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An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
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Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma is a highly aggressive cancer with an incredible poor lifespan. Different chemotherapeutic agents' schemes have been tested along the years without significant success. Furthermore, immunotherapy also fails to cope with the disease, even in combination with other standard approaches. Autophagy stands out as a chemoresistance mechanism and is also becoming relevant as responsible for the inefficacy of immunotherapy. In this complex scenario, exosomes have emerged as a new key player in tumor environment. Exosomes act as messengers among tumor cells, including tumor microenvironment immune cells. For instance, tumor-derived exosomes are capable of generating a tolerogenic microenvironment, which in turns conditions the immune system behavior. But also, immune cells-derived exosomes, under non-tolerogenic conditions, induce tumor suppression, although they are able to promote chemoresistance. In that way, NK cells are well known key regulators of carcinogenesis and the inhibition of their function is detrimental for tumor suppression. Additionally, increasing evidence suggests a crosstalk between exosome biogenesis and the autophagy pathway. This mini review has the intention to summarize the available data in the complex relationships between the autophagy pathway and the broad spectrum of exosomes subpopulations in pancreatic cancer, with focus on the NK cells response.
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Hyaluronan (HA) is the main glycosaminoglycan of the extracellular matrix. CD44 is the most important HA receptor, and both have been associated with poor prognosis in cancer. Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is characterized by the presence of a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase (Breakpoint Cluster Region - Abelson murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog1, BCR-ABL). It is mainly treated with BCR-ABL inhibitors, such as imatinib. However, the selection of resistant cells leads to treatment failure. The aim of this work was to determine the capacity of HA (high molecular weight) to counteract the effect of imatinib in human CML cell lines (K562 and Kv562). We demonstrated that imatinib decreased HA levels and the surface expression of CD44 in both cell lines. Furthermore, HA abrogated the anti-proliferative and pro-senescent effect of Imatinib without modifying the imatinib-induced apoptosis. Moreover, the inhibition of HA synthesis with 4-methylumbelliferone enhanced the anti-proliferative effect of imatinib. These results suggest that Imatinib-induced senescence would depend on the reduction in HA levels, describing, for the first time, the role of HA in the development of resistance to imatinib. These findings show that low levels of HA are crucial for an effective therapy with imatinib in CML.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Ácido Hialurônico/metabolismo , Mesilato de Imatinib/farmacologia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/fisiologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Senescência Celular/fisiologia , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/fisiologia , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fusão bcr-abl/metabolismo , Humanos , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Himecromona/farmacologia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismoRESUMO
Collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) is often considered the initiation of regulated cell death (RCD). Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) is an uncoupler of the electron transport chain (ETC) that facilitates the translocation of protons into the mitochondrial matrix leading to the collapse of the MMP. Several cell stress responses such as mitophagy, mitochondrial biogenesis and the ubiquitin proteasome system may differentially contribute to restrain the initiation of RCD depending on the extent of mitochondrial damage. We induced graded mitochondrial damage after collapse of MMP with the mitochondrial uncoupler CCCP in Burkitt's lymphoma cells, and we evaluated the effect of several drugs targeting cell stress responses over RCD at 72 hr, using a multiparametric flow cytometry approach. CCCP caused collapse of MMP after 30 min., massive mitochondrial fission, oxidative stress and increased mitophagy within the 5-15 µM low-dose range (LDR) of CCCP. Within the 20-50 µM high-dose range (HDR), CCCP caused lysosomal destabilization and rupture, thus precluding mitophagy and autophagy. Cell death after 72 hr was below 20%, with increased mitochondrial mass (MM). The inhibitors of mitophagy 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-2-thioxo-4(1H)-quinazolinone (Mdivi-1) and vincristine (VCR) increased cell death from CCCP within the LDR, while valproic acid (an inducer of mitochondrial biogenesis) also increased MM and cell death within the LDR. The proteasome inhibitor, MG132, increased cell death only in the HDR. Doxycycline, an antibiotic that disrupts mitochondrial biogenesis, had no effect on cell survival, while iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of glycolysis, increased cell death at the HDR. We conclude that mitophagy influenced RCD of lymphoma cells after MMP collapse by CCCP only within the LDR, while proteasome activity and glycolysis contributed to survival in the HDR under extensive mitochondria and lysosome damage.
