RESUMO
More than 80% of recent major armed conflicts have taken place in biodiversity hotspots, including the Tropical Andes which is home to the world's highest concentrations of bird, mammal, and amphibian species, and more than ten percent of all vascular plant species (Mittermeier et al. 2004; Hanson et al. 2009). Armed conflicts not only seriously impact social and political systems, but also have important ramifications for biodiversity, from the time preparations for conflict start through to the post-conflict period (Machlis & Hanson 2008). Tropical forests have been identified as particularly vulnerable during the post-conflict period, when areas made inaccessible during hostilities become open to development (McNeely 2003). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
RESUMO
Humans have altered terrestrial ecosystems for millennia [1], yet wilderness areas still remain as vital refugia where natural ecological and evolutionary processes operate with minimal human disturbance [2-4], underpinning key regional- and planetary-scale functions [5, 6]. Despite the myriad values of wilderness areas-as critical strongholds for endangered biodiversity [7], for carbon storage and sequestration [8], for buffering and regulating local climates [9], and for supporting many of the world's most politically and economically marginalized communities [10]-they are almost entirely ignored in multilateral environmental agreements. This is because they are assumed to be relatively free from threatening processes and therefore are not a priority for conservation efforts [11, 12]. Here we challenge this assertion using new comparable maps of global wilderness following methods established in the original "last of the wild" analysis [13] to examine the change in extent since the early 1990s. We demonstrate alarming losses comprising one-tenth (3.3 million km2) of global wilderness areas over the last two decades, particularly in the Amazon (30%) and central Africa (14%). We assess increases in the protection of wilderness over the same time frame and show that these efforts are failing to keep pace with the rate of wilderness loss, which is nearly double the rate of protection. Our findings underscore an immediate need for international policies to recognize the vital values of wilderness and the unprecedented threats they face and to underscore urgent large-scale, multifaceted actions needed to maintain them.
Assuntos
Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Ecossistema , Política Ambiental/legislação & jurisprudência , Meio Selvagem , África Central , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais/legislação & jurisprudência , América do SulRESUMO
O esporte adaptado tem obtido grande evolução técnica nos últimos anos, o que veio acompanhado por aumentono volume de treino dos atletas e no número de lesões. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a incidência de lesões em atletas de basquetebol de cadeira de rodas, bem como sua relação com o desempenho motor e aspectos ligados à qualidade de vida. Foramavaliados 11 atletas do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 30,27 anos (+ 6,51), com lesões medulares em níveis torácicos e lombares. O desempenho motor foi avaliado com testes deagilidade e velocidade. A ocorrência de lesões foi verificada por questionários, nos quais os atletas relataram a intensidade de dor e o quanto esta influenciava negativamente o seu dia-a-dia. Foi usada estatística descritiva, teste t-Student para verificar diferença no desempenho motor entre atletas com níveis mais altos e mais baixos de dor e teste de correlação entre idade, tempode prática e desempenho motor dos atletas. Verificou-se que as lesões mais frequentes foram na região do ombro, mas que estas não interferiram no desempenho motor. O que de fato interferiu no desempenho dos atletas foi o tempo de prática, sendo que osatletas mais experientes exibiram melhores resultados no teste develocidade. Também foi ressaltada a importância de uma melhor preparação física específica para prevenção de lesões.
Adapted sports for people with disabilities has had great technical developments in recent years, which was accompanied by an increase in the volume of training of athletes and the number of injuries. This study aims to evaluate the motor performance and the incidence of injuries in elite wheelchair basketball athletes. We evaluated 11 male wheelchair basketball athletes in the cities of Londrina and Maringa, with a mean ageof 30.27 years (+ 6.51), with spinal cord injuries in the thoracic and lumbar levels. Motor performance was evaluated in the form of agility and speed tests. To verify the occurrence of lesions we used questionnaires, in which athletes reported pain intensityand how this negatively infl uenced daily activities. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and it was used t-test to verify differences in motor performance between athletes with higher and lower levels of pain. It was also verified the correlation between age, duration of practice and motor performance of athletes. It wasfound that the lesions were more frequent in the shoulder area, but these did not affect motor performance. What actually affected the performance of the athletes was the practice time, with more experienced athletes showing better results in the speed test. It was also highlighted the importance of a better physical trainingto prevent sports injuries.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto Jovem , Basquetebol/lesões , Cadeiras de Rodas , Esportes para Pessoas com Deficiência/educação , Medição da Dor , Pessoas com Deficiência/educação , Qualidade de Vida , Traumatismos em Atletas/prevenção & controle , Extremidade Superior , Atividade Motora , Atividades Cotidianas , Atletas , Exercícios de Alongamento Muscular , Locomoção , Ombro/lesões , Inquéritos e Questionários , Traumatismos da Medula Espinal/reabilitação , Traumatismos em Atletas/reabilitaçãoRESUMO
