RESUMO
Objetivo: los parásitos son organismos que viven en el interior o sobre otra especie para su propio beneficio. Logran afectar plantas, animales y humanos. Los niños son más vulnerables a infectarse, pero la incidencia ha disminuido en Costa Rica gracias a la mejora en salubridad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el conocimiento general que tiene la población costarricense con respecto a las parasitosis infantiles. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo de tipo transversal, a una muestra de 196 sujetos. Se presentó encuesta a costarricenses mayores de 18 años que tuvieran un dispositivo con acceso a internet. Se consultó sobre el conocimiento del cuadro clínico de las parasitosis infantiles en Costa Rica. Resultados: la mayoría de los participantes eran universitarios (68.3%). El 89.9% cree que los parásitos de las mascotas pueden infectar a los humanos. Los parásitos más conocidos fueron los piojos 173 (88.3%). La parte del cuerpo que se considera más afectada por los parásitos es el estómago (75.5%). La principal medida preventiva contra las parasitosis más conocidas es lavarse las manos (67.9%). Conclusión: muchos participantes creen que los humanos se pueden infectar por los mismos parásitos de los animales. Los piojos fueron los parásitos más conocidos y las garrapatas las menos conocidas. La mayoría considera el vómito o la diarrea como los síntomas principales de las parasitosis y creen que el estómago es el más afectado en una infección. Además, señalan que la principal medida preventiva para evitar el contagio es el lavado de manos.
Objective: parasites are organisms that live inside or on another species for their own benefit, managing to affect plants, animals, and humans. Children are more vulnerable to infection, but the incidence has decreased thanks to the improvement in Costa Rican sanitation. The aim was to evaluate the general knowledge that the Costa Rican population has regarding childhood parasitosis. Methodology: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 196 subjects. A survey was conducted among Costa Ricans over 18 years of age who had a device with internet access. The participants were asked about their knowledge on the clinical picture of childhood parasitosis in Costa Rica. Results: most of the participants were college students (68.3%). 89.9% of them believe that pet parasites can infect humans. The best-known parasites were lice, marked by 173 (88.3%) people. The stomach is the part of the body considered most affected, with 148 (75.5%) responses. The main known preventive measure is washing hands with soap and water, answered by 133 participants (67.9%). Conclusion: Many participants believe that humans can be infected by the same parasites as animals. Lice were the best known and ticks the least. Most of the people consider vomiting and/or diarrhea as one of the main symptoms and believe that the stomach is the most affected part during the infection. In addition, they consider that the main preventive measure to avoid contagion is hand washing.
Objetivo: Parasitas são organismos que vivem em ou sobre outra espécie para seu próprio benefício. Eles conseguem afetar plantas, animais e humanos. As crianças são mais vulneráveis à infecção, mas a incidência diminuiu na Costa Rica graças a melhorias no saneamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento geral que a população costarriquenha tem sobre parasitas infantis.Metodologia: estudo observacional, descritivo, transversal, com amostra de 196 sujeitos.Uma pesquisa foi apresentada a costarriquenhos maiores de 18 anos que possuíam um dispositivo com acesso à internet. O conhecimento do quadro clínico de parasitas infantis na Costa Rica foi consultado.Resultados:a maioria dos participantes era universitária (68.3%). 89.9% acreditam que parasitas de animais de estimação podem infectar humanos. Os parasitas mais conhecidos foram os piolhos 173 (88.3%). A parte do corpo considerada mais afetada pelos parasitas é o estômago (75.5%). A principal medida preventiva contra os parasitas mais conhecidos é a lavagem das mãos (67.9%).Conclusão: muitos participantes acreditam que humanos podem ser infectados pelos mesmos parasitas de animais. Os piolhos foram os parasitas mais conhecidos e os carrapatos os menos conhecidos. A maioria considera vômito ou diarreia como os principais sintomas dos parasitas e acredita que o estômago é o mais afetado em uma infecção. Além disso, apontam que a principal medida preventiva para evitar o contágio é a lavagem das mãos.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Gatos , Bovinos , Cães , Doenças Parasitárias , Parasitos , Carrapatos , Água , Saneamento , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa , Conhecimento , Diarreia , Animais de EstimaçãoRESUMO
