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Crude glycerin (CG) is a biodiesel byproduct that has been tested as an alternative feed additive for use in beef production. After being absorbed, it is used in the liver to produce glucose, an important precursor of intramuscular fat in ruminants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of CG (439 g/kg glycerol) on the performance and meat quality of crossbred heifers finished in Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. Thirty-six heifers with an initial BW of 301.5 ±â€¯23.02 kg were used. They were supplemented for 154 days with the following levels of CG: mineral mixture (without CG), 33.3, 66.6 and 99.9 g/kg CG in the DM of the supplement. Supplement or pasture DM intakes, slaughter BW and carcass traits were not influenced (P > 0.05) by increasing levels of CG. The total fat content of the meat, the vaccenic (18:1 n-7t) and conjugated linoleic acid (18:2 c9-t11) increased with the addition of CG in the diet (P < 0.05). Crude glycerin can be included up to 99.9 g/kg of the total diet without changing the performance of crossbred heifers finished in the tropical pasture.

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Currently, agro-industrial by-products have increasingly been used in animal feeding, as they constitute an alternative source of nutrients for the animal diet and a way to simultaneously reduce environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to examine increasing levels of inclusion of coconut cake in Japanese quail diets in the laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 360 Japanese quails were allotted to eight treatments with nine replicates and eight birds per experimental unit, in a randomized-block design. Five diets were formulated: a diet without inclusion of the by-product; and diets containing 3, 6, 9, and 12% coconut cake. The experiment lasted 63 days, with evaluations occurring at every 21 days. The following variables were analyzed: feed intake, laying rate, feed conversion, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk, albumen and shell percentage, shell thickness, and shell weight. The treatments elicited a positive linear response from laying rate, whereas feed conversion per egg mass decreased linearly. In terms of egg-quality traits, shell percentage was influenced, increasing linearly. Coconut cake inclusion at 12% in the diet of Japanese quail in the laying improved feed conversion per egg mass and increased egg-laying rate and eggshell percentage.

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Currently, agro-industrial by-products have increasingly been used in animal feeding, as they constitute an alternative source of nutrients for the animal diet and a way to simultaneously reduce environmental pollution. The objective of this study was to examine increasing levels of inclusion of coconut cake in Japanese quail diets in the laying phase on their production performance and egg quality. A total of 360 Japanese quails were allotted to eight treatments with nine replicates and eight birds per experimental unit, in a randomized-block design. Five diets were formulated: a diet without inclusion of the by-product; and diets containing 3, 6, 9, and 12% coconut cake. The experiment lasted 63 days, with evaluations occurring at every 21 days. The following variables were analyzed: feed intake, laying rate, feed conversion, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk, albumen and shell percentage, shell thickness, and shell weight. The treatments elicited a positive linear response from laying rate, whereas feed conversion per egg mass decreased linearly. In terms of egg-quality traits, shell percentage was influenced, increasing linearly. Coconut cake inclusion at 12% in the diet of Japanese quail in the laying improved feed conversion per egg mass and increased egg-laying rate and eggshell percentage.(AU)

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RESUMO O presente trabalho descreve a composição físico-química, a avaliação da atividade antioxidante pelo método de sequestro de radicais livres DPPH, determinação de flavonoides e de fenóis totais dos extratos etanol, acetona e aquoso de Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae), desidratadas em secador solar e em estufa de circulação de ar a 60 oC. Os valores de atividade de água encontrados para as duas secagens foram inferiores ao mínimo necessário para o crescimento e produção de toxina de patógenos de importância alimentar. Os resultados das análises físico-químicas demonstraram que ambos os processos mostraram-se eficientes na desidratação de P. barbatus. Os resultados demonstraram que os extratos acetona (estufa) e etanol (estufa e secador solar) foram os que apresentaram maior conteúdo de fenóis totais. O extrato etanólico (estufa) apresentou maior quantidade de flavonoides e melhor potencial antioxidante (IC50 = 75,71 ± 10,57 µg mL-1).

ABSTRACT This paper describes the physicochemical composition, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity by free DPPH radicals using the scavenging method, the determination of flavonoids and total phenolic compounds of ethanol, acetone and aqueous extracts of the medicinal plant Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Lamiaceae), dehydrated in solar dryer and circulation oven at 60 °C. Water activity rates for two drying methods were below the minimum necessary for growth and toxin production of important food pathogens. Physicochemical results showed that both processes were effective in the dehydration of P. barbatus. The results demonstrated that the acetone (over) and ethanol (over and solar dryer) extracts showed the highest content of total phenols. The ethanol extract (over) showed the highest amount of flavonoids and better antioxidant activity (75.71 ± 10.57 µg L-1).