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Linfoma de Burkitt/tratamento farmacológico , Carbonil Cianeto m-Clorofenil Hidrazona/farmacologia , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Desacopladores/farmacologia , Autofagossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagossomos/metabolismo , Autofagossomos/patologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfoma de Burkitt/metabolismo , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Iodoacetamida/farmacologia , Leupeptinas/farmacologia , Lisossomos/efeitos dos fármacos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Lisossomos/patologia , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/patologia , Dinâmica Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/efeitos dos fármacos , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteassoma/farmacologia , Quinazolinonas/farmacologia , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Resposta a Proteínas não Dobradas/efeitos dos fármacos , Vincristina/farmacologiaRESUMO
20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is generated intracellularly through the ω-hydroxylation of arachidonic acid by the cytochrome P450 (in humans, CYP4A11 and CYP4F2). 20-HETE induces mitogenic responses in different cancer cells. The aim of this study was to analyze how 20-HETE impacts cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Incubation of the human androgen-sensitive cells (LNCaP) with 1-10 µM HET0016 (a selective inhibitor of 20-HETE synthesis) reduced cell viability by 49*-64%* (*p < 0.05 vs. control). This was explained by a reduction in cell proliferation (vehicle, 46 ± 3%; 1 µM, 23 ± 3%*; 10 µM, 28 ± 3%*) and by an increase in apoptosis (vehicle, 2.1 ± 0%; 1 µM, 16 ± 4%*; 10 µM, 31 ± 3%*). Furthermore, the increase in LNCaP cell viability induced by dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 0.1 nM) was abrogated by 30*-42%* by 1-10 µM HET0016. Incubation with 20-HETE (5-1000 nM) increased LNCaP cell viability up to 50%*, together with a 70%* reduction in apoptosis. PC-3 (androgen-insensitive) cell viability was not affected by either HET0016 or 20-HETE. In LNCaP cells, HET0016 (10 µM) diminished the expression of androgen receptors (AR): messenger RNA (mRNA) (40%*) and protein (50%*). DHT (10 nM) augmented CYP4F2 protein expression (1.9-fold*) and 20-HETE levels (50%*). Oppositely, enzalutamide (AR antagonist) reduced CYP4F2 mRNA and protein expressions by 30 and 25%, respectively. Thus, intracellular availability of 20-HETE is necessary to sustain LNCaP cell viability. 20-HETE may act as a signaling molecule in the pathways involved in LNCaP cell viability upon stimulation of the AR. This effect may be partially attributed to its role on securing normal AR expression levels that in turn contribute to maintain intracellular levels of 20-HETE.
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Androgênios/metabolismo , Ácidos Hidroxieicosatetraenoicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Próstata/metabolismo , Androgênios/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Família 4 do Citocromo P450/antagonistas & inibidores , Família 4 do Citocromo P450/metabolismo , Di-Hidrotestosterona/metabolismo , Di-Hidrotestosterona/farmacologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Ácidos Hidroxieicosatetraenoicos/biossíntese , Masculino , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Receptores Androgênicos/metabolismoRESUMO
Hyaluronan (HA) is the major glycosaminoglycan present in the extracellular matrix. It is produced by some tumours and promotes proliferation, differentiation and migration among others cellular processes. Gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) is composed by non-tumour entities, such as hydatidiform mole (HM), which is the most common type of GTD and also malignant entities such as choriocarcinoma (CC) and placental site trophoblastic tumour (PSTT), being CC the most aggressive tumour. Although there is a growing understanding of GTD biology, the role of HA in the pathogenesis of this group of diseases remains largely unknown. The aim of this work was to study the role of HA in the pathogenesis of GTD by defining the expression pattern of HA and its receptors CD44 and RHAMM, as well as to determine if HA can modulate proliferation, differentiation and migration of CC cells. Receptors and signalling pathways involved were also analyzed. We demonstrated that HA and RHAMM are differently expressed among GTD entities and even among trophoblast subtypes. We also showed that HA is able to enhance the expression of extravillous trophoblast markers and also to induce migration of JEG-3 cells, the latter mediated by RHAMM as well as PI3K and MAPK pathways. These findings indicate a novel regulatory mechanism for CC cell biology and also contribute to the understanding of GTD pathophysiology.
