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Primary amines are derivatives of ammonia in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an alkyl or aryl group. Ammonia serves as the primary nitrogen source in amination reactions, and its utilization in solution or as a pure gas has witnessed notable advancements. However, the use of gaseous ammonia remains problematic in academic laboratory settings, while employing aqueous ammonia poses challenges in highly water-sensitive transformations. Consequently, the search for alternative sources of ammonia has garnered considerable attention among the organic chemistry community. This comprehensive literature review focuses on the use of ammonia surrogates in amination reactions, irrespective of the resulting intermediate. The review emphasizes the formation of the C-N bond and underscores the importance of generating intermediate products that can be readily transformed into primary amines through well-established reactions.
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OBJECTIVES: To assess the psychometric properties of 4-item questionnaire about sleep habits and time in South American children (3-10 years) and adolescents (11-18 years). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We evaluated 459 participants from seven South American cities. Two items from week and weekend days wake up time and bedtime were asked twice, with a 2-week interval. We calculated time spent in bed (subtracting wake up time from bedtime). Participants also answered the Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence (HELENA) sleep time questionnaire. RESULTS: The questionnaire showed acceptable temporal stability in children and adolescents on total days (rho≥0.30; p<0.05). For total days, the questionnaire presented acceptable convergent validity only in children (rho from 0.48 to 0.62; p≤0.01) compared with the HELENA questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The 4-item questionnaire is a reliable and valid tool for children; however, its validity is not consistent in adolescents for sleep habits and time.
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Massive vaccination offers great promise for halting the global COVID-19 pandemic. However, the limited supply and uneven vaccine distribution create an urgent need to optimize vaccination strategies. We evaluate SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses after Sputnik V vaccination of healthcare workers in Argentina, measuring IgG anti-spike titers and neutralizing capacity after one and two doses in a cohort of naive or previously infected volunteers. By 21 days after receiving the first dose of the vaccine, 94% of naive participants develop spike-specific IgG antibodies. A single Sputnik V dose elicits higher antibody levels and virus-neutralizing capacity in previously infected individuals than in naive ones receiving the full two-dose schedule. The high seroconversion rate after a single dose in naive participants suggests a benefit of delaying administration of the second dose to increase the number of people vaccinated. The data presented provide information for guiding public health decisions in light of the current global health emergency.
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Vacinas contra COVID-19/imunologia , COVID-19/prevenção & controle , SARS-CoV-2/imunologia , Vacinas Sintéticas/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Antivirais/imunologia , Argentina/epidemiologia , COVID-19/imunologia , Chlorocebus aethiops , Células HEK293 , Pessoal de Saúde , Humanos , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2/patogenicidade , Soroconversão , Glicoproteína da Espícula de Coronavírus/imunologia , Vacinação , Vacinas , Células VeroRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyse the reliability and validity of a semi-quantitative FFQ to assess food group consumption in South American children and adolescents. DESIGN: The SAYCARE (South American Youth/Child cARdiovascular and Environmental) study is an observational, multicentre, feasibility study performed in a sample of 3- to 18-year-old children and adolescents attending private and public schools from six South American countries. Participants answered the FFQ twice with a two-week interval and three 24-h dietary recalls. Intraclass and Spearman's correlations, weighted Cohen's kappa (κw), percentage of agreement and energy-adjusted Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated. SETTING: Seven cities in South America (Buenos Aires, Lima, Medelin, Montevideo, Santiago, Sao Paulo and Teresina). SUBJECTS: A sample of 200 children and 244 adolescents for reliability analyses and 252 children and 244 adolescents for validity analyses were included. RESULTS: Depending on the food group, for children and adolescents, reliability analyses resulted in Spearman's coefficients from 0·47 to 0·73, intraclass correlation coefficients from 0·66 to 0·99, κw coefficients from 0·35 to 0·63, and percentage of agreement between 72·75 and 83·52 %. In the same way, validity analyses resulted in Spearman's coefficients from 0·17 to 0·37, energy-adjusted Pearson's coefficients from 0·17 to 0·61, κw coefficients from 0·09 to 0·24, and percentages of agreement between 45·79 and 67·06 %. CONCLUSION: The SAYCARE FFQ achieved reasonable reliability and slight-moderate validity for almost all food groups intakes. Accordingly, it can be used for the purpose of ranking the intake of individuals within a population.
