RESUMO
Chromosomal abnormalities are largely associated with fertility impairments in the domestic horse. To date, over 600 cases of individuals carrying abnormal chromosome complements have been reported, making the domestic horse the species with the highest prevalence. However, studies analyzing the prevalence of chromosomal diseases in whole populations are scarce. We, therefore, employed a two-step molecular tool to screen and diagnose chromosomal abnormalities in a large population of 25,237 Pura Raza Español horses. Individuals were first screened using short tandem repeats parentage testing results and phenotypic evaluations. Those animals showing results suggesting chromosomal abnormalities were re-tested using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based diagnostic methodology to accurately determine the chromosomal complements. Thirteen individuals showed a positive screening, all of which were diagnosed as chromosomally abnormal, including five 64,XY mares with sex development disorders (DSD) and four cases of blood chimerism (two male/female and two female/female cases). In addition, we detected one Turner and one Klinefelter syndrome and two individuals carrying complex karyotypes. The overall prevalence in the entire population was ~0.05%, with the prevalence of 64,XY DSD and blood chimerism ~0.02% and ~0.016%, respectively. However, the overall results should be taken with caution since the individuals carrying Turner syndrome (in full (63,X) or mosaic (mos 63,X/64,XX) forms) cannot be detected due to limitations in the methodology employed. Finally, the lack of agreement between populational studies performed using karyotyping or molecular methods is discussed. To our knowledge, this is the largest populational study performed evaluating the prevalence of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in the domestic horse.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: An array of risk factors has been associated with cardiovascular diseases, and developing nations are becoming disproportionately affected by such diseases. Cardiovascular diseases have been reported to be highly prevalent in the Mexican population, but local mortality data is poor. The Mexican side of the US-Mexico border has a culture that is closely related to a developed nation and therefore may share the same risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. We wanted to explore if there was higher cardiovascular mortality in the border region of Mexico compared to the rest of the nation. METHODS: We conducted a population based cross-sectional time series analysis to estimate the effects of education, insurance and municipal size in Mexican border (n = 38) and non-border municipalities (n = 2360) and its association with cardiovascular age-adjusted mortality rates between the years 1998-2012. We used a mixed effect linear model with random effect estimation and repeated measurements to compare the main outcome variable (mortality rate), the covariates (education, insurance and population size) and the geographic delimiter (border/non-border). RESULTS: Mortality due to cardiovascular disease was consistently higher in the municipalities along the US-Mexico border, showing a difference of 78 · 5 (95% CI 58 · 7-98 · 3, p < 0 · 001) more cardiovascular deaths after adjusting for covariates. Larger municipal size and higher education levels showed a reduction in cardiovascular mortality of 12 · 6 (95% CI 11 · 4-13 · 8, p < 0 · 001) deaths and 8 · 6 (95% CI 5 · 5-11 · 8, p < 0 · 001) deaths respectively. Insurance coverage showed an increase in cardiovascular mortality of 3 · 6 (95% CI 3 · 1-4 · 0, p < 0 · 001) deaths per decile point increase. There was an increase in cardiovascular mortality of 0 · 3 (95% CI -0 · 001-0 · 6, p = 0 · 050) deaths per year increase in the non-border but a yearly reduction of 2 · 9 (95% CI 0 · 75-5.0, p = 0 · 008) deaths in the border over the time period of 1998-2012. CONCLUSION: We observed that the Mexican side of the US-Mexico border region is disproportionately affected by cardiovascular disease mortality as compared to the non-border region of Mexico. This was not explained by education, population density, or insurance coverage. Proximity to the US culture and related diet and habits can be explanations of the increasing mortality trend.
Assuntos
Doenças Cardiovasculares/epidemiologia , Doenças Cardiovasculares/mortalidade , Causas de Morte/tendências , Cidades/estatística & dados numéricos , Americanos Mexicanos/estatística & dados numéricos , População Rural/estatística & dados numéricos , População Urbana/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Previsões , Geografia , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Esta tese tem como objetivo abordar a chegada, o alastramento e o extermínio do mosquito africano Anopheles gambiae no Brasil, do ponto de vista científico e político, observando os condicionantes históricos que o tornaram objeto de um importante projeto de cooperação em saúde pública com a Fundação Rockefeller (FR). A história do A. gambiae no Brasil pode ser dividida em três fases quecorrespondem diretamente à movimentação e medidas que resultaram no extermínio desse mosquito. Na primeira fase, que vai de 1930-1932, vai da sua identificação na cidade de Natal, capital do Rio Grande do Norte, até sua expulsão pelo Serviço Cooperativo de Febre Amarela (SCFA) da FR. A segunda fase, iniciada em 1932, é conhecida como era silenciosa, que durou aproximadamente cinco anos, em que o A. gambiae se alastrou para o estado do Ceará sem chamar a atenção dos poderes públicos. A última fase se inicia com a epidemia de 1938, que levou a criação emergencial do SMNE, um grande serviço cooperativo que erradicou o A. gambiae do Brasil em1940. O que proponho nesta tese, é mostrar a importância de se compreender o percurso do A. gambiae no Brasil a partir do processo histórico que o fez ser inicialmente entendido como um problema emergencial local, tratado de maneira paliativa, para finalmente, oito anos após a suachegada, ter sido enquadrado em um experimento de demonstração em saúde pública de relevânciainternacional. Nesse percurso, busco entender a agência histórica desse mosquito a partir da trajetória do mesmo durante sua estada no Brasil, bem como os revezes, reações e iniciativas científicas e políticas que levaram à erradicação do mesmo. Para sustentar a minha proposta, buscoanalisar artigos científicos, relatórios de campo, documentos institucionais e periódicos que colocam o mosquito invasor no centro de narrativas que o perseguem.(AU)