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RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar el número de días no productivos (DNP) de por vida, la proporción de DNP (%DNP) y días no productivos por cerda por año (DNP/Y), y determinar el efecto de factores de hato y cerda sobre las características aquí estudiadas en tres granjas comerciales en el trópico mexicano. Materiales y métodos. Los datos de 6703 cerdas de tres granjas comerciales fueron usados. El modelo que describió las características de interés incluyeron los efectos fijos de granja, año de primer parto, época de primer parto, edad al primer parto, causa de desecho, interacción de año por época y error residual. Resultados. Las medias de DNP de por vida, %DNP y DNP/Y fueron 64 días, 12% y 39.3 días, respectivamente. Todos los factores tuvieron efectos significativos (p<0.01) en todas las características. Las cerdas con primer parto a mayor edad y las eliminadas por razones reproductivas tuvieron más DNP en el hato. Además, las cerdas eliminadas en el primer parto tuvieron menor DNP y mayor %DNP que las cerdas desechadas en partos subsecuentes. Conclusiones. La eliminación temprana de cerdas incrementó la proporción de días no productivos, que a su vez podrían reducir la rentabilidad de las granjas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate the lifetime non-productive days (NPD), lifetime proportion of NPD (%NPD) and non-productive days per sow per year (NPD/Y), and to determine the effect of herd and sow level factors on the traits here studied in three pig farms in the Mexican tropics. Materials and methods. Data from 6703 sows from three commercial farms were used. The model that described the traits studied comprise the fixed effects of farm, year and season of first farrowing, age at first parity, reasons of removal of sows, year x season interaction and the residual error. Results. The means for lifetime NPD, %NPD and NPD/Y were 64 days, 12.0% and 39.3 days, respectively. All fixed factors had significant effects (p<0.01) on the characteristics evaluated. Sows having their first parity at an old age and sows culled because of reproductive reasons had the highest lifetime NPD. In addition, sows culled at first parity had lower lifetime NPD and higher %NPD than sows culled in subsequent farrowing. Conclusions. The early culling of sows increased the percentage of non-productive days, which in turn is expected to reduce the profit of farms.

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The objectives of this study were to estimate the lifetime and per year productivity of sows and to determine the effect of some factor on those traits in four pig farms in the tropics of Mexico. Data from 7526 sows for lifetime number of piglets born alive per sow (LBA), lifetime kilograms of piglets at farrowing (LKF), number of piglets born alive per year (NPF/Y), and kilograms of piglets at farrowing per year (KPF/Y); and data from 7230 sows for lifetime number of piglets weaned (LPW), lifetime kilograms of piglets weaned (LKW), number of piglets weaned per year (NPW/Y), and kilograms of piglets weaned per year (KPW/Y) per sow were used. The statistical model for all traits included the fixed effects of farm, year of first farrowing, season of first farrowing, litter size at first farrowing, age at first farrowing, removal reason, simple interactions, and the error term. The means for LBA, LKF, NPF/Y, and KPF/Y were 45.1 piglets, 67.1 kg, 22.7 piglets, and 33.7 kg, respectively. The means for LPW, LKW, NPW/Y, and KPW/Y were 43.2 piglets, 251.9 kg, 21.5 piglets, and 125.1 kg, respectively. All factors were significant for all traits, except for age at first farrowing on LPW and LKW. Sows with large litter sizes and those that farrowed the first time, at an early age, had the highest lifetime and per year productivity. Therefore, more care and better management should be provided to those types of sows to improve the farms profit.