Radon is a radioactive gas that can migrate from soils and rocks and accumulate in indoor areas such as dwellings and buildings. Many studies have shown a strong association between the exposure to radon, and its decay products, and lung cancer (LC), particularly in miners. In Mexico, according to published surveys, there is evidence of radon exposure in large groups of the population, nevertheless, only few attention has been paid to its association as a risk factor for LC. The aim of this ecological study is to evaluate the excess risk of lung cancer mortality in Mexico due to indoor radon exposure. Mean radon levels per state of the Country were obtained from different publications and lung cancer mortality was obtained from the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Informatics for the period 2001-2013. A model proposed by the International Commission on Radiological Protection to estimate the annual excess risk of LC mortality (per 105 inhabitants) per dose unit of radon was used. The average indoor radon concentrations found rank from 51 to 1863 Bq m-3, the higher average dose exposure found was 3.13 mSv year-1 in the north of the country (Chihuahua) and the mortality excess of LC cases found in the country was 10 ± 1.5 (range 1-235 deaths) per 105 inhabitants. The highest values were found mainly in the Northern part of the country, where numerous uranium deposits are found, followed by Mexico City, the most crowded and most air polluted area in the country. A positive correlation (r = 0.98 p < 0.0001) was found between the excess of LC cases and the dose of radon exposure. Although the excess risk of LC mortality associated with indoor radon found in this study was relatively low, further studies are needed in order to accurately establish its magnitude in the country.
Assuntos
Poluentes Radioativos do Ar/efeitos adversos , Poluição do Ar em Ambientes Fechados/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Humanos , México/epidemiologia , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
The serotype O113:H21 is considered one of the relevant non-O157 STEC serotypes associated with severe human infections. Due to the increased detection of O113 strains and their relationship with clinical cases, which emphasizes the importance of this serogroup as an emerging pathogen, our aim was to determine the characteristics of STEC O113:H21 strains circulating in bovine cattle and retail meat from Argentina. For this purpose, we determined the presence and combinations of various virulence genes (and their variants) related to adhesion and toxicity in a collection of 34 isolates. Their genetic relatedness using multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) was also studied. Subtyping of stx genes indicated that O113:H21 strains circulating in Argentina mainly present stx2a alone or together with stx2c or, less frequent, with stx2d , all of which are subtypes associated with human disease. We found plasmid markers, such as saa, ehxA and subA, in a higher proportion than previous studies, and five variants of saa, two of which were novel ones. In relation to MLVA subtyping, we detected a limited diversity among the isolates considering that several loci were not discriminative and, that in some farms, the same clone seemed to remain circulating throughout the year. The O113:H21 strains studied harbour several toxin and adhesion genes (saa, espP, fimCD, ehaA, iha, hcpA, elfA, lpfO113, ecpA, subA, cdt-V) and Stx subtypes associated with human disease. Results also highlighted that subtyping of stx and saa is useful to discriminate O113:H21 strains that share virulence genes. In conclusion, this study shows that a number of O113:H21 strains that occur in foods and bovines could be pathogenic for humans. This situation calls for further attention in the prevention and control of foodborne disease caused by these strains.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/microbiologia , Infecções por Escherichia coli/veterinária , Microbiologia de Alimentos , Carne/microbiologia , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/isolamento & purificação , Animais , Bovinos , Infecções por Escherichia coli/microbiologia , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/fisiologia , Epidemiologia Molecular , Sorotipagem , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/genética , Escherichia coli Shiga Toxigênica/metabolismo , Virulência , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismoRESUMO
A cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and lungworm nematodes in dairy calves from five different ecoclimatic areas of Costa Rica. Also intensity of infection of nematodes was determined. In order to describe management practices and anthelmintic control, a questionnaire was applied in 73 farms. The influence of area, farm, host (breed, age) and ecological factors (low and high rainfall period) upon eggs per gram feces (epg) of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) and first larval stage counts (L1) of Dictyocaulus viviparus were investigated. Furthermore, association of host, ecological and management risk factors to the prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites and D. viviparus were analyzed. The most prevalent GIN, cestodes and protozoan identified in dairy farms were similar in all areas studied. Strongylidae was the most prevalent parasite group detected, represented mainly by Haemonchus spp. and Cooperia spp., whereas Ostertagia spp. and Mecistocirrus digitatus were barely found. The most prevalent protozoan was Eimeria spp. The questionnaire applied to producers revealed the following management practices: weaning age of calves 1-4 months (52.1%), semi-confinement of calves upon 5-8 months of age (41.1%), number of paddocks used for calves <10 (57.5%), first deworming of calves at ages ≥15 days (74.70%) and deworming of calves at intervals >60 days (52.1%). Anthelmintic products were changed in 56.1% of the farms at intervals between 13 and 24 months. Although 91.8% of the farms had veterinary assistance, the majority performed parasite control regimes according to the criteria of the producers (66.7%). Common practices were the dispersion of animal feces on the pastures (64.4%) and use of disinfectant in the milking room (63.4%). The analyses of variance showed significant influence (p<0.05) of age, rainfall period, interaction of rainfall period on area (rainfall period×area) and nested effect of farm within area [farm (area)] on epg of Strongylidae; age, area, rainfall period×area and [farm (area)] on epg of Strongyloides papillosus; age, rainfall period and farm (area) on epg of Trichuris spp.; rainfall period, rainfall period×area and [farm (area)] on L1 of D. viviparus. The logistic regression analyses determined area, semi-confinement, management of feces, use of disinfectant in the milking room as risk factors for the presence of Strongylidae, S. papillosus and Trichuris spp; rainfall, age, paddock numbers for D. viviparus; and area, age, veterinary assistance, deworming program, age at first deworming and use of disinfectant in the milking room for Eimeria spp. and Buxtonella sulcata.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Coccidiose/veterinária , Eimeria/isolamento & purificação , Enteropatias Parasitárias/veterinária , Nematoides/isolamento & purificação , Infecções por Nematoides/veterinária , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/epidemiologia , Coccidiose/parasitologia , Costa Rica/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Fezes/parasitologia , Feminino , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologia , Enteropatias Parasitárias/parasitologia , Modelos Logísticos , Infecções por Nematoides/epidemiologia , Infecções por Nematoides/parasitologia , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Prevalência , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Breathlessness is the most common symptom of cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. The term encompasses a wide range of descriptors used by patients, however. Identifying those descriptors can be useful for analyzing symptoms and understanding how they arise. The aim of this study was to characterize the descriptors of breathlessness used in Mexican Spanish and to consider their association with various states of respiratory distress and cardiovascular or pulmonary disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A questionnaire was based on 21 descriptors of breathlessness, some of which had no equivalents in English. The subjects included 15 healthy individuals during a cardiopulmonary stress test, 13 healthy subjects after a carbon dioxide rebreathing procedure, and 10 healthy women during pregnancy. We also included 16 patients with confirmed heart disease in stable condition, 15 patients during exacerbation of asthma, 20 with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and 15 with diffuse interstitial lung disease also in stable condition. Descriptors of breathlessness were then grouped based on the results of cluster analysis. RESULTS: Seven clusters of phrasal descriptors were identified as possibly representative of types of dyspnea. These clusters of descriptors were categorized as follows: agitation, suffocation, smothering, inhalation, exhalation, panting, and rapidity. Associations between types of dyspnea and the groups of participants were identified based on how frequently they used the terms. CONCLUSIONS: At least 7 clusters or groups of descriptors of breathlessness were identified as equivalent to 7 types of dyspnea; some items have no equivalent in English. Healthy subjects with respiratory distress or certain groups of patients with cardiovascular or pulmonary disease are associated with certain types of dyspnea.
Assuntos
Dispneia/diagnóstico , Idioma , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Idoso , Dispneia/complicações , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , México , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
A retrospective study is presented of 119 patients admitted to the Central Hospital of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security, in Caracas, between 1982 and 1990, with the diagnosis of colon trauma. Several parameters including age, etiology, time elapsed between the accident or assault and hospital admission, preoperative and postoperative hemoglobin and diastolic blood pressure, associated lesions, procedure practiced, complication rate, and hospital mortality are reviewed. The second and third decades of life appear most often involved. Most patients reached the hospital within the first four hours of the accident or assault. Anemia, sustained diastolic hypotension, and number of organs involved in addition to the colon were important prognostic factors for complications. Apparently the surgical procedure, with simple suture or resection, mostly without "protective" colostomy, was not very relevant. Hospital mortality was 2.4 percent. A staging system based on clinical conditions for decision making in the operating room was used in an attempt to inject some objectivity into the surgical approach.