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Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Coriocarcinoma/metabolismo , Coriocarcinoma/patologia , Proteínas da Matriz Extracelular/metabolismo , Receptores de Hialuronatos/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Quinases Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Peso Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais CultivadasRESUMO
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative syndrome characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome which encodes a constitutively activated tyrosine kinase (BCR-ABL). The first line treatment for CML consists on BCR-ABL inhibitors such as Imatinib. Nevertheless, such treatment may lead to the selection of resistant cells. Therefore, it is of great value to find molecules that enhance the anti-proliferative effect of first-line drugs. Hyaluronan is the main glycosaminglican of the extracellular matrix which is involved in tumor progression and multidrug resistance. We have previously demonstrated that the inhibition of hyaluronan synthesis by 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) induces senescence and can revert Vincristine resistance in CML cell lines. However, the effect of 4MU on Imatinib therapy remains unknown. The aim of this work was to determine whether the combination of 4MU with Imatinib is able to modulate the proliferation as well as apoptosis and senescence induction in human CML cell lines. For this purpose the ATCC cell line K562, and its multidrug resistant derivate, Kv562 were used. Cells were exposed to 4MU, Imatinib or a combination of both. We demonstrated that 4MU and Imatinib co-treatment abrogated the proliferation of both cell lines. However, such co-treatment did not increase the levels of apoptosis when compared with the treatment with Imatinib alone. For both cell lines the mechanisms of tumor suppression involved was senescence, since the combination of 4MU and Imatinib arrested the cell cycle and increased senescence associated ß-galactosidase activity and senescence associated heterochromatin foci presence when compared to each drug alone. Moreover, 4MU, Imatinib and 4MU + Imatinib decreased pAkt/Akt ratio in both cell lines and reduced the pERK/ERK ratio only in K562 cells. These findings highlight the potential use of 4MU together with Imatinib for CML therapy.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Himecromona/farmacologia , Mesilato de Imatinib/farmacologia , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , MAP Quinases Reguladas por Sinal Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/metabolismo , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/metabolismoRESUMO
Chronic myeloid leukemia is a myeloproliferative syndrome characterized by the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome (Ph), generated by a reciprocal translocation occurring between chromosomes 9 and 22 [t(9;22)(q34;q11)]. As a consequence, a fusion gene (bcr-abl) encoding a constitutively active kinase is generated. The first-line treatment consists on BCR-ABL inhibitors such as Imatinib, Nilotinib and Dasatinib. Nevertheless, such treatment may lead to the selection of resistant cells. Therefore, finding molecules that enhance the anti-proliferative effect of first-line drugs is of value. Hyaluronan oligomers (oHA) are known to be able to sensitize several tumor cells to chemotherapy. We have previously demonstrated that oHA can revert Vincristine resistance in mouse lymphoma and human leukemia cell lines. However, little is known about the role of oHA in hematological malignancies. The aim of this work was to determine whether oHA are able to modulate the anti-proliferative effect of Imatinib in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines. The effect on apoptosis and senescence as well as the involvement of signaling pathways were also evaluated. For this purpose, the human CML cell lines K562 and Kv562 (resistant) were used. We demonstrated that oHA sensitized both cell lines to the anti-proliferative effect of Imatinib increasing apoptosis and senescence. Moreover, this effect would be accomplished through the down-regulation of the PI3K signaling pathway. These findings highlight the potential of oHA when used as a co-adjuvant therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia.