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A cross-sectional study was made on 89 inhabitants and their dogs from a rural community of Yucatan, Mexico, to determine the serological prevalence of some zoonotic parasitic agents. Samples were taken to monitor the presence and intensity of infection with gastrointestinal parasites in dogs. In humans, the serological prevalence of T. canis, T. gondii, and T. spiralis was 29.2%, 91.0%, and 6.7%, respectively. No associations were found between positive cases and studied variables. From the total of blood samples taken from dogs, 87 (97.6%) were seropositive to T. gondii; only 52 viable fecal samples were collected from dogs of which 46.2% had the presence of gastrointestinal parasites with low to moderate intensity; from those, 12% had the presence of T. canis. This study demonstrates the presence of the studied zoonotic agents in the area particularly T. gondii which suggest a common source of infection in dogs and humans and a high number of oocyts present in the environment. Preventive measures must be designed towards good prophylactic practices in domestic and backyard animals (T. canis and T. spiralis). Contaminated sources with T. gondii (food and water) should be further investigated in order to design effective control measures.

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The objective was to estimate the incidence of and to determine the effect of some risk factors on the decrease of litter size at parity 2 of sows in three commercial farms in Yucatan, Mexico. Data on 8,592 farrowing records of 4,296 sows were analyzed using a binomial logistic regression procedure. The model included the fixed effect of farm (1, 2, and 3), year of farrowing (2003-2011), season of farrowing (dry, rainy, and windy), number of pigs born alive at first parity (<9, 9-10, 11-12, and >12 piglets), lactation length (<18, 18-24, and >24 days), and weaning to conception intervals (<4, 4-11, and >11 days). Fifty-five point eight percent of all sows presented a reduced or similar litter size at parity 2. The odds of decrease in the second litter size were 1.56 and 2.01 for farms 2 and 3, respectively. Higher odds were found for sows farrowing during the rainy and dry seasons (1.20 and 1.24, resp.) and for sows with large litters at parity 1 (>12 piglets, odds = 33.2). Sows with weaning to conception intervals <4 days and between 4 and 11 days had higher odds of a decrease in the second litter (1.78 and 2.74 pigs, resp.).

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The aim of this study was to describe the reasons for removal in three pig farms under the tropical conditions of Mexico. Data were obtained from the records from 2003 to 2009, including a total of 7,236 commercial culled sows. Farms 1 and 3 were full-cycle farms with 3,500 and 550 sows. Farm 2 was a two-cycle farm with 450 sows. The specific reasons for removal were grouped into six general categories. The descriptive statistics of the reasons for removal were obtained using cross tabulation tables. Chi-square was used to test between farm differences. Reproductive reasons accounted for the largest proportion of all removals (26.9%) of which anestrous and repeated estrous contributed with 34.2% and 20.8%, respectively. Locomotor problems were responsible for 15.5% of all removals, of which lameness was the main concern (56.3%) followed by "sow downer" syndrome (23.9%). Low production accounted for 12.8% of all removals of which 62.2% were due to small litter sizes and 37.8% due to disgalactia. Diseases were responsible for 13.0% of all removals of which respiratory problems was the most important (73.6%). Age as a cause of removal comprised 24.1% and the category "miscellaneous" 7.7% of all removals. Poor body condition and death reasons represented 2.6% and 1.6%, respectively. Differences between removal reasons were found between farms.

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The objective of this study was to determine the effect of some factors on the length of productive life (LPL), the number of parities (NP), and the culling interval (CI) of sows. The information from 2003 to 2009 of 3,746 sows with LPL and NP records and 5,819 sows with CI records from the four farms of Yucatan, Mexico was used. LPL was defined as the number of days between the first farrowing and culling or death and CI as the number of days between the last farrowing and culling. To determine the effects of farm, litter size at first farrowing (LSF1) and age at first farrowing (AF1) on LPL and NP, and of farm, LSF1 and culling reason on CI general linear models were used. Means and standard errors for LPL, NP, and CI were 496.4 ± 8.42 days, 3.35 ± 0.04 parities, and 48.3 ± 0.52 days, respectively. All factors had significant effects (P < 0.05) on LPL, NP, and CI. The sows from farm 2 stayed longer (806.0 days) and had more parities (5.25) than the sows from the other farms. Sows with the smallest litters (≤8 piglets) at first farrowing stayed the least time in the farm (675.1 days) and had the fewest parities (4.49). Gilts farrowing the first time before 331 days of age stayed longer time in the farm (726.4 days) and had more parities (4.81) in comparison with 331-348 and more than 348 days age groups. With respect to CI, the sows in farm 3 stayed the longest time in the farm. Sows with more than five parities were culled sooner after their last farrowing. In conclusion, differences between farms for LPL, PN, and CI were found. Females that farrowed at a short age and those with large litters stayed longer in the herd. Old sows and those culled for reproductive reasons stayed the least time in the herd after their last farrowing.

