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Copper can be opportunely complexed to modulate oncogenic pathways, being a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Herein, three new copper(II) complexes containing long-chain aliphatic hydrazides and 1,10-phenanthroline (1,10-phen), namely, [Cu(octh)(1,10-phen)(H2O)](NO3)21, [Cu(dech)(1,10-phen)(H2O)](NO3)22 and [Cu(dodh)(1,10-phen)(H2O)](NO3)2.H2O 3 (where octh = octanoic hydrazide, dech = decanoic hydrazide, dodh = dodecanoic hydrazide) were successfully prepared and characterized by several physical-chemical methods. Furthermore, X-ray structural analysis of complex 2 indicated that the geometry around the copper(II) ion is distorted square-pyramidal, in which hydrazide and 1,10-phenanthroline act as bidentate ligands. A water molecule in the apical position completes the coordination sphere of the metal ion. All new copper(II) complexes were cytotoxic to breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, MDA-MB-453, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-157) and selective when compared to the non tumor lineage MCF-10A. In particular, complex 2 showed half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values ranging between 2.7 and 13.4 µM in MDA-MB231 cells after 24 and 48 h of treatment, respectively. Furthermore, this complex proved to be more selective for tumor cell lines when compared to doxorubicin and docetaxel. Complex 2 inhibited the clonogenicity of MDA-MB231 cells, increasing adenosine diphosphate (ADP) hydrolysis and upregulating ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1 (ENTPD1) transcriptional levels. In this sense, we suggest that the inhibitory effect on cell proliferation may be related to the modulation of adenosine monophosphate (AMP) levels. Thus, a novel copper(II) complex with increased cytotoxic effects and selectivity against breast cancer cells was obtained, contributing to medicinal chemistry efforts toward the development of new chemotherapeutic agents.