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Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Hialurônico/administração & dosagem , Mesilato de Imatinib/administração & dosagem , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citoproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Fusão bcr-abl/genética , Regulação Leucêmica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Ácido Hialurônico/química , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/genética , Leucemia Mielogênica Crônica BCR-ABL Positiva/patologia , CamundongosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a survival rate of 4-6 months from diagnosis. PDAC is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related death in the Western world, with a mortality rate of 10 cases per 100,000 population. Chemotherapy constitutes only a palliative strategy, with limited effects on life expectancy. AIMS: To investigate the biological response of PDAC to mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB (NF-kB) inhibitors and the role of autophagy in the modulation of these signaling pathways in order to address the challenge of developing improved medical protocols for patients with PDAC. METHODS: Two ATCC cell lines, MIAPaCa-2 and PANC-1, were used as PDAC models. Cells were exposed to inhibitors of MAPK or NF-kB survival pathways alone or after autophagy inhibition. Several aspects were analyzed, as follows: cell proliferation, by [(3)H]TdR incorporation; cell death, by TUNEL assay, regulation of autophagy by LC3-II expression level and modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic proteins by Western blot. RESULTS: We demonstrated that the inhibition of the MAPK and NF-kB survival pathways with U0126 and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), respectively, produced strong inhibition of pancreatic tumor cell growth without inducing apoptotic death. Interestingly, U0126 and CAPE induced apoptosis after autophagy inhibition in a caspase-dependent manner in MIA PaCa-2 cells and in a caspase-independent manner in PANC-1 cells. CONCLUSIONS: Here we present evidence that allows us to consider a combined therapy regimen comprising an autophagy inhibitor and a MAPK or NF-kB pathway inhibitor as a possible treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , NF-kappa B/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Butadienos/farmacologia , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/enzimologia , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Processos de Crescimento Celular , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Nitrilas/farmacologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/enzimologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Álcool Feniletílico/análogos & derivados , Álcool Feniletílico/farmacologia , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
We previously demonstrated that arsenic trioxide (ATO) and proteasome inhibitor MG132 synergistically induced cell death in promonocytic leukaemia cell line U937 but were antagonistic in Burkitt's lymphoma cell line Raji. Here we explore the role of autophagy, expression of BNIP3, and mitochondrial mass, in determining whether ATO and MG132 interaction can be shifted from antagonism to synergism in Raji cells. Treatment with ATO+MG132 increased the percentage of cells with collapsed mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in U937 cells, but had no effect in Raji cells. Mitochondria were found in cytoplasmic marginal location in U937 cells but at perinuclear location in Raji cells. ATO+MG132 increased mitochondrial mass in U937 cells but decreased it in Raji cells, while autophagy was increased in both cell lines. BNIP3 was expressed in U937 cells at cytoplasmic marginal locations and was hardly detected in Raji cells. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) increased expression of BNIP3 in Raji cells at perinuclear locations. However antagonism between ATO and MG132 was increased in the presence of low doses of VPA. Addition of vincristine (VCR) blocked autophagy, while VPA+VCR treatment of Raji cells at sub-cytotoxic doses caused BNIP3 and mitochondria to redistribute to cytoplasmic peripheral location and increased mitochondrial mass. ATO+MG132 in the presence of subcytotoxic doses of VPA+VCR caused collapse of MMP in Raji cells, while interaction between ATO and MG132 shifted from antagonism to synergism. We conclude that synergism between ATO and MG132 was attained in Raji cells by disruption of the perinuclear mitochondrial cluster, blockage of selective autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) by VCR, increased mitochondrial mass, and upregulation of BNIP3 by VPA.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/antagonistas & inibidores , Trióxido de Arsênio , Arsenicais/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Leupeptinas/farmacologia , Potencial da Membrana Mitocondrial/efeitos dos fármacos , Potenciais da Membrana/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Membrana/metabolismo , Mitocôndrias/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxidos/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Células U937 , Regulação para Cima , Ácido Valproico/administração & dosagem , Ácido Valproico/farmacologia , Vincristina/administração & dosagem , Vincristina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Hyaluronan (HA) is one of the major components of the extracellular matrix. Several solid tumors produce high levels of HA, which promotes survival and multidrug resistance (MDR). HA oligomers (oHAs) can block HA effects. However, little is known about the role of HA in hematological malignancies. The aim of this work was to determine whether HA or its oligomers can modulate the proliferation of leukemia cells as well as their effect on MDR. Receptors and signaling pathways involved were also analyzed. For this purpose, the human leukemic cell lines K562 and Kv562, which are sensitive and resistant to Vincristine (VCR), respectively, were used. We demonstrated that HA induced cell proliferation in both cell lines. On K562 cells, this effect was mediated by cluster differentiation 44 (CD44) and activation of both phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, whereas on Kv562 cells, the effect was mediated by receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) and PI3K/Akt activation. The inhibition of HA synthesis by 4-methylumbelliferone (4MU) decreased cell line proliferation and sensitized Kv562 to the effect of VCR through P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibition, in both cases with senescence induction. Moreover, oHAs inhibited K562 proliferation mediated by CD44 as well as Akt and ERK down-regulation. Furthermore, oHAs sensitized Kv562 cells to VCR by Pgp inhibition inducing senescence. We postulate that the synthesis of HA would promote leukemia progression mediated by the triggering of the above-mentioned proliferative signals. These findings highlight the potential use of oHAs and 4MU as coadjuvant for drug-resistant leukemia.