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Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Infantil , Inquéritos sobre Dietas/normas , Dieta/métodos , Adolescente , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição do Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Registros de Dieta , Ingestão de Energia , Comportamento Alimentar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Rememoração Mental , Avaliação Nutricional , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , América do SulRESUMO
Neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6a (Gpm6a) is a protein with four transmembrane regions and the N- and the C-ends facing the cytosol. It functions in processes of neuronal development, outgrowth of neurites, and formation of filopodia, spines, and synapsis. Molecular mechanisms by which Gpm6a acts in these processes are not fully comprehended. Structural similarities of Gpm6a with tetraspanins led us to hypothesize that, similarly to tetraspanins, the cytoplasmic tails function as connections with cytoskeletal and/or signaling proteins. Here, we demonstrate that the C- but not the N-terminal cytosolic end of Gpm6a is required for the formation of filopodia by Gpm6a in cultured neurons from rat hippocampus and in neuroblastoma cells N2a. Further immunofluorescence microcopy and flow cytometry analysis show that deletion of neither the N- nor the C-terminal intracellular domains interferes with the recognition of Gpm6a by the function-blocking antibody directed against the extracellular part of Gpm6a. Expression levels of both truncation mutants were not affected but we observed decrease in the amount of both truncated proteins on cell surface suggesting that the incapacity of the Gpm6a lacking C-terminus to induce filopodium formation is not due to the lower amount of Gpm6a on cell surface. Following colocalization assays shows that deletion of the C- but not the N-terminus diminishes the association of Gpm6a with clathrin implying involvement of clathrin-mediated trafficking events. Next, using comprehensive alanine scanning mutagenesis of the C-terminus we identify K250, K255, and E258 as the key residues for the formation of filopodia by Gpm6a. Substitution of these charged residues with alanine also diminishes the amount of Gpm6a on cell surface and in case of K255 and E258 leads to the lower amount of total expressed protein. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis of Gpm6a amino acid sequence reveals that highly conserved and functional residues cluster preferentially within the C- and not within the N-terminus and that K250, K255, and E258 are predicted as part of sorting signals of transmembrane proteins. Altogether, our results provide evidence that filopodium outgrowth induced by Gpm6a requires functionally critical residues within the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail.
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This note reports on occurrences of triatomine species in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, registered between 1988 and 2017. Records of triatomines captured in Sao Paulo are based on specimens received spontaneously from Health Surveillance Centers, Health Centers and Zoonosis Control Centers in the city as well as from citizens. Species were identified morphologically at the Public Health Entomology Laboratory, Faculty of Public Health, University of Sao Paulo, where the triatomines, which are vectors of Chagas disease, were tested for Trypanosoma cruzi infection. The first reported occurrence of triatomine bugs in urban Sao Paulo was in 1988. The specimen, which was captured in Jardim Sao Luiz district, was from the genus Panstrongylus and was registered as Panstrongylus sp. but was not sexed. Since this first recorded occurrence, the following species have been found in the city: Panstrongylus geniculatus (2 occurrences), P. megistus (15 occurrences), Triatoma infestans (1 occurrence) and T. sordida (3 occurrences). In this paper, the importance of reporting occurrences of triatomine bugs in the city of Sao Paulo, one of the largest metropolis in the world, is discussed with an emphasis on P. megistus. The occurrences discussed here indicate the importance of entomological surveillance for these vectors even in urban centers although the possibility of vector transmission of Chagas disease in these centers is very low.