Taenia solium causes taeniasis and cysticercosis, a zoonotic complex associated with a significant burden of epilepsy in most countries. Reliable diagnosis and efficacious treatment of taeniasis are needed for disease control. Currently, cure can be confirmed only after a period of at least 1 month, by negative stool microscopy. This study assessed the performance of detection by a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (CoAg-ELISA) for the early evaluation of the efficacy of antiparasitic treatment of human T. solium taeniasis. We followed 69 tapeworm carriers who received niclosamide as standard treatment. Stool samples were collected on days 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 90 after treatment and were processed by microscopy and CoAg-ELISA. The efficacy of niclosamide was 77.9% (53/68). Thirteen patients received a second course of treatment and completed the follow-up. CoAg-ELISA was therefore evaluated for a total of 81 cases (68 treatments, 13 retreatments). In successful treatments (n = 64), the proportion of patients who became negative by CoAg-ELISA was 62.5% after 3 days, 89.1% after 7 days, 96.9% after 15 days, and 100% after 30 days. In treatment failures (n = 17), the CoAg-ELISA result was positive for 70.6% of patients after 3 days, 94.1% after 7 days, and 100% after 15 and 30 days. Only 2 of 17 samples in cases of treatment failure became positive by microscopy by day 30. The presence of one scolex, but not multiple scolices, in posttreatment stools was strongly associated with cure (odds ratio [OR], 52.5; P < 0.001). CoAg-ELISA is useful for the assessment of treatment failure in taeniasis. Early assessment at day 15 would detect treatment failure before patients become infective.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos/análise , Técnicas de Laboratório Clínico/métodos , Fezes/química , Parasitologia/métodos , Taenia solium/imunologia , Teníase/diagnóstico , Teníase/parasitologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Anti-Helmínticos/administração & dosagem , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Diagnóstico Precoce , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Niclosamida/administração & dosagem , Estudos Prospectivos , Teníase/tratamento farmacológico , Fatores de Tempo , Falha de Tratamento , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Taenia solium causes human neurocysticercosis and is endemic in underdeveloped countries where backyard pig keeping is common. Microscopic fecal diagnostic methods for human T. solium taeniasis are not very sensitive, and Taenia saginata and Taenia solium eggs are indistinguishable under the light microscope. Coproantigen (CoAg) ELISA methods are very sensitive, but currently only genus (Taenia) specific. This paper describes the development of a highly species-specific coproantigen ELISA test to detect T. solium intestinal taeniasis. Sensitivity was maintained using a capture antibody of rabbit IgG against T. solium adult whole worm somatic extract, whereas species specificity was achieved by utilization of an enzyme-conjugated rabbit IgG against T. solium adult excretory-secretory (ES) antigen. A known panel of positive and negative human fecal samples was tested with this hybrid sandwich ELISA. The ELISA test gave 100% specificity and 96.4% sensitivity for T. solium tapeworm carriers (N = 28), with a J index of 0.96. This simple ELISA incorporating anti-adult somatic and anti-adult ES antibodies provides the first potentially species-specific coproantigen test for human T. solium taeniasis.
Assuntos
Antígenos de Helmintos/isolamento & purificação , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/métodos , Taenia solium/isolamento & purificação , Teníase/diagnóstico , Animais , Fezes/parasitologia , Humanos , Coelhos , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Especificidade da EspécieRESUMO
Taenia solium neurocysticercosis is a common cause of epileptic seizures and other neurological morbidity in most developing countries. It is also an increasingly common diagnosis in industrialized countries because of immigration from areas where it is endemic. Its clinical manifestations are highly variable and depend on the number, stage, and size of the lesions and the host's immune response. In part due to this variability, major discrepancies exist in the treatment of neurocysticercosis. A panel of experts in taeniasis/cysticercosis discussed the evidence on treatment of neurocysticercosis for each clinical presentation, and we present the panel's consensus and areas of disagreement. Overall, four general recommendations were made: (i) individualize therapeutic decisions, including whether to use antiparasitic drugs, based on the number, location, and viability of the parasites within the nervous system; (ii) actively manage growing cysticerci either with antiparasitic drugs or surgical excision; (iii) prioritize the management of intracranial hypertension secondary to neurocysticercosis before considering any other form of therapy; and (iv) manage seizures as done for seizures due to other causes of secondary seizures (remote symptomatic seizures) because they are due to an organic focus that has been present for a long time.
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Antiparasitários/uso terapêutico , Neurocisticercose/terapia , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Animais , Humanos , Neurocisticercose/diagnósticoRESUMO
Se llevó a cabo un estudio en una comunidad rural del estado de Morelos, México para evaluar la educación para la salud como una estrategia de intervención contra la Taenia solium. Se desarrolló una campaña de educación para promover el conocimiento del ciclo de transmisión del parásito y para mejorar los hábitos higiénicos y las condiciones sanitarias que favorecen la transmisión. Los efectos de la campaña de educación fueron evaluados midiendo los cambios en las tasas de prevalencia de teniosis humana y cisticercosis porcina antes y después de la campaña. La estrategia de educación para la salud se aplicó con base de la información obtenida de un estudio sociológico con base en la información obtenida de un estudio sociológico y con la participación activa de la población. Se observaron mejorías estadísticamente significativas (p< 0.05) en el conocimiento sobre el parásito, su ciclo de vida y cómo se adquiere la parasitosis por los humanos; sin embargo, los cambios en el comportamiento relacionado en cerdos al inicio del estudio fueron 2.6 por ciento y 5.2 por ciento por inspección de lengua y detección de anticuerpos (técnica de inmunoblot) respectivamente y aproximadamente un año después de la intervención estas prevalencias fueron 0 por ciento y 1.2 por ciento (p< 0.05) respectivamente. Estos cambios se acompañaron de reducciones significativas en la proporción de cerdos con acceso a las fuentes de infección y en que deambularan libremente. Se concluye que la campaña de educación para la salud, en conjueto con el compromiso de la comunidad, redujo las oportunidades de transmisión de T. soliun en el cilco humano-cerdo