Assuntos
Colo/lesões , Colo/cirurgia , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma , Adolescente , Adulto , Anemia/etiologia , Pressão Sanguínea , Criança , Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência , Feminino , Hemoglobinometria , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Traumatismo Múltiplo/complicações , Traumatismo Múltiplo/etiologia , Traumatismo Múltiplo/cirurgia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Estudos Retrospectivos , VenezuelaRESUMO
Considerando la alta frecuencia de enteroparasitosis infantil en la IV zona biogeográfica se realizó una encuesta parasitológica entre Junio y Diciembre de 1987 a 126 niños de 1 a 14 años que concurrieron al Control de Salud en el Hospital de la Comuna de Nueva Imperial o algunas de sus Postas. En 67,4% de los menores el exámen coproparasitológico fue positivo y un 25,2% al Test de Graham. El protozoo más frecuente fue Giardia Lamblia (36,5%). Las geohelmintiasis ocupan el segundo lugar (18,2%), con incidencia similar para la ascaridiasis y la trichurasis. No hay diferencias significativas entre niños parasitados en cuanto a lugar de origen (rural o urbano)
Assuntos
Lactente , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Enteropatias Parasitárias/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Arterial blood gases, acid-base and hematocrit of six highest inhabitants on Aucanquilcha (5950 m) in Chile were studied. These blood gases were compared with the alveolar gases of highest mountain climbers in Nepal, Sherpas and acclimatized lowlanders, and on average high altitude natives in the Chilean and Peruvian Andes and in the Nepal Himalayas. The mean arterial PCO2 (27.5 Torr) was lower than the standard sea level normal values, indicating a modest hypoxic hyperventilation. The mean arterial pH was 7.400, showing a complete renal compensation of respiratory alkalosis. The mean hematocrit (62%) and hemoglobin (20.7 g/dl) values were greater than the standard sea level values. These blood data showed that the highest inhabitants were acclimatized to hypoxia of their residential altitude. The respiratory gases showed less hyperventilation in the highest inhabitants and Sherpa mountaineers of high altitudes relative to the acclimatized lowlanders. Also, the average high altitude natives in the Andes and Himalayas showed less hyperventilation compared to the acclimatized lowlanders. We conclude that the attenuated hyperventilation is an appropriate respiratory adaptation to high altitude hypoxia in the native high altitude residents, allowing them to conserve metabolic energy expended for hyperventilation and to use the ventilatory reserve for a better performance at greater altitudes.
Assuntos
Altitude , Dióxido de Carbono/sangue , Oxigênio/sangue , Respiração , Adaptação Fisiológica , Adulto , Dióxido de Carbono/fisiologia , Chile , Humanos , Masculino , Montanhismo , Oxigênio/fisiologia , Alvéolos Pulmonares/análiseAssuntos
Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Neisseria meningitidis , Infecções MeningocócicasAssuntos
Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Humanos , Masculino , Peritonite , Aeromonas , Infecções BacterianasRESUMO
Se detecto la necesidad de evaluar la calidad sensorial del te con el fin de complementar la informacion que se obtiene de los analisis fisico-quimicos realizados de acuerdo a la norma oficial en diferentes tipos de te. Se trabajo con 12 muestras diferentes adaptandose un diseno de block incompleto equilibrado tipo II. La preparacion de las muestras se realizo segun la norma ISO/DIS 3103.2. El panel de degustadores se formo por seleccion y entrenamiento en este mismo producto, eligiendose aquellos jueces que demostraron habilidad y consistencia en sus juicios con una significacion del 5% (p = 0,05). La evaluacion sensorial se planteo con un test de valoracion de calidad, de tipo descriptivo, en amplitud 3, para los parametros de sabor, color y aroma. Se discute la falta de concordancia producida entre los grados asignados por la Norma Chilena 1244 cR 81 "Te negro requisitos" y los grados en que se clasifican las mismas muestras al considerar la evaluacion sensorial. Se propone una revision de la Norma vigente