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Senescência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistencia a Medicamentos Antineoplásicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ácido Hialurônico/biossíntese , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia/patologia , Vincristina/farmacologia , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Ácido Hialurônico/antagonistas & inibidores , Himecromona/farmacologia , Células K562 , Leucemia/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Células Tumorais Cultivadas , Vincristina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Flavonoids are products of secondary metabolism of plants. They are present in herbs and trees and also act as natural chemopreventives and anticancer agents. Ligaria cuneifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Tiegh., Loranthaceae, is a hemiparasite species that belongs to Argentine flora. Phytochemical studies have disclosed the presence of quercetin, catechin-4β-ol and pro-anthocyanidine as polyphenolic compounds in the active extracts. We previously demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract was capable of reducing cell proliferation and inducing apoptotic death of lymphoid tumor cells. The aim of the current study is to determine whether or not catechin, isolated from L. cuneifolia extracts can induce leukemia cell death and to determine its effect on the cytoplasmatic proteins that modulate cell survival. Our results show that catechin can reduce proliferation of murine lymphoma cell line LB02. The effect is mediated by apoptosis at concentrations upper to 100 µg/mL. Cell death is related to the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and a down regulation of survivin and Bcl-2 together with the increase of pro-apoptotic protein Bax. In summary, the current study indicates that catechin present in the extract of L. cuneifolia is in part, responsible for the anti-proliferative activity of whole extracts by induction of ΔΨm disruption and modulation of the anti-apoptotic proteins over expressed in tumor cells. These results give new findings into the potential anticancer and chemopreventive activities of L. cuneifolia.
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Hyaluronan (HA), a component of the extracellular matrix surrounding tumors, modulates tumor progression and the immune response. Dendritic cells (DC) may tolerize or stimulate immunity against cancer. In this report, we study the association between tumor progression, HA levels and DC activation in a lymphoma model. Mice injected with the cells with highest invasive capacity (LBR-) presented increased HA in serum and lymph nodes, and decreased DC activation in infiltrated lymph nodes and liver. These findings could be related to lack of an effective antitumor immune response and suggest that serum HA levels could have a prognostic value in hematological malignancies.
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Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Ácido Hialurônico/metabolismo , Linfoma/imunologia , Linfoma/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Glucuronosiltransferase/genética , Glucuronosiltransferase/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurônico/sangue , Hialuronoglucosaminidase/genética , Hialuronoglucosaminidase/metabolismo , Linfoma/patologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Invasividade NeoplásicaRESUMO
Increased oxygen species production has often been cited as a mechanism determining synergism on cell death and growth inhibition effects of arsenic-combined drugs. However the net effect of drug combination may not be easily anticipated solely from available knowledge of drug-induced death mechanisms. We evaluated the combined effect of sodium arsenite with the proteasome inhibitor MG132, and the anti-leukaemic agent CAPE, on growth-inhibition and cell death effect in acute myeloid leukaemic cells U937 and Burkitt's lymphoma-derived Raji cells, by the Chou-Talalay method. In addition we explored the association of cytotoxic effect of drugs with changes in intracellular superoxide anion (O2â») levels. Our results showed that combined arsenite+MG132 produced low levels of O2â» at 6h and 24h after exposure and were synergic on cell death induction in U937 cells over the whole dose range, although the combination was antagonistic on growth inhibition effect. Exposure to a constant non-cytotoxic dose of 80µM hydrogen peroxide together with arsenite+MG132 changed synergism on cell death to antagonism at all effect levels while increasing O2â» levels. Arsenite+hydrogen peroxide also resulted in antagonism with increased O2â» levels in U937 cells. In Raji cells, arsenite+MG132 also produced low levels of O2â» at 6h and 24h but resulted in antagonism on cell death and growth inhibition. By contrast, the combination arsenite+CAPE showed high levels of O2â» production at 6h and 24 h post exposure but resulted in antagonism over cell death and growth inhibition effects in U937 and Raji cells. We conclude that synergism between arsenite and MG132 in U937 cells is negatively associated to O2â» levels at early time points after exposure.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Arsenitos/farmacologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leupeptinas/farmacologia , Compostos de Sódio/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/administração & dosagem , Linfoma de Burkitt/tratamento farmacológico , Linfoma de Burkitt/patologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/farmacologia , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/patologia , Leupeptinas/administração & dosagem , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Superóxidos/metabolismo , Fatores de Tempo , Células U937RESUMO