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Azithromycin (AZM) is a macrolide-type antibiotic used to prevent and treat serious infections (mycobacteria or MAC) that significantly inhibit bacterial growth. Knowledge of the predominant conformation in solution is of fundamental importance for advancing our understanding of the intermolecular interactions of AZM with biological targets. We report an extensive density functional theory (DFT) study of plausible AZM structures in solution considering implicit and explicit solvent effects. The best match between the experimental and theoretical nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) profiles was used to assign the preferred conformer in solution, which was supported by the thermodynamic analysis. Among the 15 distinct AZM structures, conformer M14, having a short intramolecular C6-OH … N H-bond, is predicted to be dominant in water and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions. The results indicated that the X-ray structure backbone is mostly conserved in solution, showing that large flexible molecules with several possible conformations may assume a preferential spatial orientation in solution, which is the molecular structure that ultimately interacts with biological targets.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The discovery of the psychoactive agent of Cannabis sativa (tetrahydrocannabinol - THC) in the second half of the 20th century originated the research that later came to identify dozens of other substances from this plant, including cannabinoids, terpenes and flavonoids. Ensuing description of their interaction sites in animals and humans, together with endogenous ligands, transport proteins as well as synthesis and degradation enzymes, revealed what came to be known as the endocannabinoid system. Several receptors participate in this system. CONTENTS: The first receptors to be discovered were called CB1 and CB2, both are G protein-coupled (GPCR). It is noteworthy that CB1 receptors are among the most abundant and widely distributed GPCR in the mammalian brain, with marked expression in basal ganglia, cerebellum and hippocampus, for instance; on the other hand, they are scarce in areas of the brainstem related to breathing control. In light of the multiplicity of pharmacological effects of cannabinoids, concomitant with the lack of more clarifying studies on their mechanisms of action despite the great interest in research on their therapeutic application, it is necessary to deepen the knowledge in this area. CONCLUSION: Considering the literature research conducted for the composition of this article, it is possible to conclude that cannabinoids have a broad spectrum of action mechanisms in the human body, and that more robust clinical studies are needed to better understand their broad therapeutic potential.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A descoberta do princípio psicoativo da Cannabis sativa (tetrahidrocanabinol - THC) na segunda metade do século XX inaugurou pesquisas que posteriormente vieram a identificar dezenas de outras substâncias a partir dessa planta, incluindo canabinoides, terpenos e flavonoides. A subsequente descrição dos sítios de interação dessas substâncias em animais e humanos, assim como seus ligantes endógenos, proteínas de transporte e enzimas de síntese e degradação, revelou o que veio a ser conhecido como sistema endocanabinoide. Diversos receptores participam deste sistema. CONTEÚDO: Os primeiros receptores a serem descobertos foram denominados CB1 e CB2, ambos são acoplados à proteína G (GPCR). É importante ressaltar que os receptores CB1 estão entre os GPCRs mais abundantes e amplamente distribuídos do encéfalo de mamíferos, com marcada expressão, por exemplo, em gânglios da base, cerebelo e hipocampo; em contrapartida, são escassos em áreas do tronco cerebral relacionadas ao controle da respiração. Diante da multiplicidade de efeitos farmacológicos dos canabinoides, concomitante à falta de estudos mais esclarecedores sobre seus mecanismos de ação apesar do grande interesse na pesquisa de sua aplicação terapêutica, é preciso aprofundar o conhecimento nessa área. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando as pesquisas bibliográficas realizadas para a composição deste artigo, é possível concluir que os canabinoides possuem um amplo espectro de mecanismos de ação no organismo humano, e que mais estudos clínicos robustos são necessários para que seja possível entender melhor o seu amplo potencial terapêutico.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Several studies have shown the growing interest and consumption of cannabinoids and medical cannabis (MC), with management of chronic pain being one of its main therapeutic recommendations. The objective of this study was to review and analyze the results of the most recent preclinical and clinical research on the application of MC and cannabinoids to understand their analgesic efficacy. CONTENTS: A literature review was performed in Pubmed. Preclinical research has shown the role of the endocannabinoid system in pain pathways through the identification of its action sites and pain modulation mechanisms. Numerous clinical studies have endeavored to demonstrate the efficacy of CM and cannabinoids in the management of various pain syndromes. Some international guidelines have already incorporated the use of MC and cannabinoids, but as third or fourth-line treatment and, in most cases, with weak recommendation. CONCLUSION: Despite the growing production of scientific knowledge, the data currently available still lack high-quality evidence to define the efficacy and analgesic potency of cannabinoids. Larger preclinical and clinical research are needed to understand the status of cannabinoids in pain management, as well as to generate high-quality evidence to include or not the use of MC and cannabinoids in guidelines for the management of the various pain syndromes.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Diversos trabalhos têm constatado o crescente interesse e o consumo de canabinoides e cannabis medicinal (CM), sendo o auxílio no manejo da dor crônica uma de suas principais indicações terapêuticas na atualidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi revisar e analisar os resultados das mais recentes pesquisas pré-clínicas e clínicas da aplicação da CM e dos canabinoides para compreensão de sua eficácia analgésica. CONTEÚDO: Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura no sistema de busca Pubmed. Pesquisas pré-clínicas têm evidenciado o papel do sistema endocanabinoides nas vias da dor, através da identificação de seus locais de atuação e mecanismos de modulação da dor. Inúmeros estudos clínicos têm mostrado eficácia da CM e dos canabinoides para manejo de diversas síndromes dolorosas. Algumas diretrizes internacionais já incorporaram o uso de CM e canabinoides, mas como tratamento de terceira ou quarta linha e, na maioria dos casos, com poucas recomendações. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar da crescente produção de conhecimento científico, os dados atualmente disponíveis ainda carecem de evidências de alta qualidade para definição da eficácia e poder analgésico dos canabinoides. São necessários maiores estudos pré-clínicos e clínicos para que se possa compreender melhor o status dos canabinoides no manejo da dor, assim como gerar evidências de alta qualidade para incluir ou não o uso da CM e dos canabinoides nos guidelines de manejo das diversas síndromes dolorosas.