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Los objetivos de este estudio fueron estimar la prevalencia y determinar algunos factores de riesgo asociados con el virus del Síndrome Reproductivo y Respiratorio Porcino (PRRS) en sementales de granjas porcinas de Yucatán, México. El estudio se realizó en 30 granjas con 28 a 2.000 vientres y con diferentes niveles de tecnificación. Los verracos al llegar a la granja fueron sometidos a un periodo de adaptación al manejo y al estatus sanitario. En las granjas se empleaba la monta natural, la inseminación artificial o ambas técnicas. La alimentación de los verracos consistió en alimento comercial. Se realizó un estudio transversal por conglomerados desde septiembre 2005 hasta febrero 2006, muestreándose 170 verracos. La presencia de anticuerpos y partículas virales se determinó mediante las pruebas de ELISA y RT-PCR (Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa- Transcriptasa Reversa), respectivamente. Cincuenta y seis verracos fueron positivos a la prueba de ELISA, 21 a la prueba de RT-PCR y 67 a una o ambas pruebas. La prevalencia en los verracos fue 39,4% (67/170) y dentro de granjas varió de 0 a 100%. Veintiún granjas tuvieron al menos un animal positivo a la prueba de ELISA, 13 a la prueba de RT-PCR y 25 a una o ambas pruebas. El riesgo de un animal positivo a PRRS fue 3,6 veces mayor en granjas positivas al virus de PRRS y 2,6 veces mayor en granjas donde no se realizaban pruebas diagnósticas antes de introducir los sementales. Las granjas que utilizaban sementales en la detección de celo tuvieron 7,0 veces mayor riesgo de un verraco positivo al virus de PRRS.

The objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of and to determine some risk factors associated with the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) virus in boars from pig farms in Yucatan, Mexico. The study was carried out in 30 farms with 28 to 2,000 sows and different levels of technology. On arrival, boars were kept for an adaptation period to the farm conditions and management. Natural mating, artificial insemination or both techniques were used. Commercial feed was provided to the boars. A cluster cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2005 to February 2006, and 170 boars were sampled. The presence of antibodies and virus particles was determined using ELISA and RT-PCR (Reverse transcriptase- polymerase chain reaction) tests respectively. Fifty six out of 170 boars were positive to ELISA test, 21 to RT-PCR and 67 to one or both tests. Boar prevalence was 39.4% (67/170) and within farm varied from 0 to 100%. Twenty one farms (70%) had at least one ELISA positive animal, 13 positives to RT-PCR test (43.3%) and 25 (83.3%) to one or both tests. The risk of a PRRS virus positive boar was 3.6 times greater in the positive farms and 2.6 when no diagnostic tests were carried out before introducing the boar to the farm. Farms using the boars for estrus detection had 7.0 times greater risk of a PRRS virus seropositive boar.

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A leptospirosis clinical-epidemiological study was made in humans and reservoirs in the state of Yucatßn, MÚxico. Interviews and serological analyses were made on 400 persons from an open population, 439 probable cases of leptospirosis and 1060 animal reservoirs (cows, pigs, dogs, rats and opossums). IgM Leptospira DipstickTM and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was used to detect human antibodies to leptospiras and serovar respectively. Leptospirosis incidence in humans was 2.2/100,000 inhab. in 1998, 0.7/100,000 in 1999 and 0.9/100,000 in 2000. Overall seroprevalence was 14.2 percent, relatively unchanged from seroprevalences observed 20 years ago. Highest seropositivity was found in people over 56 years of age, predominating males over females. Predominant serovars in the open population were tarassovi, hardjo, pomona and panama. Leptospirosis cases were most frequent in rural areas, and the anicteric course predominated over the icteric. The panama, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona serovars predominated in both anicteric and icteric courses. Dogs, pigs and rodents had the highest seropositivity among the reservoirs. Contact with rodents and natural water sources were significant factors (p ú 0.05). Human cases (74 percent) occurred during the rainy season. It is concluded that leptospirosis is still a serious illness with important clinical and epidemiological implications in the state of Yucatßn, Mexico

