RESUMO
ABSTRACT: Acid-base and electrolyte disorders have been described in horses associated during and after exercise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cavalcade competition on the acid-base and hydroelectrolytic balance in Mangalarga Marchador horses. For this purpose, 15 geldings, 6.2 ± 1.2 years old and clinically healthy, were distributed into three groups of five animals each. Horses were trained to take part in cavalcade competitions. Animals were submitted to cavalcade along 4km (G4), 8km (G8), and 20km (G20) at mean speeds of 15km h-1, 12km h-1, and 12km h-1, respectively. From each horse, venous blood samples were collected before exercise (T0) and immediately after (T1) cavalcade. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), base excess (BE), hematocrit (Hct), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and lactate were determined. The variables pH, pO2 and pCO2 were corrected in function of rectal temperature of each animal. Blood samples were analyzed for acid-base balance, as well as biochemical and electrolyte parameters using an i-STAT analyzer. Significant (P 0.05) increase in Hct, Na+, pH, HCO3 - and BE were observed after cavalcade in G20 group. Decrease (P 0.05) in K+ and Cl- were also observed in G20 animals after cavalcade (T1). Changes in the acid-base balance and hydroelectrolytic profile of the Mangalarga Marchador after cavalcade of 20km resulted in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. The 20km cavalcade induced significant hydroelectrolytic and acid-base imbalances in Mangalarga Marchador horses.
RESUMO: Distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos têm sido descritos em cavalos durante e após diferentes modalidades de exercícios. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar o efeito do esforço físico de cavalgada sobre o equilíbrio ácido base e hidroeletrolítico de cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Quinze cavalos castrados com média de idade de 6.2±1.2 anos foram distribuídos em três grupos com 05 indivíduos cada. Os animais percorreram percursos de 4 (G4), 8 (G8) e 20 (G20) km de extensão os quais, foram realizados à velocidade média de 15km h-1, 12km h-1 e 12km h-1, respectivamente. Íon bicarbonato (HCO3 -), pH, pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (pCO2), pressão parcial de oxigênio (pO2), excesso de bases (BE), hematócrito (Hct), sódio (Na+), potássio (K+), cloreto (Cl-) e lactato foram mensurados. As variáveis pH, pO2 e pCO2 foram corrigidas em função da temperatura corporal dos animais. De cada cavalo, amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas antes do exercício (T0) e após o término da cavalgada (T1). As amostras foram analisadas através do i-STAT. Houve aumento (P 0,05) nos valores de Hct, Na+, pH, HCO3 - e BE nos animais do G20, após o término da cavalgada (T1). Após a cavalgada, os animais do G20 apresentaram ainda diminuição na concentração de K+ e de Cl-. As alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base e hidroeletrolítico pós-cavalgada de 20km resultou em alcalose metabólica hipoclorêmica. O esforço físico de cavalgada de 20km resultou em desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido-base significativos em cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador.
RESUMO
ABSTRACT: Acid-base and electrolyte disorders have been described in horses associated during and after exercise. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cavalcade competition on the acid-base and hydroelectrolytic balance in Mangalarga Marchador horses. For this purpose, 15 geldings, 6.2 ± 1.2 years old and clinically healthy, were distributed into three groups of five animals each. Horses were trained to take part in cavalcade competitions. Animals were submitted to cavalcade along 4km (G4), 8km (G8), and 20km (G20) at mean speeds of 15km h-1, 12km h-1, and 12km h-1, respectively. From each horse, venous blood samples were collected before exercise (T0) and immediately after (T1) cavalcade. Bicarbonate ion (HCO3-), pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), partial pressure of oxygen (pO2), base excess (BE), hematocrit (Hct), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), chloride (Cl-) and lactate were determined. The variables pH, pO2 and pCO2 were corrected in function of rectal temperature of each animal. Blood samples were analyzed for acid-base balance, as well as biochemical and electrolyte parameters using an i-STAT analyzer. Significant (P 0.05) increase in Hct, Na+, pH, HCO3 - and BE were observed after cavalcade in G20 group. Decrease (P 0.05) in K+ and Cl- were also observed in G20 animals after cavalcade (T1). Changes in the acid-base balance and hydroelectrolytic profile of the Mangalarga Marchador after cavalcade of 20km resulted in hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. The 20km cavalcade induced significant hydroelectrolytic and acid-base imbalances in Mangalarga Marchador horses.