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Insetos Vetores/classificação , Panstrongylus , Triatominae/classificação , Distribuição Animal , Animais , Brasil , Doença de Chagas/transmissão , Cidades , Feminino , Insetos Vetores/parasitologia , Masculino , Panstrongylus/parasitologia , Vigilância em Saúde Pública , Fatores de Tempo , Triatominae/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/isolamento & purificação , População UrbanaRESUMO
Increased plasma free fatty acids (FFAs) are associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in adults with abdominal obesity (AO). However, this association remains controversial in children. This study analyzed plasma FFA concentration in children with and without AO. Twenty-nine children classified with AO were matched by age and sex with 29 non-obese individuals. Blood samples were collected after fasting for 10-12 h. Plasma concentration of glucose, insulin, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined by automatized methods. FFAs were analyzed by gas chromatography. Children with and without AO had similar age (7.1 ± 2.6 vs. 7.2 ± 2.7 years; p > 0.05) but obese children showed higher (p < 0.05) body mass index (BMI) (+4.3 kg/m²), systolic blood pressure (+5.1 mmHg), and insulin (+27.8 pmol/L). There were no significant differences in plasma total FFA concentration between groups (1.02 ± 0.61 vs. 0.89 ± 0.37 mmol/L; p > 0.05). However, children with AO had higher palmitoleic acid (0.94 vs. 0.70 wt %; p < 0.05) and dihomo-gamma linoleic acid (DHGL) (2.76 vs. 2.07 wt %; p < 0.05). Palmitoleic and DHGL acids correlated (p < 0.05) with BMI (r = 0.397; r = 0.296, respectively) and with waist circumference (r = 0.380; r = 0.276, respectively). Palmitoleic acid correlated positively with systolic blood pressure (r = 0.386; p < 0.05) and negatively with HDL-C (-0.572; p < 0.01). In summary, children with AO have higher plasmatic concentrations of free palmitoleic and DHGL fatty acids, which correlate with cardiometabolic risk factors.
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Ácidos Graxos Monoinsaturados/sangue , Ácidos Linoleicos/sangue , Obesidade Abdominal/sangue , Obesidade Infantil/sangue , Fatores Etários , Biomarcadores/sangue , Pressão Sanguínea , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Cardiovasculares/etiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Ácidos Graxos Dessaturases/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Síndrome Metabólica/etiologia , Obesidade Abdominal/complicações , Obesidade Abdominal/diagnóstico , Obesidade Abdominal/fisiopatologia , Obesidade Infantil/complicações , Obesidade Infantil/diagnóstico , Obesidade Infantil/fisiopatologia , Fatores de Risco , América do Sul , Regulação para Cima , Circunferência da CinturaRESUMO
RESUMEN Introducción: Los estudiantes universitarios son particularmente vulnerables a una inadecuada nutrición, con la subsecuente afectación en su estado nutricional y de salud. Objetivo: Investigar la frecuencia de exceso de peso (EP) y algunos de sus factores asociados en estudiantes de la Universidad de Antioquia-Colombia. Métodos: Estudio transversal en 424 estudiantes, ambos sexos, con edades de 21,4±4,0 años. El EP se diagnosticó según índice de masa corporal (IMC) ≥ 25 kg/m2; el riesgo de adiposidad central (RAC) como perímetro de cintura (PC) ≥ 80 cm en mujeres y ≥ 90 cm en hombres. Se midieron variables sociodemográficas y asociadas con el estilo de vida (EV). Se empleó estadística descriptiva, prueba Chi2 y α = 0,05. Resultados: El 17,1% de los estudiantes presentó EP, mayor en hombres que en mujeres (22,6% vs 14,0%); un 8,1% mostró RAC, mayor en mujeres (9,1% vs 6,5%). El IMC se asoció con el sexo (p= 0,001). El RAC no mostró asociación con las características sociodemográficas ni de EV. Conclusión: Un porcentaje considerable de los universitarios presentó exceso de peso establecidos a partir de IMC, lo cual fue asociado al sexo del estudiante. No obstante, es importante promover espacios universitarios que propendan por estilos de vida saludables.
ABSTRACT Introduction: University students are particularly vulnerable to inadequate food intake, which has consequences for their nutritional and health status. Objective: To study the prevalence of overweight (OW) and its associated factors among a group of students at University of Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study involving 424 male and female students 21.4±4.0 years of age. OW was diagnosed by body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m2; risk of central adiposity was measured by waist circumference (WC) ≥ 90 cm and ≥ 80 cm in men and women, respectively. Socio-demographic and lifestyle variables were measured. Chi2 test (a = 0.05) was used as a descriptive statistic. Results: 17.1% of students had OW, which was higher in men (men: 22.6% vs women 14.0%, p< 0.05); 8.1% had risk of central adiposity higher, which was higher in women (men: 6.5% vs women: 9.1%, p> 0.05). BMI was associated with sex (p= 0.001). Risk of central adiposity was not related with socio-demographic or lifestyle characteristics. Conclusion: A considerable percentage of university students were overweight based on BMI, which related to sex of the student. However, it is important to promote university spaces that are conducive to healthy lifestyles.