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O fruto de noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) é consumido há milênios na medicina popular polinésia devido aos benefícios nutricionais e terapêuticos. O consumo de noni em outros países, incluindo o Brasil, cresceu vertiginosamente nos últimos anos em decorrência das atividades biológicas atribuídas a ingestão do suco da fruta, principalmente pela propriedade anticâncer. Contudo, a composição química da planta, que está relacionada com suas propriedades biológicas, é determinada pelo seu local de origem, e por influência do clima e do solo onde é cultivada. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a polpa extraída de frutos maduros de noni cultivados em Maringá-PR. A análise da polpa in natura apresentou 89,16% de umidade, 0,75% de cinzas, 2,10% de proteínas, 2,19% de lipídios e 5,81% de carboidratos. Dos compostos bioativos, foram analisados antocianinas (1,39 mg.100 g-1 polpa), flavonoides amarelos (13,01 mg.100 g-1 polpa), carotenóides (0,45 mg.100 g-1 polpa) e vitamina C (12,16 mg.100 g-1 polpa). Para fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante foram preparados diferentes extratos, sendo que os maiores teores de fenólicos totais foram encontrados no extrato aquoso (1143,56 mg equivalente de ácido gálico (EAG).100 g-1), seguido do extrato etanólico (966,96 mg EAG.100 g-1), metanol/acetona (820,88 mg EAG.100 g-1) e metanólico (306,33 mg EAG.100 g-1). Os melhores resultados para antioxidantes, determinado pelo EC50 - concentração do extrato necessária para reduzir 50% do radical DPPH, foram encontrados nos extratos metanol/acetona (EC50 de 25,18 mg.mL-1) e metanólico (EC50 de 25,96 mg.mL-1). A atividade antioxidante dos frutos pode estar relacionada com o conteúdo de vitamina C, uma vez que os extratos com um menor conteúdo de fenóis totais foram aqueles que apresentaram menores valores de EC50.

The noni fruit (Morinda citrifolia L.) has been consumed for millennia in the Polynesian folk medicine because of its nutritional and therapeutic benefits. The consumption of the noni fruit in other countries, including Brazil, has increased in recent years because of the biological activities attributed to the ingestion of noni juice, especially the anticancer effect. However, the chemical composition of the plant, which is related to its biological properties, is determined by its geographical origin and is influenced by climate and soil. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the pulp extracted from noni fruit grown in Maringá, state of Paraná, Brazil. The fresh pulp analysis showed 89.16% of moisture, 0.75% of ash, 2.10% of protein, 2.19% of fat and 5.81% of carbohydrates. The bioactive compounds analyzed were anthocyanins (1.39 mg.100 g-1 pulp), yellow flavonoids (13.01 mg.100 g-1 pulp), carotenoids (0.45 mg.100 g-1 pulp) and vitamin C (12.16 mg.100 g-1 pulp). For the analysis of total phenols and antioxidant activity, different extracts were prepared. The highest total phenolic contents were found in the aqueous extract (1143.56 mg EAG.100 g-1), followed by the ethanol extract (966.96 mg EAG.100 g-1), methanol/acetone extract (820.88 mg EAG.100 g-1) and methanol extract (306.33 mg EAG.100 g-1). The results for the antioxidant capacity were determined by the EC50, which is concentration of extract required to reduce 50% of the DPPH radical. The best results for the antioxidant capacity were found in the methanol/acetone extract (EC50 of 25.18 mg.mL-1) and in the methanol extract (EC50 of 25.96 mg.mL-1). The antioxidant activity of the fruit may be related to its vitamin C content, since the extracts with lower total phenolic content were those that had lower EC50 values.

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This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of detoxified castor bean meal (CM) content on the chemical-bromatological composition, as well as the fermentation characteristics and dry matter losses of sugarcane silage. The treatments consisted of four levels (0, 7, 14 and 21% natural matter) of addition of castor bean meal. The design was completely randomized, with five replicates. The material was ensiled in PVC silos of 50-cm in height and 10-cm in diameter, which were opened after 60 days. The density of fodder maintained in the silos was equal to 750kg of natural matter/m3. In order to quantify the gas and effluent losses, the silos were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The addition of castor bean meal has increased the levels of DM and crude protein and reduced the levels of neutral detergent fiber, N-NH3, ethanol, and gas and effluent losses from silages, but did not affect pH values. During ensiling, alcoholic fermentation was controlled with the inclusion of the additive.

O experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis de farelo de mamona destoxificado sobre a composição químico-bromatológica, as características fermentativas e as perdas de matéria seca da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos consistiam em quatro níveis (0, 7, 14 e 21% da matéria natural) de inclusão do farelo de mamona. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Foram usados silos de PVC, com 50cm de altura e 10cm de diâmetro, para a produção das silagens, que foram abertos após 60 dias. A densidade de forragem nos silos foi correspondente a 750kg de matéria natural/m3. Os silos foram pesados no início e ao final do período experimental para quantificar as perdas por gases e efluentes. A inclusão de farelo de mamona elevou os teores de MS e proteína bruta e reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, N-NH3, etanol e as perdas por gases e efluentes das silagens, não ocasionando efeito nos valores de pH. A fermentação alcoólica durante a ensilagem foi controlada com a inclusão do aditivo.

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This experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of detoxified castor bean meal (CM) content on the chemical-bromatological composition, as well as the fermentation characteristics and dry matter losses of sugarcane silage. The treatments consisted of four levels (0, 7, 14 and 21% natural matter) of addition of castor bean meal. The design was completely randomized, with five replicates. The material was ensiled in PVC silos of 50-cm in height and 10-cm in diameter, which were opened after 60 days. The density of fodder maintained in the silos was equal to 750kg of natural matter/m3. In order to quantify the gas and effluent losses, the silos were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experiment. The addition of castor bean meal has increased the levels of DM and crude protein and reduced the levels of neutral detergent fiber, N-NH3, ethanol, and gas and effluent losses from silages, but did not affect pH values. During ensiling, alcoholic fermentation was controlled with the inclusion of the additive.(AU)

O experimento foi desenvolvido para avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de níveis de farelo de mamona destoxificado sobre a composição químico-bromatológica, as características fermentativas e as perdas de matéria seca da silagem de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos consistiam em quatro níveis (0, 7, 14 e 21% da matéria natural) de inclusão do farelo de mamona. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Foram usados silos de PVC, com 50cm de altura e 10cm de diâmetro, para a produção das silagens, que foram abertos após 60 dias. A densidade de forragem nos silos foi correspondente a 750kg de matéria natural/m3. Os silos foram pesados no início e ao final do período experimental para quantificar as perdas por gases e efluentes. A inclusão de farelo de mamona elevou os teores de MS e proteína bruta e reduziu os teores de fibra em detergente neutro, N-NH3, etanol e as perdas por gases e efluentes das silagens, não ocasionando efeito nos valores de pH. A fermentação alcoólica durante a ensilagem foi controlada com a inclusão do aditivo.(AU)

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Ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) improves swine production efficiency by redirecting nutrients to favor muscle accretion rather than fat deposition. In the present study, the time-dependent effect of RAC feeding on performance, plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations, and carcass traits of finishing pigs were evaluated. In a 28-d growth study, 80 barrows (average initial BW = 69.4 ± 7.9 kg) were assigned to 1 of 5 treatments in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicate pens per treatment and 2 pigs per pen. The pigs were fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet with no added RAC (control) or 10 mg of RAC/kg fed for 7, 14, 21, or 28 d before slaughter. All diets were formulated to contain 0.88% standardized ileal digestible Lys (1.0% total Lys) and 3.23 Mcal of ME/kg. Individual pig BW and pen feed disappearance were recorded weekly to determine BW changes, ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Anterior vena cava blood samples were taken on d 28 for determination of PUN concentrations. After 28 d on trial, the pigs were slaughtered and carcass measurements made at 24 h postmortem. Overall, providing pigs with different RAC feeding durations did not affect the final BW and ADFI but resulted in a tendency (P = 0.09) for a linear increase in ADG and a linear improvement (P = 0.003) in G:F. No effect of RAC feeding was found for weekly ADFI. Weekly improvements (P < 0.05) in ADG and G:F were observed over the first 21 d of RAC feeding. However, the growth response declined (P < 0.05) in wk 4 of RAC treatment. The concentrations of PUN exhibited a quadratic decrease (P = 0.004) as the RAC feeding duration increased. Although RAC feeding did not affect any backfat measurements and carcass length, increasing the RAC feeding duration linearly increased HCW (P = 0.01), dressing percentage (P = 0.03), LM depth (P = 0.001), LM area (P < 0.001), muscle-to-fat ratio (P = 0.004), and predicted carcass lean percentage (P = 0.02). These results indicate that a greater growth rate was achieved within the first 21 d of RAC feeding whereas the magnitude of carcass response was directly dependent on the duration of RAC feeding.

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