RESUMO: Distúrbios ácido-base e eletrolíticos têm sido descritos em cavalos durante e após diferentes modalidades de exercícios. Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de investigar o efeito do esforço físico de cavalgada sobre o equilíbrio ácido base e hidroeletrolítico de cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador. Quinze cavalos castrados com média de idade de 6.2±1.2 anos foram distribuídos em três grupos com 05 indivíduos cada. Os animais percorreram percursos de 4 (G4), 8 (G8) e 20 (G20) km de extensão os quais, foram realizados à velocidade média de 15km h-1, 12km h-1 e 12km h-1, respectivamente. Íon bicarbonato (HCO3 -), pH, pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono (pCO2), pressão parcial de oxigênio (pO2), excesso de bases (BE), hematócrito (Hct), sódio (Na+), potássio (K+), cloreto (Cl-) e lactato foram mensurados. As variáveis pH, pO2 e pCO2 foram corrigidas em função da temperatura corporal dos animais. De cada cavalo, amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas antes do exercício (T0) e após o término da cavalgada (T1). As amostras foram analisadas através do i-STAT. Houve aumento (P 0,05) nos valores de Hct, Na+, pH, HCO3 - e BE nos animais do G20, após o término da cavalgada (T1). Após a cavalgada, os animais do G20 apresentaram ainda diminuição na concentração de K+ e de Cl-. As alterações no equilíbrio ácido-base e hidroeletrolítico pós-cavalgada de 20km resultou em alcalose metabólica hipoclorêmica. O esforço físico de cavalgada de 20km resultou em desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido-base significativos em cavalos da raça Mangalarga Marchador.
RESUMO
Background: Cutaneous lesions by Pythium insidiosum infection are commonly observed in horses, especially in those living at fl ooded environments. Equine pythiosis is characterized by the development of tumoral masses that are frequently located at distal limbs, ventral abdômen, thorax, breast and face. The lesions are usually granulomatous, serosanguineous and ulcerated, most often destroyed by self-mutilation due to the intense pruritus. The proposed treatment includes surgical excision followed by antifungal drugs administration, which can be done systemically or topically. Amphotericin B and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in association has been successfully used for cutaneous pythiosis topical treatment due to the DMSO property to carry any substance through plasmatic membranes.Case: The present report concerns a 12-year-old mixed breed gelding presenting with self-mutilation of a tumoral mass located at the left fl ank. The owners reported that the horse had initially presented a small wound that had evolved to a 20-cm in diameter mass in 4 weeks. Tissue samples were collected, processed and stained by the Gomoris methenamine silver (GMS) method. The histopathological analysis revealed Pythium insidiosum hyphae in a granulomatous tissue, especially located at peripheral region, where kunkers were present. Surgical excision of the mass followed by cauterization was indicated
Background: Cutaneous lesions by Pythium insidiosum infection are commonly observed in horses, especially in those living at fl ooded environments. Equine pythiosis is characterized by the development of tumoral masses that are frequently located at distal limbs, ventral abdômen, thorax, breast and face. The lesions are usually granulomatous, serosanguineous and ulcerated, most often destroyed by self-mutilation due to the intense pruritus. The proposed treatment includes surgical excision followed by antifungal drugs administration, which can be done systemically or topically. Amphotericin B and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in association has been successfully used for cutaneous pythiosis topical treatment due to the DMSO property to carry any substance through plasmatic membranes.Case: The present report concerns a 12-year-old mixed breed gelding presenting with self-mutilation of a tumoral mass located at the left fl ank. The owners reported that the horse had initially presented a small wound that had evolved to a 20-cm in diameter mass in 4 weeks. Tissue samples were collected, processed and stained by the Gomoris methenamine silver (GMS) method. The histopathological analysis revealed Pythium insidiosum hyphae in a granulomatous tissue, especially located at peripheral region, where kunkers were present. Surgical excision of the mass followed by cauterization was indicated
RESUMO
Twenty-four horses were distributed into four different groups, instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII) and large colon obstruction (GIV). Serum and peritoneal fluid analysis of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus and lactate were measured. Samples were collected one hour before the surgical procedure (T0); 3 hours after the obstruction (T3ob), 1, 3, 12, 24, 120 and 168 hours after the beginning of reperfusion/deobstruction. Duodenal (GII) and ileum (GIII) obstructions changed serum and peritoneal fluid biochemical analysis. However, only lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and inorganic phosphorus concentrations were abnormal in peritoneal fluid three hours after the obstruction. The biochemical analysis of peritoneal fluid allowed a faster diagnostic of intestinal alterations than the serum analysis; hence it should be prioritized when pre-operatory colic assessment is carried out. KEYWORDS: biomarkers; colic; equine.
Foram utilizados vinte e quatro equinos distribuídos em quatro grupos, controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), do íleo (GIII) e do cólon maior (GIV). Amostras de sangue e de líquido peritoneal foram colhidas uma hora antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), ao final do período de três horas de obstrução (T3ob) e 1, 3, 12, 24, 120 e 168 horas após desobstrução (T1des-T168des), para determinação da atividade das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase, creatina quinase, lactato desidrogenase e fosfatase alcalina e da concentração de fósforo inorgânico e de lactato. Foram observadas alterações nas concentrações séricas e peritoneais das variáveis bioquímicas supramencionadas somente nos animais submetidos à obstrução de duodeno (GII) e de íleo (GIII). Entretanto, após três horas de obstrução só foram verificadas alterações nas concentrações peritoneais de lactato, lactato desidrogenase, fósforo inorgânico e de creatina quinase. A análise bioquímica do líquido peritoneal permitiu, quando comparada a sérica, o diagnóstico precoce de lesão entérica localizada no intestino delgado e, portanto, deve ser priorizada na avaliação pré-operatória do equino com cólica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: biomarcadores; cólica; equino.