BACKGROUND/AIM: Autophagy is a degradation process of cytoplasmic cellular constituents. We have described the vacuole membrane protein-1 (VMP1) whose expression triggers autophagy in mammalian cells. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of autophagy in human pancreatic cancer cell death. METHODS/RESULTS: Here we show that gemcitabine, the standard chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer, induced autophagy in PANC-1 and MIAPaCa-2 cells, as evidenced by the accumulation of acidic vesicular organelles, the recruitment of microtubule-associated protein-1 light chain-3, and electron microscopy. In addition, gemcitabine treatment induced early expression of VMP1 in cancer cells. Gemcitabine also induced apoptosis detected by morphology, annexin V-positive cells, and cleavage of caspase-3. Surprisingly, 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, decreased apoptosis in gemcitabine-treated cells, showing that autophagy leads to cancer cell apoptotic death. Finally, VMP1 knockdown decreased autophagy and apoptosis in gemcitabine-treated cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: The VMP1-autophagy pathway promotes apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells and mediates gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity. and IAP.
Assuntos
Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Proteínas de Membrana/fisiologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Adenina/análogos & derivados , Adenina/farmacologia , Caspase 3/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Desoxicitidina/farmacologia , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Vacúolos/metabolismo , GencitabinaRESUMO
Hyaluronan (HA) modulates multidrug resistance (MDR) as well as cell migration. Tiam1 is involved in cytoskeleton reorganization during tumor invasion. In this report we show the relationship among HA, Tiam1, migration and MDR in murine lymphoma cell lines. We observed that MDR cells presented higher migratory capacity towards HA in vitro as well as higher constitutive active Tiam1 expression than the sensitive cell line. Besides, HA treatment induced migration towards HA of MDR cell lines through Tiam1 activation by a PI3K-dependent mechanism, showing that disruption of HA signaling would be useful in treatment of MDR hematological malignancies.
Assuntos
Movimento Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Fatores de Troca do Nucleotídeo Guanina/metabolismo , Ácido Hialurônico/farmacologia , Linfoma/tratamento farmacológico , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Linfoma/patologia , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais , Proteína 1 Indutora de Invasão e Metástase de Linfoma de Células TRESUMO
Sipunculans, a small phylum of coelomated marine worms closely related to polychaete annelids, lack a true circulatory system. We have previously shown that the sipunculan Themiste petricola can form a cellular clot, without congealing, of cell-free coelomic fluid. The clot is formed by the aggregation of large granular leukocytes (LGLs) and may serve not only haemostatic but immune functions, since dissimilar particles may become entrapped within it. We have now evaluated the capacity of a massive clot, induced in vitro by sea water contact, to stop coelomic fluid flow. We have further studied smaller clots induced on glass-slides either with or without the presence of bacteria placed for entrapment within the clot. The fate of clotting LGLs is cell death while forming a cohesive mass, although cytoplasmic and nuclear remnants are shed from the clot. These remnants and any bacteria that avoid clot entrapment or are detached from the clot are engulfed by non-clotting cells that include small granular leukocytes (SGLs) and large hyaline amebocytes (LHAs). Both cell types can be found other than in the clot but SGLs also occur around the clot edges heavily loaded with engulfed material. The cytoskeletal arrangement of SGLs evaluated with phalloidin-rhodamine correspond to motile cells and contrast with that of clotting LGLs that form a massive network of F-actin. Thus, the complementary roles between clotting LGLs and non-clotting SGLs and LHAs act a central immune strategy of Themiste petricola to deal with body wall injury and pathogen intrusion into the coelomic cavity.
