RESUMO
In the face of global species loss, it is paramount to understand the effects of human activity on vulnerable species, particularly in highly diverse, complex systems. The Greater Madidi Landscape in the Bolivian Amazon includes several biodiverse protected areas that were created with the goal of sustaining healthy and diverse ecosystems while not impeding the livelihoods of local indigenous peoples. In this study, we sought to use camera trap data and single-species occupancy analysis to assess the impacts of different forms of human activity on four species of small felids: ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), margays (Leopardus wiedii), jaguarundi (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), and oncilla (Leopardus tigrinus). We modeled both human variables (proximity to indigenous communities, roads, and tourist camps) and non-human variables (terrain ruggedness, proximity to rivers, canopy height, prey availability, and large cat abundance). Margay occupancy was unaffected by any of these human variables and ocelots showed only weak evidence of being affected by tourism. Ocelots were particularly pervasive throughout the study area and were consistently estimated to have high occupancy probability. We did not obtain sufficient data on jaguarundi or oncilla to reliably model these effects. Our results indicate that small cats successfully coexist both with each other and with the surrounding human activity in this unique landscape, which serves as a model for global protected area management.
RESUMO
CONTEXT: Refill reminders can help patients improve adherence to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) therapy. However, little is known about patient preferences for reminder type or whether patients who express a preference differ from patients who do not. OBJECTIVES: To describe patient preferences for ICS prescription refill reminder type and to compare baseline ICS therapy adherence, measured as proportion of days covered (PDC) 1 year before initiating preference-based reminders, between patients who did and did not express a preference. DESIGN: This substudy within a randomized multi-intervention study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente Colorado. Adults with asthma randomized to intervention were offered the opportunity to choose text, telephone, or email reminders. Patients who did and did not provide a preference were compared by baseline characteristics using log-binomial models. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): The primary outcomes were reminder preference and type. RESULTS: A total of 1497 of 4545 patients (32.9%) expressed a preference; 789 (52.7%) chose text. The adjusted relative risk (aRR) of not providing a preference increased with decreasing PDC (PDC of 0.50 to < 0.80: aRR, 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.25; PDC < 0.5: aRR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.59-1.95) compared with patients with a PDC of 0.80 or greater. CONCLUSION: Among patients who expressed a preference, text reminders were preferred. Patients who expressed a preference had higher baseline adherence. Further research is needed to determine whether expressing a preference for a refill reminder type is itself associated with adherence. Given that offering the opportunity to choose a reminder type only engaged a subset of patients, further work is needed to understand how best to leverage technology-enabled communication outreach to help patients optimize adherence.