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Azithromycin (AZM) is a well-known macrolide-type antibiotic that has been used in the treatment of infections and inflammations. Knowledge of the predominant molecular structure in solution is a prerequisite for an understanding of the interactions of the drug in biological media. Experimental structural determination can be carried out for samples in solid-state (X-ray diffraction technique) and gas phase (electron diffraction experiment). In solution, spectroscopic methods can be used to extract valuable information which combined with quantum chemical calculations can lead to the determination of the preferred molecular structures to be observed when a given solute is dissolved in each solvent. That is precisely the aim of this work. We used experimental NMR chemical shift data (in CDCl3) as a reference for comparison with Density Functional Theory (DFT) NMR calculations, with geometry optimized having as guess input two crystallographic structures available in the literature with the configuration of all chiral carbon atoms inverted, named here A and B. The Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM) was used to describe the solvent effects (chloroform) including five explicit CHCl3 solvent molecules, which we believe can account for short and long-range solute-solvent interactions. Analysis of calculated thermodynamic, NMR chemical shift, MAE (Mean Absolute Error), and spin-spin coupling constant values revealed that both supposable C3R-C5S (named M2-A) and C3S-C5R (named M2-B) structures are equally probable to exist in chloroform solution. In addition, we found that the heavy atoms' conformation is reasonably similar in the solid-state and chloroform solution; however, regarding the OH groups, the spatial orientations are rather different with intramolecular OH⋯N and OH⋯O hydrogen bonds present in solution and with some of them being absent in the X-ray structure probably due to crystal packing effects.

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This work describes the synthesis, characterization and in vitro anticancer activity of two platinum(II) complexes of the type [Pt(L1)2(1,10-phen)] 1 and [Pt(L2)2(1,10-phen)] 2, where L1 = 5-heptyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(3H)-thione, L2 = 5-nonyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-(3H)-thione and 1,10-phen = 1,10-phenanthroline. As to the structure of these complexes, the X-ray structural analysis of 1 indicates that the geometry around the platinum(II) ion is distorted square-planar, where two 5-alkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thione derivatives coordinate a platinum(II) ion through the sulfur atom. A chelating bidentate phenanthroline molecule completes the coordination sphere. We tested these complexes in two breast cancer cell lines, namely, MCF-7 (a hormone responsive cancer cell) and MDA-MB-231 (triple negative breast cancer cell). In both cells, the most lipophilic platinum compound, complex 2, was more active than cisplatin, one of the most widely used anticancer drugs nowadays. DNA binding studies indicated that such complexes are able to bind to ct-DNA with Kb values of 104 M-1. According to data from dichroism circular and fluorescence spectroscopy, these complexes appear to bind to the DNA in a non-intercalative, probably via minor groove. Molecular docking followed by semiempirical simulations indicated that these complexes showed favorable interactions with the minor groove of the double helix of ct-DNA in an A-T rich region. Thereafter, flow cytometry analysis showed that complex 2 induced apoptosis and necrosis in MCF-7 cells.

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Zika virus (ZIKV) is an arthropod-born virus that is mainly transmitted to humans by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes spp. Since its first isolation in 1947, only a few human cases had been described until large outbreaks occurred on Yap Island (2007), French Polynesia (2013), and Brazil (2015). Most ZIKV-infected individuals are asymptomatic or present with a self-limiting disease and nonspecific symptoms such as fever, myalgia, and headache. However, in French Polynesia and Brazil, ZIKV outbreaks led to the diagnosis of congenital malformations and microcephaly in newborns and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in adults. These new clinical presentations raised concern from public health authorities and highlighted the need for anti-Zika treatments and vaccines to control the neurological damage caused by the virus. Despite many efforts in the search for an effective treatment, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs have become available to control ZIKV infection and/or replication. Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds that are well-known for possessing several biological properties, have shown activity against different viruses. Additionally, the use of flavonoids in some countries as food supplements indicates that these molecules are nontoxic to humans. Thus, here, we summarize knowledge on the use of flavonoids as a source of anti-ZIKV molecules and discuss the gaps and challenges in this area before these compounds can be considered for further preclinical and clinical trials.

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OBJECTIVE: To understand the relation between family culture and hospital institutional culture. METHOD: Qualitative study, carried out in 2017, with relatives of children admitted to a Hospital in southern Brazil. The study included non-participant observation, to gain familiarity with the investigated cultural context; participant observation, to know the respondents' experiences; and interviews. The data were coded and theoretical formulations and recommendations were made. RESULTS: Fifteen family members participated. Hospitalization is a time of encounter and interaction between family culture and institutional culture. CONCLUSION: Hospital culture is presented as an instrument of family care and adaptation and flexibility of norms and routines to humanize cultural care.

