RESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Post-dural puncture headache is a well-known complication of epidural and subarachnoid blockades and the blood patch is the treatment used more often. In most patients, the blood patch relieves the headache completely, but for the remaining there is no improvement or only partial relief of the symptom. In those cases, it is prudent to look for other differential diagnosis, such as subdural hematoma or pneumoencephalus. In those situations, imaging exams are extremely useful. The objective of this report was to present the case of a patient who developed subdural hematoma after accidental puncture of the dura mater during epidural block. CASE REPORT A 47-year old male patient, 147 kg, 1.90 m, physical status ASA II, was admitted for abdominal dermolipectomy after undergoing gastroplasty. The dura mater was accidentally punctured during the epidural block. The patient developed postdural puncture headache treated with an epidural blood patch, with partial improvement of his symptoms. However, it was followed by worsening of the headache and an MRI showed the presence of an intracranial subdural hematoma, which was treated clinically The patient evolved with progressive improvement of the symptom and full recovery after 30 days. CONCLUSIONS: Subdural hematoma is a rare, but severe, complication of dura mater puncture. It is difficult to diagnose, but it should always be remembered when post-dural puncture headache shows no resolution or even worsens after an epidural blood patch. An imaging exam is fundamental for the diagnosis of this rare complication.
Assuntos
Anestesia Epidural/efeitos adversos , Dura-Máter/lesões , Hematoma Subdural/etiologia , Ferimentos Penetrantes/complicações , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
The reverse flow island sural flap is presented as an alternative to flaps currently used for reconstruction of small and medium substance losses in the distal third of the leg, ankle, and heel. This is a random type of flap, based on the reverse flow of the superficial sural artery, which mainly depends on the anatomy of the perforators of the peroneal artery system. The anatomic structures that constitute the pedicle are the superficial and deep fascias, the sural nerve, the short saphenous vein, and the superficial sural artery. The skin island and the subcutaneous cellular tissue complement the flap proper. This skin island was demarcated at any point of the median or distal thirds of the leg, having the short saphenous vein and the sural nerve on its central axis. The distal dissection limit of the pedicle is located 5 centimeters above the lateral malleolus. This limit is established so as to ensure the integrity of the perforators from the principal arteries of the leg, mainly the peroneal artery, responsible for the reverse flow nourishing the flap. These perforators will affect anastomoses with the superficial sural artery in charge of irrigating the structures compounding the flap.A total of 71 patients were operated on with this technique, some of them with basic pathologic abnormalities limiting the distal blood flow, such as diabetes mellitus, and some others having proven vascular insufficiency or displaying unstable areas attributable to problems such as pseudarthrosis and osteomyelitis, which needed to be covered. Fifteen flaps (21.1 percent) suffered partial necrosis, which did not compromise the final result, and another three (4.2 percent) showed total loss. The flap in question has great mobility and versatility, allowing the treatment of specific areas of the lower limb, without sacrificing important arteries or mobilizing structures that might bring about functional deficits.
Assuntos
Traumatismos do Pé/cirurgia , Traumatismos da Perna/cirurgia , Retalhos Cirúrgicos/irrigação sanguínea , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Traumatismos do Tornozelo/cirurgia , Feminino , Calcanhar/lesões , Calcanhar/cirurgia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Necrose , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Fluxo Sanguíneo Regional , Retalhos Cirúrgicos/patologiaRESUMO
The normovolemic hemodilution is one of the various methods available to reduce (or to abolish) the use of homologous blood during elective surgeries. Ten patients with pressure sores had plastic surgery without the need for allogeneic blood transfusion using this autotranfusion modality. After removal of a concentrated blood unit into a common collection bag, a quick infusion of isotonic solution in the proportion 4:1 is carried out up to hematocrit equal to or lower than 30 (per cent) inducing oligohemia. Consequently, blood lost during surgery has lower erythrocyte concentration, reducing spoliation and getting and improved tissue oxygenation. The blood collected is replaced at the end of intervention. The indications are those of an homologous transfusion or, at least, when it would be judicious to make a preoperative storage. The proposed method was considered equivalent to homologous transfusion in the cases operated, with the advantages of easy performance, no need for refrigeration, and no need of laboratorial tests before transfusion. In addition, the risk of immunological reactions and hematogenic transmission of infectious diseases is abolished.