RESUMO
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have emerged due to the selective pressure of antimicrobial use in humans and animals. Water plays an important role in dissemination of these organisms among humans, animals and the environment. We studied the antibiotic resistance patterns among 493 Escherichia coli isolates from different aquatic environmental sources collected from October 2008 to May 2009 in León, Nicaragua. High levels of antibiotic resistance were found in E. coli isolates in hospital sewage water and in eight of 87 well-water samples. Among the resistant isolates from the hospital sewage, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole was the most common multi-resistance profile. Among the resistant isolates from the wells, 19% were resistant to ampicillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole. E. coli producing ESBL and harbouring bla(CTX-M) genes were detected in one of the hospital sewage samples and in 26% of the resistant isolates from the well-water samples. The bla(CTX-M-9) group was more prevalent in E. coli isolates from the hospital sewage samples and the bla(CTX-M-1) group was more prevalent in the well-water samples.
Assuntos
Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/isolamento & purificação , Esgotos/microbiologia , Águas Residuárias/microbiologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Água Potável/microbiologia , Escherichia coli/classificação , Escherichia coli/genética , Hospitais , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nicarágua , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Microbiologia da Água , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Different Andean crops were used to obtain starches not previously reported in literature as raw material for the production of biodegradable polymers. The twelve starches obtained were used to prepare biodegradable films by casting. Water and glycerol were used as plasticizers. The mechanical properties of the starch based films were assessed by means of tensile tests. Compost tests and FTIR tests were carried out to assess biodegradability of films. The results show that the mechanical properties (UTS, Young's modulus and elongation at break) of starch based films strongly depend on the starch source used for their production. We found that all the starch films prepared biodegrade following a three stage process and that the weight loss rate of all the starch based films tested was higher than the weight loss rate of the cellulose film used as control.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/química , Plásticos/síntese química , Amido/isolamento & purificação , Biodegradação Ambiental , Teste de Materiais , Peru , Plásticos/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Amido/química , Resistência à TraçãoRESUMO
The aim of this study was to identify the bacteria causing neonatal septicemia in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in León, Nicaragua and its relation with bacteria isolated from the environment at the NICU. Our data showed that 74% (34/46) of the bacteria related to newborns with septicemia were Gram-negative and highly resistant to beta-lactams (>85%) and aminoglycosides (80%), leading to treatment failure in 10 neonates with fatal outcome. Although, the prevalence of Gram-positive bacteria (26%) was lower than Gram-negative bacteria, Staphylococcus epidermidis was related to the death of three newborns. No clonal similarity was found among Enterobacter cloacae , Escherichia coli and Serratia liquefaciens isolated from the neonates with septicemia and the NICU environment. However, in order to improve the outcome for neonates with septicemia, infection control practices and appropriate empirical therapy should be considered to reduce the high prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria isolated from neonates with septicemia (80%) and from the NICU environment (34%).
Assuntos
Bacteriemia/microbiologia , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana , Bactérias Gram-Negativas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias Gram-Positivas/efeitos dos fármacos , Bacteriemia/etiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Nicarágua , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase , Fatores de Risco , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Se presenta un caso de Poliposis Múltiple Familiar (P.M.C.F.) en una mujer de 40 años, a quien se realizo investigación clínica y paraclínica completa para descartar síndromes asociados. Se revisan estos síndromes y la P.M.C.F. caracterizada por adenomas malignizables, resaltando la necesidad de investigar la familia