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In this present study, we investigated the influence of various extraction methods including maceration, sonication, infusion, decoction, and microwave extraction, on the chemical and biological potential of phytochemicals extracted from three medicinal plants (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago majorand Arctium lappa L). The results were subsequently analyzed by variance analysis. Our results suggested that sonication is the most effective extraction method among the five methods tested herein, for the extraction of phytochemicals that have a high antioxidant potential and high phenolic content. The three plants employed for this study had a high concentration of flavonoids and phenolics which was compatible with the chemosystematics of the species. All the samples possessed a Sun Protection Factor (SPF) of less than 6. Interestingly, a maximum reaction time of approximately 20 min was noted for the complexation of AlCl3 with the flavonoids present in the phytochemical extract during analyses of the kinetic parameters. We finally identified that the Ageratum conyzoides extract, prepared by sonication, possessed a significant pharmacological potential against hepatocarcinoma tumour cells, whose result can guide further studies for its therapeutic efficacy.

En el presente estudio, investigamos la influencia de varios métodos de extracción, incluyendo maceración, sonicación, infusión, decocción y extracción por microondas, sobre el potencial químico y biológico de los fitoquímicos extraídos de tres plantas medicinales (Ageratum conyzoides, Plantago majory Arctium lappa L). Los resultados se analizaron posteriormente mediante análisis de varianza. Nuestros resultados sugieren que la sonicación es el método de extracción más eficaz entre los cinco métodos aquí probados, para la extracción de fitoquímicos que tienen un alto potencial antioxidante y un alto contenido fenólico. Las tres plantas empleadas para este estudio tenían una alta concentración de flavonoides y fenólicos que era compatible con la quimiosistemática de las especies. Todas las muestras poseían un factor de protección solar (SPF) menor a 6. Curiosamente, se observó un tiempo máximo de reacción de aproximadamente 20 min para la complejación de AlCl3con los flavonoides presentes en el extracto fitoquímico durante los análisis de los parámetros cinéticos. Finalmente, identificamos que el extracto de Ageratum conyzoides, elaborado por sonicación, posee un importante potencial farmacológico frente a las células tumorales del hepatocarcinoma, cuyo resultado puede orientar nuevos estudios sobre su eficacia terapéutica.

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OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the contraction of polymerization effect of silorane-based composite on dental interface in enamel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty class V cavities were confectioned in forty extracted molar teeth and restored with different combinations of resinous-based and bond system. They were divided into the following groups: (G1) three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system and methacrylate-based resin, (G2) two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system and methacrylate-based resin, (G3) Filtek P-90 self-conditioning adhesive system and methacrylate-based resin, (G4) Adper SE Plus self-conditioning adhesive system and methacrylate-based resin, (G5) three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system and silorane-based resin, (G6) two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system and silorane-based resin, (G7) Filtek P-90 self-conditioning adhesive system and silorane-based resin, (G8) Adper SE Plus self-conditioning adhesive system and silorane-based resin. RESULTS: Group 7 showed lower marginal leakage when compared with all other groups (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results allows suggesting that silorane-based resinous system is adequate to promote more satisfactory marginal sealing than any other combination, since the system is combined with its own bond system.

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Four gold(I) complexes conceived as anticancer agents were synthesized by reacting [Au(PEt3 )Cl] and [Au(PPh3 )Cl] with ligands derived from δ-d-gluconolactone. The ligands' structure was designed to combine desired biological properties previously reported for each group. Ligands were synthesized from δ-d-gluconolactone via ketal protection and hydrazide formation followed by cyclization with CS2 to produce the novel oxadiazolidine-2-thione 7 and 8. Increasing of the ligands' lipophilicity via ketal protection proved useful since all four gold(I) complexes showed anticancer and antileishmanial properties. The IC50 values are at low micromolar range, varying from 2 to 3 µm for the most active compounds. The free D-gluconate 1,3,4 oxadiazole-derived ligands were neither toxic nor presented anticancer or antileishmanial properties. Triethylphosphine-derived compounds 9 and 10 were more selective against B16-F10 melanoma cell line. Although similar in vitro antileishmanial activity was observed for the gold(I) precursors themselves and their derived complexes, the latter were three times less toxic for human THP-1 macrophage cell line; this result is attributed to an isomeric variation of the D-gluconate ligand and the oxadiazole portion, which was one of the key concepts behind this work. These findings should encourage further research on gold(I) complexes to develop novel compounds with potential application in cancer and leishmaniasis chemotherapy.

