FTAI, (3). G300-7 (n = 12) 300 IU, hCG, 7 d post-FTAI, (4). G300-14 (n = 12) 300 IU hCG 14 d post-FTAI, and (5). Control group, CONT (n = 12) 0.5 mL saline, 7 and 14 d post-FTAI. The response variables conception rate (39.36 ± 0.23), fertility rate (27.96%), prolificacy rate (1.1 ± 0.29 kids), ovulation rate (0.74 ± 0.20 corpus luteum) corpus luteum diameter (10.15 ± 0.59 mm), embryo number (1.58 ± 0.20), and embryo implantation rate (48.96%), did not differ between treatments. However, while the variables fecundity rate (67%), embryo efficiency index-1 (33.99 ± 0.20%), and embryo efficiency index-2 (27.94 ± 0.30%) were favored by the G300-14 treatment, the corpus luteum area was favored (p < 0.05) by both G300-7 (113.30 ± 0.19 mm2) and G300-14 (103.04 ± 0.17 mm2). Such reproductive strategy emerges as an interesting approach, not only to enhance the out-of-season reproductive outcomes, but also to boost one of the main rulers defining the global reproductive efficiency of a heard, namely, the embryo implantation efficiency.

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Inhibition of the B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway is highly effective in B-cell neoplasia through Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibition by ibrutinib. Ibrutinib also disrupts cell adhesion between a tumor and its microenvironment. However, it is largely unknown how BCR signaling is linked to cell adhesion. We observed that intrinsic sensitivities of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cell lines to ibrutinib correlated well with their cell adhesion phenotype. RNA-sequencing revealed that BCR and cell adhesion signatures were simultaneously downregulated by ibrutinib in the ibrutinib-sensitive, but not ibrutinib-resistant, cells. Among the differentially expressed genes, RAC2, part of the BCR signature and a known regulator of cell adhesion, was downregulated at both the RNA and protein levels by ibrutinib only in sensitive cells. RAC2 physically associated with B-cell linker protein (BLNK), a BCR adaptor molecule, uniquely in sensitive cells. RAC2 reduction using RNA interference and CRISPR impaired cell adhesion, whereas RAC2 overexpression reversed ibrutinib-induced cell adhesion impairment. In a xenograft mouse model, mice treated with ibrutinib exhibited slower tumor growth, with reduced RAC2 expression in tissue. Finally, RAC2 was expressed in ∼65% of human primary MCL tumors, and RAC2 suppression by ibrutinib resulted in cell adhesion impairment. These findings, made with cell lines, a xenograft model, and human primary lymphoma tumors, uncover a novel link between BCR signaling and cell adhesion. This study highlights the importance of RAC2 and cell adhesion in MCL pathogenesis and drug development.

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Introdução: A síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus (SPH) foi primeiramente identificada no sudoeste dos Estados Unidos da América em 1993. No Brasil, a SPH é considerada um problema de saúde pública, fazendo parte da lista de Doenças de Notificação Compulsória Imediata (DNCI) do Ministério da Saúde, devido a sua alta letalidade e custo econômico e social. Método: a metodologia utilizada foi baseada nas Diretrizes para a Avaliação de Sistemas de Vigilância, do Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, EUA). Resultados: Foram notificados, no SINAN, 375 casos de hantavirose em residentes do Estado do Pará entre 2007 e 2020. 64 (17,1%) foram confirmados em sete municípios e 10 óbitos de Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavírus foram registados no SIM em quatro municípios. O coeficiente de incidência variou de 0,00 a 0,16/100.000 habitantes. 81,3% dos casos confirmados da hantavirose foram no sexo masculino. 89 (37,5%) dos casos confirmados estavam faixa de 20 a 29 anos. 78,4% dos casos possuíam o ensino fundamental completo e/ou incompleto. 57,8% residem na zona rural e o LPI predominante foi também a zona rural (96,6%). 48,9% dos casos foram encerrados oportunamente com 94,0% das investigações em até 72 h e a completitude considerada entre bom e excelente. Conclusões e recomendações: a hantavirose é um grave problema no estado do Pará e recomenda-se que Estado implemente ações de vigilância em saúde, bem como capacitação dos profissionais de saúde sobre a doença, definindo ações e serviços para notificação, investigação, diagnóstico e tratamento dos casos para prevenção da síndrome.