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Humanos , Estudantes , Índice de Massa Corporal , Universidades , Sobrepeso , Estilo de Vida , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Estado NutricionalRESUMO
Stress-responsive neuronal membrane glycoprotein M6a (Gpm6a) functions in neurite extension, filopodium and spine formation and synaptogenesis. The mechanisms of Gpm6a action in these processes are incompletely understood. Previously, we identified the actin regulator coronin-1a (Coro1a) as a putative Gpm6a interacting partner. Here, we used co-immunoprecipitation assays with the anti-Coro1a antibody to show that Coro1a associates with Gpm6a in rat hippocampal neurons. By immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated that in hippocampal neurons Coro1a localizes in F-actin-enriched regions and some of Coro1a spots co-localize with Gpm6a labeling. Notably, the over-expression of a dominant-negative form of Coro1a as well as its down-regulation by siRNA interfered with Gpm6a-induced filopodium formation. Coro1a is known to regulate the plasma membrane translocation and activation of small GTPase Rac1. We show that Coro1a co-immunoprecipitates with Rac1 together with Gpm6a. Pharmacological inhibition of Rac1 resulted in a significant decrease in filopodium formation by Gpm6a. The same was observed upon the co-expression of Gpm6a with the inactive GDP-bound form of Rac1. In this case, the elevated membrane recruitment of GDP-bound Rac1 was detected as well. Moreover, the kinase activity of the p21-activated kinase 1 (Pak1), a main downstream effector of Rac1 that acts downstream of Coro1a, was required for Gpm6a-induced filopodium formation. Taken together, our results provide evidence that a signaling pathway including Coro1a, Rac1, and Pak1 facilitates Gpm6a-induced filopodium formation. Formation of filopodia by membrane glycoprotein M6a (Gpm6a) requires actin regulator coronin-1a (Coro1a), known to regulate plasma membrane localization and activation of Rac1 and its downstream effector Pak1. Coro1a associates with Gpm6a. Blockage of Coro1a, Rac1, or Pak1 interferes with Gpm6a-induced filopodium formation. Moreover, Gpm6a facilitates Rac1 membrane recruitment. Altogether, a mechanistic insight into the process of Gpm6a-induced neuronal filopodium formation is provided.
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Glicoproteínas de Membrana/fisiologia , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/fisiologia , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/fisiologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Pseudópodes/fisiologia , Quinases Ativadas por p21/fisiologia , Proteínas rac1 de Ligação ao GTP/fisiologia , Actinas/análise , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Regulação para Baixo , Genes Reporter , Hipocampo/citologia , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/genética , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/antagonistas & inibidores , Biogênese de Organelas , Cultura Primária de Células , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Proteínas rac1 de Ligação ao GTP/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
Antecedentes: se realizó una campaña de información, educación y comunicación (IEC) sobre síndrome metabólico para personal universitario del área de la salud, derivada de una investigación realizada en esta población. Objetivo: reconocer las dinámicas y aprendizajes generados en los profesionales ejecutores de la campaña "Somos salud". Metodología: sistematización de experiencia realizada por los ejecutores de la campaña, quienes definieron la pregunta orientadora, reconstruyeron la experiencia, hicieron la reflexión crítica, en la cual identificaron aspectos significativos que permitieron construir y validar el sistema categorial. La información se recolectó mediante grupos focales. Resultados: se identificó como categoría principal: "Aprender en la práctica de la estrategia IEC" y como subcategorías destacadas: la reflexión sobre IEC y educación, la relación extensión-investigación, asuntos críticos de la ejecución y el diseño de mensajes y materiales. Conclusiones: se reconoce que aunque los procesos de IEC no garantizan cambios inmediatos en prácticas individuales y colectivas, contribuyen a conocer y discutir problemáticas de salud. Se reflexionó críticamente sobre la manera como se hace educación para la salud, resaltando la necesidad de considerar aspectos individuales y contextuales, mediadores en las decisiones de salud y reconociendo al profesional de la salud como agente y sujeto de tales decisiones.