Assuntos
Coagulação Sanguínea/imunologia , Hemostasia/imunologia , Nematoides/citologia , Nematoides/imunologia , Animais , Bactérias/metabolismo , Morte Celular , Linhagem Celular , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Fragmentação do DNA , Citometria de Fluxo , Hemorreologia , Humanos , Leucócitos/citologia , Leucócitos/microbiologia , Fagócitos , Fagocitose , Água do Mar , Leveduras/metabolismoRESUMO
Chemotherapy aims to limit proliferation and induce apoptotic cell death in tumor cells. Owing to blockade of signaling pathways involved in cell survival and proliferation, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) inhibitors can induce apoptosis in a number of hematological malignancies. The efficacy of conventional chemotherapeutic drugs, such as vincristine (VCR) and doxorubicine (DOX), may be enhanced with combined therapy based on NF-kappaB modulation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of caffeic acid phenylethyl ester (CAPE) and MG-132, two nonspecific NF-kappaB inhibitors, and conventional chemotherapeutics drugs DOX and VCR on cell proliferation and apoptosis induction on a lymphoblastoid B-cell line, PL104, established and characterized in our laboratory. CAPE and MG-132 treatment showed a strong antiproliferative effect accompanied by clear cell cycle deregulation and apoptosis induction. Doxorubicine and VCR showed antiproliferative effects similar to those of CAPE and MG-132, although the latter drugs showed an apoptotic rate two-fold higher than DOX and VCR. None of the four compounds showed cytotoxic effect on peripheral mononuclear cells from healthy volunteers. CAPE- and MG-132-treated bone marrow cells from patients with myeloid and lymphoid leukemias showed 69% (P < .001) and 25% decrease (P < .01) in cell proliferation and 42% and 34% (P < .01) apoptosis induction, respectively. Overall, our results indicate that CAPE and MG-132 had a strong and selective apoptotic effect on tumor cells that may be useful in future treatment of hematological neoplasias.
RESUMO
Upregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway has been described in some tumors related to multidrug resistance (MDR). The aim of this work was to analyze the relationship between PI3K/Akt, MDR and NF-kappaB in murine lymphoma cell lines resistant to vincristine (LBR-V160) and doxorubicin (LBR-D160) as well as in the sensitive line (LBR-). PI3K/Akt activity, analyzed by phosphatidylinositol trisphosphate production and phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt) expression, was higher in the resistant cell lines than in the sensitive one and inhibition with wortmannin or LY294002 improved apoptosis in the resistant cell lines. Vincristine but not doxorubicin increased p-Akt expression whereas co-treatment with PI3K inhibitors and vincristine increased apoptosis in the three cell lines. Wortmannin and LY294002 inhibited P-glycoprotein (Pgp) function and also increased NF-kappaB activity. We concluded that the PI3K/Akt pathway is involved in MDR in lymphoma cell lines and PI3K/Akt inhibition correlates down-regulation of NF-kappaB activity and inhibition Pgp function.
Assuntos
Resistência a Múltiplos Medicamentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfoma/metabolismo , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Membro 1 da Subfamília B de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Regulação para Baixo , Doxorrubicina/farmacologia , Linfoma/patologia , Camundongos , Vincristina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Paratuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map), is a chronic granulomatous enteric disease in cattle. Among molecular components of Map, protein p34 was identified as specific and immunodominant for bovine B cells. In order to determine if specific antibodies could influence the course of Map pathogenesis, the interaction between bacteria and bovine macrophages was studied. Bovine polyclonal antibodies from 3 calves vaccinated with protein p34-cx, 6 calves vaccinated with heat-killed Map, 8 naturally infected, and 3 healthy calves -as negative controls- were used. Specific anti-Map, -p34-cx and -PPA-3 antibodies were evaluated and isotype characterized. Infected and Map vaccinated animals showed similar IgG1 and IgG2 response against Map whole bacteria. When p34-cx was used as the antigen, mainly IgG1 and IgG3 were detected in infected and only IgG1 in p34-cx vaccinated animals. Bovine polyclonal antibodies from three animals of each category were isolated and affinity purified through Map and p34-cx columns. The effect of these antibodies in association with Map and a transformed bovine peritoneal macrophage's cell line (Bov-Mac) as well as activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor was studied. Our results show that association of Map significantly increased in vitro after pretreatment with bovine anti-Map or anti-p34-cx antibodies obtained from vaccinated or infected cattle when compared with those of controls. Improved activation of NF-kappaB was detected in macrophages that ingested Map opsonized with either anti-Map or anti-p34-cx specific antibodies of infected or vaccinated calves, suggesting that both anti-Map and IgG1 anti-p34-cx antibodies support Map-macrophage interactions.