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The possible role of the social rank (R) (i.e., low-LSR, middle-MSR, or high-HSR) in anestrus goats exposed to a P4 + eCG (D) (i.e., 100 or 350 IU) estrus induction protocol (EIP) was evaluated. Goats (Alpine-Saanen-Nubian × Criollo; n = 70; 25° North) managed under stall-fed conditions were all ultrasound evaluated to confirm anestrous status, while the social rank was determined 30 d prior to the EIP. The response variables included estrus induction (EI, %), duration of estrus (DUR, h), ovulation rate (OR, n), live weight (LW, kg), thoracic perimeter (TP, cm), thoracic diameter (TD, cm), body length (BL, cm), height at withers (HW, cm), beard length (BEA, cm), compactness index (COM, cm), and anamorphosis index (ANA, cm), as affected by R, D, and the R × D interaction were evaluated, while the correlation coefficients among reproductive and morphometric variables were quantified. An R × D interaction (p < 0.05) affected the response variables EI, DUR, and OR. While the largest (p < 0.05) EI% occurred in the HSR goats, irrespective of eCG (i.e., 100 or 350 IU), both the shortest estrus duration (DUR, h) and the lowest ovulation rate (OR, n) occurred in the LSR + D100 combination, with no differences among HSR and MSR either with D100 or D350. Regarding the LW and morphometric response variables, (i.e., LW, TP, TD, BL, HW, BEA, COM, and ANA) all of them favored either the HSR and MSR groups, with the lowest phenotypic values occurring in the LSR-goats. The EI% was observed to be positively correlated (p < 0.05) with DUR (0.71), LW (0.28), TP (0.31), TD (0.34), BL (0.33), HW (0.35), COM (0.23), and ANA (0.23). While DUR was correlated (p < 0.05) with TP (0.26) and ANA (0.24), OR demonstrated no-correlation (p > 0.05) with any response variable, either reproductive or morphometric. As expected, LW had high correlation coefficients (p < 0.01) with TP (0.86), TD (0.88), BL (0.82), HW (0.75), BEA (0.51), COM (0.97), and ANA (0.75). In general, the morphometric variables as a whole demonstrated important correlation coefficients among them (p < 0.01), ranging from 0.38 up to 0.84. To estimate the importance of the morphometric differences between social rank upon estrus induction, a principal component (PC) analysis was performed based on the correlation matrix derived from the corporal measurements. The PC1 and PC2 explained 70.3% and 17.6% of the morphometric variation, respectively. The PC1 was a measure of the goat size (i.e., small, medium, large) and its association with estrus occurrence was evaluated using a logistic regression model; the bigger the goat, the increased probability of being in estrus, by up to five times compared to small goats. Our results confirm that the higher social ranked, larger goats amalgamated some fundamental factors to be successful: aggressiveness, primacy to food access, augmented live weight, and corporal size; all of these were able to modulate out-of-season reproductive success in crossbred dairy goats subjected to an estrus induction protocol and managed under stall-fed conditions in Northern Mexico.

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INTRODUCCIÓN: La apendicitis aguda (AA) es la principal causa de abdomen agudo no traumático en el mundo, continúa siendo un problema de salud pública y su diagnóstico aún es desafiante. Ante los cuadros atípicos es necesario apoyarse con la utilización de escalas o scores diagnósticos, los más estudiados son la Escala de Alvarado, Escala de Alvarado Modificada, RIPASA entre otras. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la validez de la Escala de Respuesta Inflamatoria versus la Escala de Alvarado, para el diagnóstico de apendicitis aguda en pacientes de 16 años y más de edad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, observacional, de validación de pruebas diagnósticas, entre las escalas AIR y Alvarado, con el resultado de anatomía patológica como Gold estándar. Con una muestra de 292 pacientes apendicectomizados en el hospital José Carrasco Arteaga durante el 2018. Para el análisis estadístico se obtuvo la sensibilidad, especificidad, VPP y VPN, curva ROC y Razón de Verosimilitud. RESULTADOS: El 49.7% de pacientes correspondieron al grupo etario de adultos jóvenes, con predominio del sexo masculino (62.7%). La Escala de Alvarado presentó una sensibilidad de 88.5%, especificidad de 29.6%, VPP de 81.7% y VPN de 42.2%, un LR + de 1.23 y un LR ­ de 0.38; en comparación con los registrados para la Escala AIR de 94.7% (sensibilidad), 76.5% (especificidad), VPP 93.5%, VPN de 80.3%, LR + de 4.02 y un LR ­ de 0.07. La curva ROC de la AIRS fue de 0.897, superior a la de Alvarado de 0.611; confiriendo a la primera escala mayor precisión diagnóstica. CONCLUSIÓN: La escala de Respuesta Inflamatoria en Apendicitis (AIR) mostró una mayor sensibilidad de 94.7% y especificidad de 76.5%, mientras que la escala de Alvarado mostró sensibilidad de 88.5% y especificidad de 29.6%. La escala de Alvarado es una herramienta lo suficientemente sensible para diagnosticar apendicitis aguda, pero no es específica para excluirla. La escala AIR presenta un valor de verosimilitud y una Curva ROC mayor a la de Alvarado, sin embargo, presenta una probabilidad post test baja al momento de identificar a los casos de apendicitis aguda.(au)

BACKGROUND: Acute appendicitis is the main cause of non-traumatic acute abdomen worldwide, it is still a public health issue and the diagnosis can be challenging. When an atypical case is presented, is necessary to use diagnostic scores, like Alvarado Score, Modified Alvarado Score, RIPASA, among others. The aim of this study was to determine the test validity of Inflammatory Response Score versus Alvarado Score, for acute appendicitis diagnosis in 16 year old and older patients. METHODS: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional, validity test study, to compare AIR Score and Alvarado Score, with the Gold-Standard histopathology results. A sample of 292 patients that went under appendectomy at Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga during 2018 was studied. We considered sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (VPN), ROC curve and Likelihood Ratio. RESULTS: 49.7% patients were young adults, 62.7% of the patients were male. Alvarado Score showed a 88.5% sensitivity, 29.6% specificity, PPV of 81.7%, 42.2% NPV, 1.23 LR+ and 0.38 ­LR; compared to 94.7% sensitivity, 76.5% specificity, 93.5% PPV, 80.3% NPV, 4.02 +LR, 0.611 -LR for Appendicitis Immflamatory Response Score. ROC curve for AIRS was 0.897, higher than Alvarado Score (0.611); being AIRS a more precise diagnostic test than Alvarado Score. CONCLUSIÓN: AIRS showed higher sensitivity (94.7%) and specificity (76.5%) than Alvarado Score (88.5%, 29.6% respectively). Alvarado Score is sensitive enough for acute appendicitis diagnosis, but not specific enough to exclude the diagnosis. AIRS shows a higher Likelihood Ratio and ROC curve than Alvarado Score, but the posttest probability is low for identifying acute appendicitis cases.(au)

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