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Objetivo Identificar, describir y analizar las concepciones de los estudiantes de enfermería en relación al proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje a través de la simulación realista. Metodología Se trata de una investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y exploratoria. La recogida de datos se realizará mediante dos instrumentos, uno basado en la escala Student Satisfaction and Self-Confidence in Learning y un cuestionario semiestructurado. Para el análisis de datos objetivos se utilizará un método estadístico descriptivo no inferencial simple, mientras que para los datos subjetivos se utilizará análisis de contenido temático.1 Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil. E-mail de contacto: emilliagsantos@gmail.com2 Escuela de Administración, Departamento de Medicina Social de la Faculdad de Medicina, Universidad Federal de Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, RS, Brasil. 3 Universidad Federal Fluminense (EEAAC-UFF) Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil4 Centro Federal de Educación Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca (CEFET-RJ). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. 5 Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro / Universidade Federal Fluminense UFF.6 Universidad Estácio de Sá, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.7 Universidad Estácio de Sá, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.8 Universidad Estácio de Sá, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.9 Universidad de la Amazonía, BrasilCómo citar este artículo: Gonçalves-dos Santos EC; Saba-de Almeida Y; Caldeira-Dos Santos MLS; Dutra-de Vasconcelos SD; Barcellos-de Assis W; Ferreira-Medeiros M; Bispo-Lourenço EB; Nobre-Garrido L; Rodrigues-da Costa RA. Concepción de los estudiantes de enfermería del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje mediante simulación realista: nota previa. Revista Cultura del Cuidado Enfermeria. 2021; 18(1): 8-18 Revista Cultura del Cuidado Enfermería Vol. 18 N° 1. Enero a Junio de 2021 - Pereira, Colombia / ISSN: 1794-5232 / ISSN E: 2665-12629Resultados esperadosSe espera que, a través de los resultados obtenidos, se puedan realizar ajustes y mejoras en cuanto a la dinámica pedagógica, enfocándose en aprendizajes significativos y, por lo tanto, generando cambios de comportamiento capaces de promover el desarrollo de habilidades profesionales, además de una práctica centrada en la seguridad del paciente.Palabras clave:Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas; Entrenamiento Simulado; Estudiantes de Enfermería. (Fuente: DECs BIREME)

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ABSTRACT Objective: To understand the relation between family culture and hospital institutional culture. Method: Qualitative study, carried out in 2017, with relatives of children admitted to a Hospital in southern Brazil. The study included non-participant observation, to gain familiarity with the investigated cultural context; participant observation, to know the respondents' experiences; and interviews. The data were coded and theoretical formulations and recommendations were made. Results: Fifteen family members participated. Hospitalization is a time of encounter and interaction between family culture and institutional culture. Conclusion: Hospital culture is presented as an instrument of family care and adaptation and flexibility of norms and routines to humanize cultural care.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comprender la relación entre la cultura familiar y la cultura institucional hospitalaria. Método: Se trata de un estudio cualitativo, realizado en 2017 con familiares de niños internados en un hospital del sur de Brasil. Se llevó a cabo mediante una observación no participante, con el objetivo de familiarizarse con el contexto cultural investigado, una observación participante para conocer las experiencias de los informantes, y entrevistas. Se codificaron los datos y se hicieron las formulaciones teóricas y las recomendaciones Resultados: Participaron 15 familiares. La internación hospitalaria es un momento de encuentro e interacción de las culturas familiar e institucional. Conclusión: La cultura hospitalaria se presenta como un instrumento de atención a la familia y de adaptación y flexibilidad de las normas y rutinas como una forma de humanizar el cuidado cultural.

