RESUMO
Normal pregnant women in the second and third trimester were screened to detect gestational diabetes. Using the protocol proposed by the World Health Organization, we identified 33 women whose two hr glucose levels was > 200 mg/dl. Only sixteen women had less than 34 weeks of pregnancy when were seen for the first time at the diabetes clinic, the other seventeen women had more than 34 weeks when they presented to the diabetes clinic. The first group, was called the treated group and the second group was the non-treated group. The main clinical characteristics of these patients, treated vs non-treated, were (X +/- SD): age (years) 33.2 +/- 5.2 (20-40) vs 30.2 +/- 6.5 (20-39), p < 0.05; weeks of pregnancy at diagnosis: 27.9 +/- 4.1 (19-33) vs 36.1 +/- 2.3 (34-40), p < 0.05; weight (Kg): 79.9 +/- 13.1 (61.8-108) vs 87.4 +/- 16.8 (60.8-118), p = NS; length of pregnancy (weeks) 38 +/- 1.3 (36-40) vs 38.4 +/- 1.4 (35-40), p = NS; newborns weight (g): 3,654 +/- 650 (2,475-5,100) vs 3,221 +/- 529 (2,650-4,650), p = NS. There was an intrauterine death of a macrosomic fetus in the non-treated group. There were three macrosomic newborns in the treated group and one in the non-treated group, p = NS. Also, there was a premature newborn of 1,975 g, whose pregnancy was interrupted for acute fetal distress. Delivery by cesarean section occurred in 29 women (87.8%), and it was mainly related to the diabetes diagnosis. The prevalence of macrosomia in the treated group supports the idea that treatment has to be established at least at 24 weeks of pregnancy, to reduce this rate. It is concluded that gestational diabetes is associated to an increase in maternal and fetal morbidity, requiring strict supervision to detect and treat fetal distress and a tight glucose control to decrease the macrosomia rate.
Assuntos
Diabetes Gestacional/diagnóstico , Adulto , Diabetes Gestacional/complicações , Diabetes Gestacional/terapia , Feminino , Morte Fetal/prevenção & controle , Sofrimento Fetal , Macrossomia Fetal/diagnóstico , Macrossomia Fetal/etiologia , Idade Gestacional , Humanos , Hiperglicemia/terapia , Recém-Nascido , Recém-Nascido Prematuro , Gravidez , Segundo Trimestre da Gravidez , Terceiro Trimestre da GravidezRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of tuberculosis treatment administered by the Secretaría de Salud (SSA) in the sanitary jurisdictions of Cuernavaca and Cuautla, Morelos, for the 1992-1996 period by retrospectively reviewing tuberculosis treatment control cards. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Official Norm for Tuberculosis Prevention and Control in Primary Care Units outcome definitions were used. Data was collected on standardized forms and analyzed with SAS and Epi Info programs; 149 primary care units and 4 hospitals in the study area were visited. RESULTS: There were found 288 patients cards, of which 260 were new cases. These patients received 311 treatments of which 85% were directly observed. Reviewed cards represented 60% of SSA notified cases for this period. There were analyzed 246 treatments of which 32% were bacteriological cures, 26% probable cures, 18% dropouts, 1% failures and 3% deaths. In 20% of treatments the outcome was unknown. Cure rate was better in new cases (61%) than in retreatments (38%), p < 0.01. Efficacy of treatment was 71% and efficiency 58%. Patients receiving retreatment abandoned it more frequently (32%) than new cases (16%), p < 0.01. A statistically significant association was found between abandoned treatment and being retreated (OR = 3.3, CI 95% 1.3-8.5, p = 0.01) or belonging to a lower socioeconomic level (OR = 2.3, CI 95% 1.0-4.9, p = 0.04). In the 34 retreatment programs, 22 were initiated after abandonment, failure or relapse. CONCLUSIONS: Proportion of cure rate (58%) compares unfavorably with WHO recommendations (85%). Implications of a high dropout rate and probability of circulation of resistant strains of M tuberculosis are discussed. Creative strategies to reinforce patient compliance which take into account the patient and not only the health services, extension of cultures to known M. tuberculosis drug resistance and evaluation of modifications to drug regimens are proposed. Review of treatment control cards is a useful tool for program evaluation.
Assuntos
Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Adulto , Notificação de Doenças/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Cooperação do Paciente , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Resultado do Tratamento , Tuberculose/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We analyzed 215 consecutive patients with diabetes mellitus and pregnancy, 118 (54.83%) with noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), 90 (41.86%) with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and 7 (3.26%) with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). NIDDM and GDM patients had no significant difference in age and body mass index. There were no maternal deaths, nor episodes of ketoacidosis. Maternal and neonatal complications occurred with a similar frequency in NIDDM and GDM. We concluded that in our population, diabetes associated with insulin-resistance occurred in over 96% of our pregnant diabetic patients and was associated with an increased prevalence of maternal and neonatal complications. Earlier perinatal care has to be established in NIDDM patients, and obese young women should be screened to detect GDM from early gestation and advised to reduce weight before pregnancy ensues.