RESUMO
We examined 46 adult horses - six healthy, as control, (group 1) and 40 horses with colic submitted to treatment by laparotomy. Twenty animals had no postoperative complication (group 2), and twenty died or were euthanized from seven to ten days after the surgery (group 3). There was an increase in serum urea and creatinine concentration and AST, FA and GGT activity of animals from group 1 and group 2, indicative of renal and hepatic injury. The changes were associated with dehydration and endotoxins. Depending on the severity of the colic, animals may develop kidney and liver failure. KEYWORDS: acute abdomen; clinical pathology; horse.
Foram examinados 46 equinos adultos, seis animais hígidos (G1) e 40 com cólica, submetidos à laparotomia. Desses, vinte recuperaram-se sem intercorrência pós-operatória (G2) e 20 foram a óbito ou foram sacrificados sete a dez dias após a cirurgia (G3). Houve aumento na concentração sérica de ureia e de creatinina e na atividade da aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina e gama glutamiltransferase nos animais do G2 e do G3, indicativo de lesão renal e hepática. As alterações foram associadas à desidratação e às endotoxinas. Animais que apresentam distúrbio gastrointestinal mais severo são mais propensos a desenvolverem insuficiência renal e hepática, as quais contribuem negativamente para o prognóstico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: abdômen agudo; cavalo; patologia clínica.
RESUMO
We examined 46 adult horses - six healthy, as control, (group 1) and 40 horses with colic submitted to treatment by laparotomy. Twenty animals had no postoperative complication (group 2), and twenty died or were euthanized from seven to ten days after the surgery (group 3). There was an increase in serum urea and creatinine concentration and AST, FA and GGT activity of animals from group 1 and group 2, indicative of renal and hepatic injury. The changes were associated with dehydration and endotoxins. Depending on the severity of the colic, animals may develop kidney and liver failure. KEYWORDS: acute abdomen; clinical pathology; horse.
Foram examinados 46 equinos adultos, seis animais hígidos (G1) e 40 com cólica, submetidos à laparotomia. Desses, vinte recuperaram-se sem intercorrência pós-operatória (G2) e 20 foram a óbito ou foram sacrificados sete a dez dias após a cirurgia (G3). Houve aumento na concentração sérica de ureia e de creatinina e na atividade da aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina e gama glutamiltransferase nos animais do G2 e do G3, indicativo de lesão renal e hepática. As alterações foram associadas à desidratação e às endotoxinas. Animais que apresentam distúrbio gastrointestinal mais severo são mais propensos a desenvolverem insuficiência renal e hepática, as quais contribuem negativamente para o prognóstico. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: abdômen agudo; cavalo; patologia clínica.
RESUMO
Twenty-four horses were distributed into four different groups, instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII) and large colon obstruction (GIV). Serum and peritoneal fluid analysis of aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, inorganic phosphorus and lactate were measured. Samples were collected one hour before the surgical procedure (T0); 3 hours after the obstruction (T3ob), 1, 3, 12, 24, 120 and 168 hours after the beginning of reperfusion/deobstruction. Duodenal (GII) and ileum (GIII) obstructions changed serum and peritoneal fluid biochemical analysis. However, only lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase and inorganic phosphorus concentrations were abnormal in peritoneal fluid three hours after the obstruction. The biochemical analysis of peritoneal fluid allowed a faster diagnostic of intestinal alterations than the serum analysis; hence it should be prioritized when pre-operatory colic assessment is carried out. KEYWORDS: biomarkers; colic; equine.
Foram utilizados vinte e quatro equinos distribuídos em quatro grupos, controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), do íleo (GIII) e do cólon maior (GIV). Amostras de sangue e de líquido peritoneal foram colhidas uma hora antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), ao final do período de três horas de obstrução (T3ob) e 1, 3, 12, 24, 120 e 168 horas após desobstrução (T1des-T168des), para determinação da atividade das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase, creatina quinase, lactato desidrogenase e fosfatase alcalina e da concentração de fósforo inorgânico e de lactato. Foram observadas alterações nas concentrações séricas e peritoneais das variáveis bioquímicas supramencionadas somente nos animais submetidos à obstrução de duodeno (GII) e de íleo (GIII). Entretanto, após três horas de obstrução só foram verificadas alterações nas concentrações peritoneais de lactato, lactato desidrogenase, fósforo inorgânico e de creatina quinase. A análise bioquímica do líquido peritoneal permitiu, quando comparada a sérica, o diagnóstico precoce de lesão entérica localizada no intestino delgado e, portanto, deve ser priorizada na avaliação pré-operatória do equino com cólica. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: biomarcadores; cólica; equino.