Background: An information, education and communication campaign (IEC) was carried out about the metabolic syndrome, for university professional of the health sector; it is derived from a research carried out in this population. Objective: Recognition of dynamics and learning created in the professionals who perform the "We are Health" campaign. Methodology: Systematization of the experience was carried out by the campaign performers; who have defined the guiding question, rebuilt the experience, made a critical reflection, and identified significant aspects in it that let to build and validate the categorical system. By means of focus groups the information was collected. Results: "Learning by doing of the IEC strategy" was identified as the main category, and as emphasized subcategories: the reflection about the IEC and education, the extension-research relationship, critical aspects of the execution and design of messages and materials. Conclusions: Although it is recognized that the IEC processes do not guarantee immediate changes in individual and collective practices, they contribute to know and discuss health related issues. It was critically reflected on the way as education for health is made, emphasizing the need to consider individual and contextual aspects that mediate on health decisions, and the recognition of the health care professional as an agent and subject of such decisions.
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Humanos , Educação em Saúde , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Promoção da Saúde , Síndrome Metabólica/metabolismoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hypertension (HTN), atherogenic dyslipidemia, an increased glycemia in a fasting state, and abdominal obesity (AO), constitute a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease named metabolic syndrome (MS). OBJECTIVE: To analyze the prevalence and distribution of MS and its components in healthcare personnel from the University of Antioquia. METHODOLOGY: Cross-sectional study conducted between 2010 and 2011. The collected data included anthropometrical, biochemical, socio-demographic, and lifestyle variables. The MS was diagnosed using the harmonized IDF/AHA definition. Descriptive and analytical statistical analyses were performed, including χ2 tests, and a = 0.05. RESULTS: 285 volunteers (29.1% men) with ages between 20 and 61 years were included. 31.6% of participants were overweight with a Body Mass Index higher than 25 kg/m2 (BMI). AO (29.8%) and HTN (29.8%) were the most frequent components of MS. Global prevalence of MS was 17.5% (95%CI: 13.1; 22). There was a lower presence of MS among women (OR 0.328; 95%CI: 0.175; 0.614; p < 0.05), and a positive gradient with age and income. Likewise, the prevalence of MS was higher among smokers and those who are overweight (p < 0.05). After adjusting for age, MS was associated with sex (OR 0.348; 95%CI: 0.178; 0.680) and being overweight (OR 14.592; 95%CI: 6.343; 33.570). CONCLUSION: The most frequently observed components of MS in the studied sample were AO and HTN. BMI, sex, and socio-economic status are important independent risk factors associated with MS.
Introducción: La hipertensión arterial (HTA), la dislipidemia aterógena, una glucemia en ayunas aumentada y la obesidad abdominal (OA), constituyen un clúster de factores de riesgo para la enfermedad cardiovascular llamado síndrome metabólico (SM). Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y distribución del SM y sus componentes en personal del área de la salud de la Universidad de Antioquia. Metodología: Estudio transversal realizado entre 2010 y 2011. Se recolectaron datos antropométricos, bioquímicos, sociodemográficos y de estilo de vida. El SM se diagnosticó empleando la definición IDF/AHA armonizada. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y analítico con pruebas ?2 , y a = 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 285 voluntarios (29,1% hombres), con edades entre 20 a 61 AÑOs. El 31,6% de los participantes presentó exceso de peso por índice de masa corporal mayor a 25 kg/m2 (IMC). Los componentes del SM más frecuentes fueron la OA (29,8%) y la HTA (29,8%). La prevalencia global de SM fue del 17,5% (IC 95% 13,1-22%). Se observó una menor frecuencia de SM entre las mujeres (OR 0,328; IC 95% 0,175-0,614; p < 0,001), un gradiente positivo con la edad y los ingresos económicos, así como una mayor prevalencia entre fumadores y quienes presentaron exceso de peso (p < 0,05). Después de ajustar por edad, el SM mostró asociación con sexo (OR 0,348; IC 95% 0,178-0,680) y exceso de peso (OR 14,592; IC 95% 6,343-33,570). Conclusión: Los componentes del SM más frecuentemente observados en la muestra estudiada son la OA y la HTA. El IMC, el sexo y el nivel socioeconómico constituyen importantes factores de riesgo independientes asociados con SM.