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Two epidemiological studies were conducted from August 1997 to May 1998: a case-control study to identify herd level risk factors for antibodies to Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) in sows in the state of Yucatan, Mexico and a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence of antibodies against ADV in fattening pigs. In the case-control study, data on herd management and biosecurity were obtained from all the 27 ADV known field-virus-seropositive farms (cases) and 62 randomly selected seronegative farms (controls) by questionnaire. Breeding animals of these seropositive farms had received a gE-deletion vaccine. In the cross-sectional study, 26 farrow-to-finish farms of the 27 seropositive farms were used and blood samples taken from 60 fattening pigs per herd (15 pigs for each stage of production). Serum samples were analyzed by the screening-ELISA and gE-ELISA tests. In the case-control study, three of the 15 risk factors were significant. Odds ratios for distance to the nearest farm (< or = 2.5km), not sampling for the detection of ADV and herds with origin of breeding animals within the state were 9.5, 18.1 and 8.7. In the cross-sectional study, 11 (42.3%) of the 26 sampled farms were seropositive to vaccine antibodies. None of the piglets were positive to antibodies against field virus risk--suggesting that the strategy of vaccinating only the breeding animals reduced the ADV infection of the piglets.

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A leptospirosis clinical-epidemiological study was made in humans and reservoirs in the state of Yucatán, México. Interviews and serological analyses were made on 400 persons from an open population, 439 probable cases of leptospirosis and 1060 animal reservoirs (cows, pigs, dogs, rats and opossums). IgM Leptospira Dipstick and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) was used to detect human antibodies to leptospiras and serovar respectively. Leptospirosis incidence in humans was 2.2/100,000 inhab. in 1998, 0.7/100,000 in 1999 and 0.9/100,000 in 2000. Overall seroprevalence was 14.2%, relatively unchanged from seroprevalences observed 20 years ago. Highest seropositivity was found in people over 56 years of age, predominating males over females. Predominant serovars in the open population were tarassovi, hardjo, pomona and panama. Leptospirosis cases were most frequent in rural areas, and the anicteric course predominated over the icteric. The panama, icterohaemorrhagiae and pomona serovars predominated in both anicteric and icteric courses. Dogs, pigs and rodents had the highest seropositivity among the reservoirs. Contact with rodents and natural water sources were significant factors (p < or = 0.05). Human cases (74%) occurred during the rainy season. It is concluded that leptospirosis is still a serious illness with important clinical and epidemiological implications in the state of Yucatán, Mexico.

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Introducción. Se realizó el estudio para determinar la relación entre la condición ambiental y las variables fisiológicas (temperatura rectal y frecuencia respiratoria) en bovinos cruzados cebú x europeo en los meses de julio, septiembre y noviembre de 1998. Material y métodos. Para ello se estudiaron cinco ranchos, dos localizados en la zona costera con clima BS0 y tres en la zona oriente con clima regional AW1. En cada uno se seleccionaron cinco animales, se realizó la toma de las variables fisiológicos a las 6, 10, 14 y 18 horas. Se determinó la temperatura, humedad, temperatura de bulbo negro al sol y sombra cada hora de las 6 a las 18 horas.Resultados. Los resultados indican una diferencia en las condiciones térmicas del ambiente en ambas regiones, así como en la frecuencia respiratoria y temperatura rectal. Los cambios en la condición ambiental, provocaron cambios en las variables fisiológicas. Los cambios microclimáticos por hora aparentemente tuvieron efecto sobre las variables fisiológicas de los animales criados en ambas regiones. Se observó una relación entre los cambios en la condición ambiental por mes y hora con las variables fisiológicas. De las dos zonas geográficas únicamente los animales criados en la zona oriente rebasaron los límites normales en la frecuencia respiratoria. Discusión. Esta variación sugiere que el animal pone en marcha el proceso de disipación térmica evaporativa como compensación a la reducida eficiencia de pérdida de calor sensible, lo que le permite mantener la temperatura corporal dentro de los límites fisiológicos.