RESUMO
Background: Cutaneous lesions by Pythium insidiosum infection are commonly observed in horses, especially in those living at fl ooded environments. Equine pythiosis is characterized by the development of tumoral masses that are frequently located at distal limbs, ventral abdômen, thorax, breast and face. The lesions are usually granulomatous, serosanguineous and ulcerated, most often destroyed by self-mutilation due to the intense pruritus. The proposed treatment includes surgical excision followed by antifungal drugs administration, which can be done systemically or topically. Amphotericin B and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in association has been successfully used for cutaneous pythiosis topical treatment due to the DMSO property to carry any substance through plasmatic membranes.Case: The present report concerns a 12-year-old mixed breed gelding presenting with self-mutilation of a tumoral mass located at the left fl ank. The owners reported that the horse had initially presented a small wound that had evolved to a 20-cm in diameter mass in 4 weeks. Tissue samples were collected, processed and stained by the Gomoris methenamine silver (GMS) method. The histopathological analysis revealed Pythium insidiosum hyphae in a granulomatous tissue, especially located at peripheral region, where kunkers were present. Surgical excision of the mass followed by cauterization was indicated
Background: Cutaneous lesions by Pythium insidiosum infection are commonly observed in horses, especially in those living at fl ooded environments. Equine pythiosis is characterized by the development of tumoral masses that are frequently located at distal limbs, ventral abdômen, thorax, breast and face. The lesions are usually granulomatous, serosanguineous and ulcerated, most often destroyed by self-mutilation due to the intense pruritus. The proposed treatment includes surgical excision followed by antifungal drugs administration, which can be done systemically or topically. Amphotericin B and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in association has been successfully used for cutaneous pythiosis topical treatment due to the DMSO property to carry any substance through plasmatic membranes.Case: The present report concerns a 12-year-old mixed breed gelding presenting with self-mutilation of a tumoral mass located at the left fl ank. The owners reported that the horse had initially presented a small wound that had evolved to a 20-cm in diameter mass in 4 weeks. Tissue samples were collected, processed and stained by the Gomoris methenamine silver (GMS) method. The histopathological analysis revealed Pythium insidiosum hyphae in a granulomatous tissue, especially located at peripheral region, where kunkers were present. Surgical excision of the mass followed by cauterization was indicated
RESUMO
Forty six equines were examined, 6 were healthy (G1) and 40 with colic, submitted to laparotomy. Twenty were showing lesions on the large intestine (G2) and 20 lesions on the small intestine (G3). The serum concentrations of acute phase proteins: haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, antitrypsin, transferrin, and - acid glycoprotein before and until 7 days after laparotomy. After centrifugation and fractioning of the samples, the acute phase proteins were individualized by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing SDS-PAGE, and the concentrations were determined by computerized densitometry. The increase was verified on the levels of acute phase proteins from animals with colic, before and after laparotomy, however with higher levels, premature and persistent on animals from G3. The results were due to the process of intestinal inflammation, caused by enteric injury and indicate that the serum protein profile can assist the identifying of the obstructed bowel segment and consequently the elaboration of the prognosis of horses with colic.
Foram examinados 46 equinos adultos, 6 hígidos (G1) e 40 com cólica, submetidos à laparotomia. Vinte apresentavam lesões no intestino grosso (G2) e 20 no intestino delgado (G3). Avaliaram-se os teores séricos das proteínas de fase aguda: haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, antitripsina, transferrina e glicoproteína ácida, antes e até sete dias após a laparotomia. Após centrifugação e fracionamento das amostras, as proteínas de fase aguda foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo SDS-PAGE, e suas concentrações determinadas por densitometria computadorizada. Constatou-se elevação dos valores das proteínas de fase aguda nos animais com cólica, antes e após laparotomia, porém com valores mais elevados, precoces e persistentes nos animais do G3. Os resultados deveram-se ao processo inflamatório intestinal, desencadeado pela lesão entérica e indicam que o proteinograma sérico pode auxiliar na identificação do segmento intestinal obstruído e, consequentemente, na elaboração do prognóstico de equinos com cólica.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the parameters of renal and hepatic functions in horses submitted to an experimental model of intestinal obstruction. Twenty-four animals were distributed into four different groups: instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII) and large colon obstruction (GIV). Blood samples were collected one hour before the surgical procedure (T0); 3 hours after the obstruction/ischaemia (T3i); and 1, 3, 12, 24, 72 and 120 hours after the beginning of reperfusion/deobstruction for determination of the concentration of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, glucose, fibrinogen and bilirrubin (total, direct and indirect). During obstructive period none significant alterations were observed in the biochemical parameters evaluated. After the unblocking procedure, the animals from GII and GIII presented an increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, fibrinogen and total and direct bilirrubin values. However, these changes were not associated with clinical signs of liver damage and, at the end of the observation period their values were found within normal range. Considering the laboratory tests for the diagnosis of hepatic lesions lack specificity, it is recommended that such tests are performed concomitantly and in series.KEYWORDS: Acute abdomen, blo