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Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Síndrome Metabólica/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Idoso , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Colômbia/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estilo de Vida , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Sobrepeso/epidemiologia , Prevalência , Fumar/epidemiologia , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Universidades , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We have previously showed that peptide neurotensin inhibits neuronal Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity, an effect which involves high affinity neurotensin receptor. Nitric oxide (NO) acts as a neurotransmitter or as a neuromodulator when it is synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Neurotensin effect on Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity was evaluated in cortical synaptosomal membranes isolated from rats injected at 3, 4 and 5 postnatal days with saline (control) or N (ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl esther (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. Assays were carried out at two stages: juvenile (35 days) and adult (56 days) ages. In an open field task, results recorded in juvenile rats markedly differed from those obtained in adult rats. The presence of neurotensin at 3.5 × 10(-8)-3.5 × 10(-6 )M concentration decreased 16-34% Na(+), K(+)-ATPase activity in membranes purified from control animals. At variance, the peptide failed to alter this enzyme activity in membranes obtained after L-NAME treatment. After administration of L-NAME, [(3)H]-ouabain binding to membranes isolated from adult male rats decreased 64% in the presence of 1.0 × 10(-6 )M neurotensin, a peptide concentration which only slightly decreased binding to membranes isolated from juvenile rats. It is postulated that early postnatal NO dysfunction may exert a permanent change in neurotensin system that influence later Na(+), K(+)-ATPase response to neurotensin.
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Comportamento Exploratório/efeitos dos fármacos , NG-Nitroarginina Metil Éster/farmacologia , Neurotensina/farmacologia , Óxido Nítrico/fisiologia , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/metabolismo , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Córtex Cerebral/enzimologia , Feminino , Masculino , Óxido Nítrico/antagonistas & inibidores , Óxido Nítrico Sintase/antagonistas & inibidores , Ouabaína/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sinaptossomos/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Las enfermedades de transmisión alimentaria asociadas al consumo de pescado, constituyen en la actualidad un grave problema sanitario en Venezuela, ya que la aparición de patologías gastrointestinales se ha hecho cada vez más frecuente, quizás originada directamente por miembros de la bacterioflora de peces dulceacuícolas. En tal sentido, el objetivo de esta investigación se centró en la determinación de la enteropatogenicidad, específicamente la citotoxicidad y enterotoxicidad de cepas bacterianas aisladas de tilapias, truchas arco iris y cachamas, provenientes de granjas y del medio silvestre. Para ello, se emplearon un total de 12 cepas, dos por cada especie bacteriana: Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Plesiomonas shigelloides y Vibrio cholerae, empleando la línea celular Vero y a través del modelo de inoculación en ratones lactantes. La producción de enterotoxinas resultó positiva para el 42 por ciento de las cepas, observándose distensión abdominal con fluido intestinal de color blanquecino en ratones inoculados con A. hydrophila, K. pneumoniae y V. cholerae, mientras que en aquellos inoculados con E. coli, el fluido se observó hemorrágico. El 100 por ciento de las cepas resultaron citotóxicas en el ensayo con células Vero, produciendo alteraciones intra (granulaciones tóxicas) y extracelulares (disgregación y cambios en la morfología celular). Estos resultados permiten inferir sobre la existencia de un vínculo entre el consumo de pescado y la aparición de enfermedades en el humano.
Diseases transmitted through food products associated to fish consumption, actually constitute a serious sanitary problem in Venezuela, because gastrointestinal pathologies are more frequent, maybe originated directly from members of freshwater fish bacterioflora. For this, the objective of this research was focused in the enteropathogenicity determination, specifically citotoxicity and enterotoxicity of strains isolated from tilapias, rainbow trouts and cachamas, captured from farms and natural environments. In that sense, 12 strains were used, two of each of the following species: Aeromonas hydrophila, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Plesiomonas shigelloides and Vibrio cholerae, using a Vero cellular line and the suckling mouse model. The enterotoxin production resulted positive for 42 percent of the strains, observing abdominal distension with a whitish intestinal fluid in mice inoculated with Aeromonas hydrophila, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Vibrio cholerae, while in those inoculated with E. coli the fluid was hemorraghic. All the strains resulted citotoxic in the trial with Vero cells, producing intracellular (toxic granulations) and extra cellular alterations (desegregation and changes in the cellular morphology). These results allow the inference that there is a relation between fish consumption and the appearance of disease in humans.