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Introducción. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue comparar la tasa de fertilidad, el número total de lechones nacidos y de lechones nacidos vivos, obtenidos de marranas primíparas mediante dos sistemas de apareamiento, así como determinar el efecto del momento de servicio y edad de la marrana al parto, sobre variables de respuesta antes mencionadas. Material y métodos. Se compararon dos tipos de apareamiento, tres momentos de servicio y dos grupos de edades de marranas primíparas en la fertilidad, el número de lechones nacidos totales y vivos, y la mortalidad de lechones al nacimiento. Se utilizaron los registros de 502 hembras de una granja comercial de ciclo completo, localizada en el municipio de Hunucmá, Yucatán. El semen se colectó de sementales de la propia granja. La detección de celos se realizó dos veces al día con ayuda de machos vasectomizados. Los datos de fertilidad se analizaron con una prueba de ji cuadrada y los de tamaño de camada y mortalidad de lechones al nacimiento usando análisis de varianza que tuvieron como factores el tipo de apareamiento, momento de servicio o la edad de la marrana. Resultados. No se encontró diferencia en la fertilidad o tamaño de camada de las marranas entre tipos de apareamiento o momento de servicio. Sin embargo, se encontraron diferencias en el número total de cerdos nacidos y nacidos vivos de hembras servidas a los 210 días de edad o antes, y las servidas después de los 210 días, respectivamente. Discusión. El uso de la IA en el ámbito comercial es factible sin riesgo de afectar negativamente los parámetros reproductivos de marranas primíparas. Bajo las condiciones del presente estudio, las marranas con edades menores de 210 días producen camadas más pequeñas que aquellas servidas después de los 210 días de edad

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Introducción. La estrosis es una miasis cavitaria que afecta a los ovinos y caprinos. En la actualidad el diagnóstico es a través de la observación de los signos clínicos y el hallazgo de larvas en los conductos nasales de los animales a la necropsia. Diferentes técnicas serológicas se han utilizado y evaluado para tratar de realizar un mejor diagnóstico de esta enfermedad. Objetivo. Evaluar la prueba de inmunoensayo en capa delgada (ICD) utilizando microplacas de poliestireno, para el diagnóstico de estrosis ovina. Material y métodos. Se utilizaron 95 ovinos sacrificados para abasto, de los cuales se obtuvo el suero y se les realizó el examen postmorten para la detección de la presencia de larvas en los conductos nasales. La presencia de larvas en los conductos nasales fue considerada como prueba de oro. El antígeno usado fue a partir de larvas L2 con una concentración de proteína de 4.2 mg/mL. La prueba se realizó en microplacas de poliestireno de fondo plano y de 96 pozos, se siguió el mismo procedimiento utilizado en la técnica descrita por Bautista 1982. Se determinó la sensibilidad y se midió la concordancia entre ambas pruebas, calculando el valor de kappa. Resultados. De los 95 ovinos sacrificados, 51 (54 por ceinto) fueron positivos, a la preencia de larvas en el examen postmortem y 61 (51 por ciento) a la prueba de ICD y u valor de kappa de 0.53 al comparar ambas pruebas. Conclusiones. El uso de microplacas en la prueba ICD es una alternativa para el diagnóstico de estrosis ovina en estudio epidemiológicos ya que permite con una sensibilidad alta, analizar una mayor cantidad de sueros por placa, utilizando una menor cantidad de antígeno

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