Com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração sérica dos biomarcadores da função renal e hepática em equinos submetidos a um modelo experimental de obstrução intestinal, 24 animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos-controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), íleo (GIII) e cólon maior (GIV). As amostras de sangue destinadas à dosagem de ureia, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase, fosfatase alcalina, albumina, glicose, fibrinogênio e bilirrubina (total, direta e indireta) foram coletadas uma hora antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), ao final do período de três horas de obstrução/isquemia (T3i) e 1, 3, 12, 24, 72 e 120 horas após a desobstrução/reperfusão. Durante a obstrução não se observaram alterações nos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos avaliados. Após a desobstrução, os equinos do GII e do GIII apresentaram aumento dos valores de aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, fibrinogênio, bilirrubina total e direta. Entretanto, tais alterações não foram associadas a sinais clínicos de lesão hepática e, ao final do período de observação, seus valores já encontravam-se entre os de normalidade. Devido à falta de especificidade dos testes laboratoriais existentes para o diagnóstico de lesões hepáticas, recomenda-se que estes sejam realizados concomitantemente e de modo seriado.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Abdômen agudo, biomarcadores sanguíneos, equino
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate and compare physical and hematological alterations in equines submitted to an experimental model of intestinal obstruction. Twenty-four animals were divided into four groups: instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII), and large colon obstruction (GIV). Physical examination was carried out and blood samples were collected before surgery (T0), during the obstruction (T1i, T2i and T3i), and after unblocking procedures (T3r, T24r, T72r, T120r and T168r). Animals from GII, at T2i and T3i, and animals from GIII, at T1i, T2i, T3i and T3r, presented signs of abdominal pain, reduced gastrointestinal sounds and increased heart and respiratory rates, as well as leukopenia and neutropenia, which later (T24r and T72r) developed to leukocytosis, neutrophilia and left shifts. From T120r up, gradual and continuous decrease of leucocytes counts was observed indicating, similarly to Clínical characteristics, the resolution of organic dysfunction associated to obstruction. The results were associated to enteric injury from the obstruction model showing that some laboratorial alterations when analyzed, including physical examination, can be helpful at identifying which intestinal segment is blocked, drawing up the prognosis and following the evolution of the healing process.KEYWORDS: Equine, hemogram, colic, ischemia, reperfusion.
Realizou-se este trabalho para avaliar e comparar as alterações físicas e no hemograma de equinos submetidos a um modelo experimental de obstrução intestinal. Para tanto, 24 animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), íleo (GIII) e cólon maior (GIV). As amostras de sangue foram colhidas e os exames físicos foram realizados antes da cirurgia (T0), durante as obstruções (T1i, T2i e T3i), e após as desobstruções (T3r, T24r, T72r, T120r e T168r). Os equinos do grupo GII, (nos T2i e T3i) e os do grupo GIII (nos T1i, T2i, T3i e T3r) apresentaram sinais de dor abdominal, atonia intestinal e aumento da frequência cardíaca e respiratória. Nesses mesmos períodos e grupos houve diminuição na contagem de leucócitos, a qual, posteriormente (T24r e T72r), cedeu lugar a leucocitose por neutrofilia, com desvio à esquerda. Diminuição gradativa e contínua na contagem dos leucócitos foi observada a partir do T120r, indicando, à semelhança das características clínicas, a resolução da disfunção orgânica associada a obstrução. Os resultados obtidos foram relacionados com lesão entérica, resultante do modelo de obstrução, e indicam que algumas alterações laboratoriais, quando analisadas em conjunto com os dados obtidos no exame físico, podem auxiliar na identificação do segmento intestinal obstruído, na elaboração do prognóstico e no acompanha
RESUMO
Forty six equines were examined, 6 were healthy (G1) and 40 with colic, submitted to laparotomy. Twenty were showing lesions on the large intestine (G2) and 20 lesions on the small intestine (G3). The serum concentrations of acute phase proteins: haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, antitrypsin, transferrin, and - acid glycoprotein before and until 7 days after laparotomy. After centrifugation and fractioning of the samples, the acute phase proteins were individualized by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel containing SDS-PAGE, and the concentrations were determined by computerized densitometry. The increase was verified on the levels of acute phase proteins from animals with colic, before and after laparotomy, however with higher levels, premature and persistent on animals from G3. The results were due to the process of intestinal inflammation, caused by enteric injury and indicate that the serum protein profile can assist the identifying of the obstructed bowel segment and consequently the elaboration of the prognosis of horses with colic.