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Animais , Bactérias/patogenicidade , Citotoxicidade Imunológica , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/fisiopatologia , Transtornos da Alimentação e da Ingestão de Alimentos/microbiologia , Peixes/microbiologia , /métodosRESUMO
Purpose: To evaluate the association between calcium intake from diet, calciotropic hormones (PTH, PTH-rp), vasoactive regulators (endothelin, nitric oxide) and blood pressure levels during pregnancy, birth and puerperium. Method: In a prospective study 149 healthy normotensive primigravidas were followed-up from 15 weeks of gestation to puerperium. Daily calcium intake, calciuria, PTH, PTH-rp, endothelin, nitrite-nitrate, and Holter Test were assessed. Linear regression models were performed to evaluate the association between calcium intake, blood pressure levels and the laboratory tests. Multivariate regression models were performed to control potential confounders. Results: A significant increase of calcium intake during pregnancy was observed (931±301 mg/day to 1,195±467 mg/day, p<0.001). Plasma PTH-rp, endothelin, and nitrite-nitrate levels did not change during pregnancy. Among the women 38 (25.4%) had low calcium intake (<800 mg/day) with a larger increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure during pregnancy (p=0.04) birth (p=0.006) and puerperium (p=0.01). After adjusting for other factors the multivariate analyses showed statistical association between low calcium intake, high parathormone levels and high systolic blood pressure levels during pregnancy (p=0.002). Conclusion: Low calcium intake during pregnancy is associated with a larger increase of systolic blood pressure and high parathormone levels.
Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre la ingesta de calcio en el embarazo, los niveles de presión arterial, las hormonas calciotrópicas (PTH, PTH-rp) y sustancias vasorreguladoras (endotelina, óxido nítrico). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo con 149 primigrávidas normotensas que fueron incluidas en la semana 15 de gestación con seguimiento y evaluación hasta el puerperio. Se evaluó la ingesta diaria de calcio, la monitoría Holter de 24 horas, la calciuria, PTH, PTH-rp, la endotelina, nitritos y nitratos. Se siguieron modelos de regresión lineal para evaluar la asociación entre la ingesta de calcio, la presión arterial, las hormonas calciotrópicas y los vasorreguladores. Para controlar las variables de confusión se hicieron modelos de regresión múltiple. Resultados: Durante el embarazo la ingesta de calcio aumentó significativamente (931±301 mg/día a 1,195±467 mg/día, p<0.001). Entre las embarazadas 38 (25.4%) tuvieron una baja ingesta de calcio (<800 mg/día) asociada con mayores niveles de presión arterial sistólica y diastólica durante el embarazo (p=0.04), en el parto (p=0.006) y en el puerperio (p=0.01). Los mayores niveles de presión arterial sistólica durante el embarazo se asociaron con mayores niveles de paratormona y con menores niveles de ingesta de calcio (p=0.002). Los niveles plasmáticos de PTH-rp, endotelina, nitritos y nitratos no mostraron cambios durante el embarazo. Conclusión: La baja ingesta de calcio en el embarazo se asoció con mayores niveles de paratormona y de presión arterial sistólica durante el embarazo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Gravidez , Cálcio da Dieta , Endotelinas , Óxido Nítrico , Pressão Sanguínea , GravidezRESUMO
Introducción: la universidad, como institución de educación superior, requiere docentes altamente calificados para formar profesionales autónomos, creativos y comprometidos con la humanidad. La enfermería universitaria al servicio de personas, contempla la formación de su planta docente en esquemas teóricos afines, por lo que se realizó un estudio con el objetivo de identificar los resultados en aprovechamiento al aplicar el diseño de aprendizaje constructivista de Mayer en un grupo de profesores.Metodología: estudio descriptivo y de intervención, aplicando preprueba y posprueba. Se diseñaron: un plan de clase, examen diagnóstico, prueba de retención y prueba de transferencia, de acuerdo con los requerimientos del aprendizaje constructivista, por sesión y por cada uno de los siguientes temas: andragogía, elementos teóricos y diseño de estrategias para el aprendizaje grupal. El procedimiento de aplicación fue el mismo en las tres sesiones.Resultados: se destaca el incremento en el conocimiento del tema reflejado en la posprueba: tema 1, de 50 a 90 y 91 por ciento; tema 2, de 33 a 77 y 95 por ciento; tema 3 de 28 a 71,6 y 90 por ciento.Conclusiones: el diseño educativo para el aprendizaje constructivista de Mayer permitió el incremento en los porcentajes de aprovechamiento del grupo de docentes participantes.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem , Docentes , Universidades , EnsinoRESUMO
Objetivo: identificar el estilo de aprendizaje predominante en los estudiantes de segundo cuatrimestre de la licenciatura en enfermer ía de la Facultad de Enfermería de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México, y orientar la revisión curricular.Materiales y método: estudio observacional, transversal, descriptivo; se estudiaron 101 estudiantes de enfermería de nivel licenciatura con el cuestionario Honey-Alonso de estilos de aprendizaje y cédula de datos generales elaborado por los investigadores.Resultados: el 88,1 por ciento son mujeres, la media de edad es de 20,7, el rango fue de 18 a 41 aos. El estilo de aprendizaje preferente fue el reflexivo, obtuvo una media de 13,69 (DE = 2.962), seguido por el estilo pragmático con una media de 12,44 (DE = 2.879). No se demostró diferencia significativa para los estilos de aprendizaje activo-teórico (p>,902).Conclusiones: el estilo de aprendizaje reflexivo fue el resultado más alto entre los estudiantes de enfermería, se recomienda ampliar la muestra para toda la población, así como aplicar el mismo instrumento a los docentes para realizar un análisis de correlación.