RESUMO Objetivo: Compreender a relação entre a cultura familiar e a cultura institucional hospitalar. Método: Estudo qualitativo, realizado em 2017, com familiares de crianças internadas em um hospital do Sul do Brasil. Realizaram-se observação não participante, visando familiaridade com o contexto cultural investigado, observação participante, para conhecer as vivências dos informantes, e entrevistas. Os dados foram codificados e realizadas as formulações teóricas e recomendações. Resultados: Participaram 15 familiares. A internação hospitalar é um momento de encontro e interação das culturas familiar e institucional. Conclusão: A cultura hospitalar apresenta-se como um instrumento de cuidado familiar e a adaptação e flexibilização das normas e rotinas como forma de humanizar o cuidado cultural.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar dados bibliográficos sobre o uso de probióticos e prebióticos nos suplementos alimentares de cães e gatos. A aplicação de probióticos e prebióticos tem a função de auxiliar a colonização de microrganismos benéficos, tais como Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum e Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei e Lactobacillus lactis, favorecendo a absorção de nutrientes e auxiliando na síntese de vitaminas e proteínas. Os probióticos se tornam especialmente importantes em situações de estresse, as quais podem causar diminuição da imunidade do animal. Podem ser utilizados desde o nascimento até a velhice do animal em situações como desmame, mudança de ração, períodos de vacinação, medicações e até mesmo em mudanças de ambiente. Os prebióticos são definidos como ingredientes nutricionais não digeríveis, tais como inulina, pectina, galactoligossacarídeos, xilooligossacarídeos, mananoligossacarídeos, frutooligossacarídeos e leveduras inativadas, que afetam beneficamente o hospedeiro, estimulando seletivamente o crescimento e a atividade das bactérias intestinais benéficas, melhorando sua saúde e, assim, dando menos espaço para as bactérias patogênicas. A revisão bibliográfica foi realizada, a partir de livros, dissertações, teses e artigos científicos encontrados nas bases de dados on line do Google Acadêmico, Scielo (Scientific Eletronic Library Online), Science Direct e revistas científicas, incluindo publicações de 1988 a 2021. Desse modo, esta revisão é de suma importância para enfatizar o emprego dos probióticos e prebióticos na alimentação de cães e gatos, melhorando, assim, sua qualidade e consequentemente atuando sobre a microbiota gastrointestinal, promovendo uma vida mais longa e saudável a esses pets.

The aim of this work was to present bibliographic data on the use of probiotics and prebiotics in dietary supplements for dogs and cats. The application of probiotics and prebiotics has the function of assisting the colonization of beneficial microorganisms, such as Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Enterococcus faecium, Lactobacillus plantarum, Bifidobacterium bifidum e Lactobacillus acidophillus, Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus lactis, favoring the absorption of nutrients, assisting in the synthesis of vitamins and proteins. Probiotics become especially important in stressful situations, which can cause decreased animal immunity. They can be used from birth to the old age of the animal, in situations such as weaning, change of feed, periods of vaccination, medications and even changes in the environment. Prebiotics are defined as non-digestible nutritional ingredients, such as inulin, pectin, galactoligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharides, mannan oligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, inactivated yeasts, which affect the host, selectively stimulating the growth and activity of beneficial intestinal bacteria, thus promoting health, thus promoting health giving less space for pathogenic bacteria. The bibliographic review was carried out, from books, dissertations, theses and scientific articles found in the online databases of Google Scholar, Scielo (Scientific Electronic Library Online), Science Direct and scientific journals, including publications from 1988 to 2021. Thus, this review is extremely important to emphasize the use of probiotics and prebiotics in the feeding of dogs and cats, thus improving their quality, consequently acting on the gastrointestinal microbiota promoting a longer and healthier life for these pets.

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OBJECTIVE: To know the beliefs, values and practices of families in the care of hospitalized children. METHOD: Qualitative study developed at the Pediatrics Unit of a University Hospital in southern Brazil through non-participant observation, participant observation and interview with children's family members. The methodological framework of Ethnonursing was adopted. Data were coded, classified and scrutinized to identify saturation of similar or different ideas and patterns, and recoded by making theoretical formulations and recommendations. RESULTS: Beliefs, values and practices of families depend on cultural references and are manifested in the care with feeding, clothing and hygiene, maintenance of sleep and rest, presence, care with medication and exercise of religious belief. CONCLUSION: Family members care for the hospitalized child based on their cultural reference and it is important that nurses take this aspect into consideration during care practice. Cultural care aggregates knowledge and can be considered a new paradigm for nursing care that allows an affective, reflective, human, empathic relationship between nurse/child/family.