Foram examinados 46 equinos adultos, 6 hígidos (G1) e 40 com cólica, submetidos à laparotomia. Vinte apresentavam lesões no intestino grosso (G2) e 20 no intestino delgado (G3). Avaliaram-se os teores séricos das proteínas de fase aguda: haptoglobina, ceruloplasmina, antitripsina, transferrina e glicoproteína ácida, antes e até sete dias após a laparotomia. Após centrifugação e fracionamento das amostras, as proteínas de fase aguda foram separadas por eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida contendo SDS-PAGE, e suas concentrações determinadas por densitometria computadorizada. Constatou-se elevação dos valores das proteínas de fase aguda nos animais com cólica, antes e após laparotomia, porém com valores mais elevados, precoces e persistentes nos animais do G3. Os resultados deveram-se ao processo inflamatório intestinal, desencadeado pela lesão entérica e indicam que o proteinograma sérico pode auxiliar na identificação do segmento intestinal obstruído e, consequentemente, na elaboração do prognóstico de equinos com cólica.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate and compare physical and hematological alterations in equines submitted to an experimental model of intestinal obstruction. Twenty-four animals were divided into four groups: instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII), and large colon obstruction (GIV). Physical examination was carried out and blood samples were collected before surgery (T0), during the obstruction (T1i, T2i and T3i), and after unblocking procedures (T3r, T24r, T72r, T120r and T168r). Animals from GII, at T2i and T3i, and animals from GIII, at T1i, T2i, T3i and T3r, presented signs of abdominal pain, reduced gastrointestinal sounds and increased heart and respiratory rates, as well as leukopenia and neutropenia, which later (T24r and T72r) developed to leukocytosis, neutrophilia and left shifts. From T120r up, gradual and continuous decrease of leucocytes counts was observed indicating, similarly to Clínical characteristics, the resolution of organic dysfunction associated to obstruction. The results were associated to enteric injury from the obstruction model showing that some laboratorial alterations when analyzed, including physical examination, can be helpful at identifying which intestinal segment is blocked, drawing up the prognosis and following the evolution of the healing process.KEYWORDS: Equine, hemogram, colic, ischemia, reperfusion.
Realizou-se este trabalho para avaliar e comparar as alterações físicas e no hemograma de equinos submetidos a um modelo experimental de obstrução intestinal. Para tanto, 24 animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), íleo (GIII) e cólon maior (GIV). As amostras de sangue foram colhidas e os exames físicos foram realizados antes da cirurgia (T0), durante as obstruções (T1i, T2i e T3i), e após as desobstruções (T3r, T24r, T72r, T120r e T168r). Os equinos do grupo GII, (nos T2i e T3i) e os do grupo GIII (nos T1i, T2i, T3i e T3r) apresentaram sinais de dor abdominal, atonia intestinal e aumento da frequência cardíaca e respiratória. Nesses mesmos períodos e grupos houve diminuição na contagem de leucócitos, a qual, posteriormente (T24r e T72r), cedeu lugar a leucocitose por neutrofilia, com desvio à esquerda. Diminuição gradativa e contínua na contagem dos leucócitos foi observada a partir do T120r, indicando, à semelhança das características clínicas, a resolução da disfunção orgânica associada a obstrução. Os resultados obtidos foram relacionados com lesão entérica, resultante do modelo de obstrução, e indicam que algumas alterações laboratoriais, quando analisadas em conjunto com os dados obtidos no exame físico, podem auxiliar na identificação do segmento intestinal obstruído, na elaboração do prognóstico e no acompanha
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the parameters of renal and hepatic functions in horses submitted to an experimental model of intestinal obstruction. Twenty-four animals were distributed into four different groups: instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII) and large colon obstruction (GIV). Blood samples were collected one hour before the surgical procedure (T0); 3 hours after the obstruction/ischaemia (T3i); and 1, 3, 12, 24, 72 and 120 hours after the beginning of reperfusion/deobstruction for determination of the concentration of urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, albumin, glucose, fibrinogen and bilirrubin (total, direct and indirect). During obstructive period none significant alterations were observed in the biochemical parameters evaluated. After the unblocking procedure, the animals from GII and GIII presented an increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, fibrinogen and total and direct bilirrubin values. However, these changes were not associated with clinical signs of liver damage and, at the end of the observation period their values were found within normal range. Considering the laboratory tests for the diagnosis of hepatic lesions lack specificity, it is recommended that such tests are performed concomitantly and in series.KEYWORDS: Acute abdomen, blo