Assuntos
Aprendizagem , Estudantes de EnfermagemRESUMO
El uso indiscriminado de los antimicrobianos ejerce fuerte presión selectiva en las bacterias, lo que causa el surgimiento y diseminación de genes de resistencia a ellos. Considerando que en el Lago de Valencia drenan grandes volúmenes de agua producto de una intensa actividad antropogénica, se planteó la evaluación de la resistencia bacteriana en tilapias silvestres y cultivadas y determinar la concentración inhibitoria mínima para los antimicrobianos seleccionados. La sensibilidad fue evaluada utilizando dos métodos: uno semi cuantitativo de difusión a partir del disco en agar Mueller-Hinton y uno cuantitativo determinando la concentración inhibitoria mínima (CIM). Aunque la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en las muestras tomadas en el Lago de Valencia fue elevada (6-12 compuestos), se registraron variaciones en las diferentes especies, detectándose multiresistencia en todas las bacterias, con mayor resistencia en ambiente de cultivo (8-12 compuestos) que en ambiente natural. El ácido oxolínico, compuesto ampliamente usado en la acuicultura y que carece de importancia en salud pública, parece ser el más útil en inhibir el desarrollo de estas bacterias, con una CIM en el rango de 0,05-10µg/mL. La elevada resistencia y los valores amplios de CIM detectados destacan el hecho de que el uso de antimicrobianos debe realizarse en forma responsable, con un estudio previo de la resistencia in vitro, para evitar la selección de cepas bacterianas resistentes
Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Sedimentos , Tilápia , Microbiologia da Água , Saúde Pública , VenezuelaRESUMO
El cultivo de camarones peneidos es una actividad industrial establecida en muchos países tropicales de Asia y América. En Venezuela comenzó con las especies nativas Litopenaeus schmitti y L. braziliensis y siguió en 1986 con la especie exótica L. vannamei. A partir de 1989 la industria productora de camarones marinos a crecido rápidamente, a pesar de enfrentar muchos obstáculos durante el proceso de producción, especialmente los relacionados con las enfermedades. En el presente trabajo se realizaron estudios microbiológicos en camarones cultivados en el occidente de Venezuela. Los ejemplares se agruparon en aparentemente sanos y en enfermos, presentando estos últimos numerosas áreas melanizadas en el exoesqueleto. Se encontró un bajo nivel de infestación por epibiontes, tales como Epistylis sp., Zoothamnium sp., Acineta sp. y tricomas de Leucothrix sp. En prepardos frescos y en cortes histológicos del hepatopáncreas y del intestino de animales enfermos, se detectaron cuerpos de inclusión poliédrica de Baculovirus penaei. En el intestino de estos animales se observaron trofozoítos y gametocitos de Nematopsis sp. En animales sanos se identificaron miembros de Aeromonas spp., Vibrio spp., V. campbellii, V. carchariae, V. fluvialis, V harveyi y V. parahaemolyticus, y en los enfermos se aislaron Vibrio spp., Vibrio harveyi y V. furnisii del hepatopáncreas y del intestino, mientras que las lesiones sólo se aislaron Vibrio spp. y V. harveyi, predominando esta última. Al aplicar la técnica de hibridación in situ, se constató la presencia de B. penaei en animales enfermos de la laguna ML12, más no se detectó en ejemplares de las demás lagunas. Es recomendable efectuar una evluación sanitaria poblacional, previa a la introducción de nuevos animales en una granja, sean de orígen nacional o procedentes del exterior