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Flavonoids are natural products widely recognized for their plurality of applications such as antiviral, antiproliferative, antitumor activities and, antioxidant properties. The flavanone naringenin is presented in citrus fruits and has been studied to combat recurrent diseases that still lack effective treatment. Research groups have been investing efforts to the development of new, safe and active candidates to combat these agents or conditions and despite good results recently reported against the Zika virus (ZIKV) and tumor cells, the use of citrus naringenin is limited due to its low bioavailability. Structural exchanges through functionalization, for example, attaching lipophilic groups instead of hydroxyl groups, can further enhance biological properties. Here, the synthesis and characterization of regioselective naringenin mono-7-O-ethers and both mono and di-fatty acid esters, structurally lipophilic ones were demonstrated. Finally, in vitro studies of anti-ZIKV action and antiproliferative activities against melanoma (B16-F10) and breast carcinoma (4T1) cells showed the ether derivatives were actives, with IC50 ranging from 6.76, 18.5 and 22.6 µM to 28.53, 45.1 and 32.3 µM referring to ZIKV, B16-F10 and 4T1 cell lines, respectively. The lipophilic ethers present the ability to inhibit selectively ZIKV-replication in human cells and inhibitions. This class of modifications in flavonoid molecules could be further explore in the future development of specific anti-ZIKV compounds.

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The effect of N-geranyl-ethane-1,2-diamine dihydochloride (GIB24), a synthetic diamine, was assayed against different developmental forms of the parasitic protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (strain Dm28c). The compound was effective against culture epimastigote forms (IC50/24h = 5.64 µM; SI = 16.4) and intracellular amastigotes (IC50/24h = 12.89 µM; SI = 7.18), as detected by the MTT methodology and by cell counting, respectively. Incubation of epimastigotes for 6h with 6 µM GIB24 (IC50/24h value) resulted in significant dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, prior to permeabilization of the plasma membrane. Rounded epimastigotes with cell size reduction were observed by scanning electron microscopy. These morpho-physiological changes induced by GIB24 suggest an incidental death process. Treatment of infected Vero cells did not prevent the intracellular amastigotes from completing the intracellular cycle. However, there was a decrease in the number of released parasites, increasing the ratio amastigotes/trypomastigotes. Proteomic analysis of 15 µM GIB24 resistant epimastigotes indicated that the compound acts mainly on mitochondrial components involved in the Krebs cycle and in maintaining the oxidative homeostasis of the parasites. Our data suggest that GIB24 is active against the main morphological forms of T. cruzi.

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The drugs currently used to treat leishmaniases have limitations concerning cost, efficacy, and safety, making the search for new therapeutic approaches urgent. We found that the gold(I)-derived complexes were active against L. infantum and L. braziliensis intracellular amastigotes with IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 5.5 µM. All gold(I) complexes were potent inhibitors of trypanothione reductase (TR), with enzyme IC50 values ranging from 1 to 7.8 µM. Triethylphosphine-derived complexes enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and decreased mitochondrial respiration after 2 h of exposure, indicating that gold(I) complexes cause oxidative stress by direct ROS production, by causing mitochondrial damage or by impairing TR activity and thus accumulating ROS. There was no cross-resistance to antimony; in fact, SbR (antimony-resistant mutants) strains were hypersensitive to some of the complexes. BALB/c mice infected with luciferase-expressing L. braziliensis or L. amazonensis and treated orally with 12.5 mg/kg/day of AdT Et (3) or AdO Et (4) presented reduced lesion size and parasite burden, as revealed by bioimaging. The combination of (3) and miltefosine allowed for a 50% reduction in miltefosine treatment time. Complexes 3 and 4 presented favorable pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles that encourage further drug development studies. Gold(I) complexes are promising antileishmanial agents, with a potential for therapeutic use, including in leishmaniasis caused by antimony-resistant parasites.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To know the beliefs, values and practices of families in the care of hospitalized children. Method: Qualitative study developed at the Pediatrics Unit of a University Hospital in southern Brazil through non-participant observation, participant observation and interview with children's family members. The methodological framework of Ethnonursing was adopted. Data were coded, classified and scrutinized to identify saturation of similar or different ideas and patterns, and recoded by making theoretical formulations and recommendations. Results: Beliefs, values and practices of families depend on cultural references and are manifested in the care with feeding, clothing and hygiene, maintenance of sleep and rest, presence, care with medication and exercise of religious belief. Conclusion: Family members care for the hospitalized child based on their cultural reference and it is important that nurses take this aspect into consideration during care practice. Cultural care aggregates knowledge and can be considered a new paradigm for nursing care that allows an affective, reflective, human, empathic relationship between nurse/child/family.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las creencias, valores y prácticas de las familias en el cuidado de niños hospitalizados. Método: Estudio cualitativo desarrollado en la Unidad de Pediatría de un Hospital Universitario en el sur de Brasil a través de observación no participante, observación participante y entrevista con los familiares de los niños. Se adoptó el marco metodológico de la etnoenfermería. Los datos se codificaron, clasificaron y analizaron para identificar la saturación de ideas y patrones similares o diferentes, y se recodificaron mediante formulaciones teóricas y recomendaciones. Resultados: Las creencias, valores y prácticas de las familias dependen de referencias culturales y se manifiestan en el cuidado con alimentación, vestimenta e higiene, mantenimiento del sueño y el descanso, presencia, cuidado con medicamentos y ejercicio de creencias religiosas. Conclusión: La familia cuida al niño hospitalizado en función de su referencia cultural y es importante que los enfermeros tengan en cuenta este aspecto durante la práctica de cuidado. La atención cultural agrega conocimiento, puede considerarse un nuevo paradigma para la atención de enfermería y permite una relación afectiva, reflexiva, humana y empática entre enfermero/niño/familia.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer as crenças, valores e práticas de famílias no cuidado à criança hospitalizada. Método: Estudo qualitativo com adoção do referencial metodológico da Etnoenfermagem, desenvolvido na Unidade de Pediatria de Hospital Universitário do sul do Brasil, mediante observação não participante, observação participante e entrevista com familiares das crianças. Os dados foram codificados, classificados e escrutinados para identificar saturação de ideias e padrões semelhantes ou diferentes; e recodificados, realizando-se formulações teóricas e recomendações. Resultados: Crenças, valores e práticas das famílias dependem dos referenciais culturais e manifestam-se no cuidado com a alimentação, vestuário e higiene, manutenção do sono e repouso, presença, cuidado com medicação e exercício da crença religiosa. Conclusão: A família cuida da criança hospitalizada com base em seu referencial cultural e a consideração deste aspecto pelo enfermeiro durante a prática assistencial é importante. O cuidado cultural agrega saberes, pode ser considerado um novo paradigma para o cuidado de enfermagem e permite uma relação afetiva, reflexiva, humana, empática entre enfermeiro/criança/família.

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Bacteria belonging to Mycobacterium avium complex are organisms of low pathogenicity that infect immunosuppressed individuals. Infection is treated with an antimicrobial macrolide, Clarithromycin (CAM) or Azitromycin, associated with Ethambutol and Rifabutin during 12 months. Regimen long duration and side effects hinder patient's commitment to treatment favoring emergence of antibiotic resistance. In this present study, we evaluated the activity of JVA, an Isoniazid (INH) derivative, against M. avium 2447, a clinical isolate. We demonstrated that JVA reduces M. avium 2447 growth in macrophages, more efficiently than CAM and INH. In order to explore JVA mechanism of action, we investigated compound properties and performed pH-dependent stability studies. Our results suggest an enhanced ability of JVA to cross biological membranes. Furthermore, we suggest that in acidic conditions of macrophages' phagosomes, where mycobacteria replicate, JVA would be promptly hydrolyzed to INH, delivering the adduct INH-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and thus inhibiting M. avium 2447 growth.

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