Com o objetivo de avaliar a concentração sérica dos biomarcadores da função renal e hepática em equinos submetidos a um modelo experimental de obstrução intestinal, 24 animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos-controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), íleo (GIII) e cólon maior (GIV). As amostras de sangue destinadas à dosagem de ureia, creatinina, aspartato aminotransferase, gama glutamiltransferase, fosfatase alcalina, albumina, glicose, fibrinogênio e bilirrubina (total, direta e indireta) foram coletadas uma hora antes do procedimento cirúrgico (T0), ao final do período de três horas de obstrução/isquemia (T3i) e 1, 3, 12, 24, 72 e 120 horas após a desobstrução/reperfusão. Durante a obstrução não se observaram alterações nos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos avaliados. Após a desobstrução, os equinos do GII e do GIII apresentaram aumento dos valores de aspartato aminotransferase, fosfatase alcalina, fibrinogênio, bilirrubina total e direta. Entretanto, tais alterações não foram associadas a sinais clínicos de lesão hepática e, ao final do período de observação, seus valores já encontravam-se entre os de normalidade. Devido à falta de especificidade dos testes laboratoriais existentes para o diagnóstico de lesões hepáticas, recomenda-se que estes sejam realizados concomitantemente e de modo seriado.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Abdômen agudo, biomarcadores sanguíneos, equino
RESUMO
Changes in venous blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO-3 and cBase, and in serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, ionized calcium and chloride were studied in eight Arabian horses during endurance ride of 60km, with controlled speed of 12km/h-. The blood samples were collected prior to the beginning (M0) of the exercise, immediately after the ride (M1) and one hour after the ride (M2), with the animals resting. Immediately after the end of the exercise (M1) the animals presented higher values for pH which, added to the increase of cHCO3- and cBase, characterized the metabolic alkalosis, probably due to losses of chloride ions in the sweat. The metabolic changes observed in M1 were quickly corrected by respiratory changes, characterized by increased pCO2 or hypoventilation. Additionally, the horses presented dehydration, hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. The metabolic disturbances observed were not associated with clinical changes.KEY WORDS: Acid-base, electrolytes, endurance, equine
Avaliaram-se as alterações do pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO-3 e da cBase do sangue venoso e das concentrações séricas de sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado e cloreto de oito cavalos adultos da raça Árabe, durante prova de enduro de 60 km de extensão, com velocidade média de 12km h-1. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes do início da prova (M0), imediatamente após o seu término (M1) e sessenta minutos após a realização da prova (M2), com os animais já em repouso. Imediatamente após o término do exercício (M1), os animais apresentaram aumento nos valores do pH o qual, associado ao aumento da cHCO3- e da cBase, caracterizou a alcalose metabólica, que teve como provável origem a perda de cloro no suor. As alterações metabólicas observadas no M1 foram rapidamente corrigidas por modificações respiratórias, caracterizadas pelo aumento da pCO2 ou hipoventilação. Adicionalmente, apresentaram desidratação, hipocalemia e hipocalcemia. Não se associaram os distúrbios hemogasométricos e bioquímico-séricos observados a alterações clínicas.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Áido-base, eletrólitos, enduro, equino.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate parameters of acid-base balance in horses submitted to an experimental model of intestinal obstruction. Twenty-four animals were divided in four groups: instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII) and large colon obstruction (GIV). Venous blood samples were collected before surgery (T0), during the obstruction (T30ob-T180ob) and after unblocking procedures (T60des-T180des). Animals from GIV, at T30ob and animals from GII, at T60ob, T90ob and T120ob, presented higher values for pH(v), cHCO-3(vP) and cBase(v) which, added to the increase of pCO2(v) and ctCO2(v), characterized the metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation. At T90ob and T120ob, in GII animals, and at T180ob, in GIII animals the pO2(v) and sO2(v) had similar response. Low values presented by GII animals were associated to hypercapnia or hypoventilation triggered for metabolic alkalosis correction. However, a hypoxemia presented by GIII animals was associated to hypovolemia at that period. There were light and temporary acid-base alterations that are not capable to predict specific intestinal obstruction diagnosis in equines with colic. However they help in prognosis since both have a direct relation with the precociousness of gastrointestinal disturbance.
Visando estudar os parâmetros do equilíbrio ácido-base de eqüinos submetidos a um modelo experimental de obstrução intestinal, 24 animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), íleo (GIII) e cólon maior (GIV). As amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas antes das cirurgias (T0), durante as obstruções (T30ob-T180ob) e após as desobstruções (T60des-T180des). Os eqüinos do GIV, no T30ob, e os eqüinos do GII, nos T60ob, T90ob e T120ob, apresentaram aumento do pH(v), da cHCO-3(vP) e da cBase(v) que, acrescidos do aumento da pCO2(v) e da ctCO2(v), caracterizou a alcalose metabólica com compensação respiratória. Nos T90ob e T120ob, nos animais do GII, e no T180ob, nos animais do GIII, a pO2(v) e a sO2(v) tiveram comportamento semelhante. Os valores baixos apresentados pelos animais do GII foram associados à hipercapnia ou à hipoventilação, desencadeadas para a correção da alcalose metabólica. Entretanto, a hipoxemia apresentada pelos animais do GIII foi associada à hipovolemia presente neste período. As alterações ácido-base observadas constituem-se de alterações leves e temporárias, as quais não são capazes de predizer o diagnóstico das obstruções intestinais específicas em eqüinos com cólica. Entretanto, por relacionarem-se diretamente com a precocidade do distúrbio gastrintestinal, elas auxiliam o pesquisador no prognóstico.
RESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate parameters of acid-base balance in horses submitted to an experimental model of intestinal obstruction. Twenty-four animals were divided in four groups: instrumented control (GI), duodenum obstruction (GII), ileum obstruction (GIII) and large colon obstruction (GIV). Venous blood samples were collected before surgery (T0), during the obstruction (T30ob-T180ob) and after unblocking procedures (T60des-T180des). Animals from GIV, at T30ob and animals from GII, at T60ob, T90ob and T120ob, presented higher values for pH(v), cHCO-3(vP) and cBase(v) which, added to the increase of pCO2(v) and ctCO2(v), characterized the metabolic alkalosis with respiratory compensation. At T90ob and T120ob, in GII animals, and at T180ob, in GIII animals the pO2(v) and sO2(v) had similar response. Low values presented by GII animals were associated to hypercapnia or hypoventilation triggered for metabolic alkalosis correction. However, a hypoxemia presented by GIII animals was associated to hypovolemia at that period. There were light and temporary acid-base alterations that are not capable to predict specific intestinal obstruction diagnosis in equines with colic. However they help in prognosis since both have a direct relation with the precociousness of gastrointestinal disturbance.
Visando estudar os parâmetros do equilíbrio ácido-base de eqüinos submetidos a um modelo experimental de obstrução intestinal, 24 animais foram distribuídos em quatro grupos, controle instrumentado (GI), obstrução do duodeno (GII), íleo (GIII) e cólon maior (GIV). As amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas antes das cirurgias (T0), durante as obstruções (T30ob-T180ob) e após as desobstruções (T60des-T180des). Os eqüinos do GIV, no T30ob, e os eqüinos do GII, nos T60ob, T90ob e T120ob, apresentaram aumento do pH(v), da cHCO-3(vP) e da cBase(v) que, acrescidos do aumento da pCO2(v) e da ctCO2(v), caracterizou a alcalose metabólica com compensação respiratória. Nos T90ob e T120ob, nos animais do GII, e no T180ob, nos animais do GIII, a pO2(v) e a sO2(v) tiveram comportamento semelhante. Os valores baixos apresentados pelos animais do GII foram associados à hipercapnia ou à hipoventilação, desencadeadas para a correção da alcalose metabólica. Entretanto, a hipoxemia apresentada pelos animais do GIII foi associada à hipovolemia presente neste período. As alterações ácido-base observadas constituem-se de alterações leves e temporárias, as quais não são capazes de predizer o diagnóstico das obstruções intestinais específicas em eqüinos com cólica. Entretanto, por relacionarem-se diretamente com a precocidade do distúrbio gastrintestinal, elas auxiliam o pesquisador no prognóstico.
RESUMO
Changes in venous blood pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO-3 and cBase, and in serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, ionized calcium and chloride were studied in eight Arabian horses during endurance ride of 60km, with controlled speed of 12km/h-. The blood samples were collected prior to the beginning (M0) of the exercise, immediately after the ride (M1) and one hour after the ride (M2), with the animals resting. Immediately after the end of the exercise (M1) the animals presented higher values for pH which, added to the increase of cHCO3- and cBase, characterized the metabolic alkalosis, probably due to losses of chloride ions in the sweat. The metabolic changes observed in M1 were quickly corrected by respiratory changes, characterized by increased pCO2 or hypoventilation. Additionally, the horses presented dehydration, hypocalcemia and hypokalemia. The metabolic disturbances observed were not associated with clinical changes.KEY WORDS: Acid-base, electrolytes, endurance, equine
Avaliaram-se as alterações do pH, pCO2, pO2, HCO-3 e da cBase do sangue venoso e das concentrações séricas de sódio, potássio, cálcio ionizado e cloreto de oito cavalos adultos da raça Árabe, durante prova de enduro de 60 km de extensão, com velocidade média de 12km h-1. As amostras de sangue foram coletadas antes do início da prova (M0), imediatamente após o seu término (M1) e sessenta minutos após a realização da prova (M2), com os animais já em repouso. Imediatamente após o término do exercício (M1), os animais apresentaram aumento nos valores do pH o qual, associado ao aumento da cHCO3- e da cBase, caracterizou a alcalose metabólica, que teve como provável origem a perda de cloro no suor. As alterações metabólicas observadas no M1 foram rapidamente corrigidas por modificações respiratórias, caracterizadas pelo aumento da pCO2 ou hipoventilação. Adicionalmente, apresentaram desidratação, hipocalemia e hipocalcemia. Não se associaram os distúrbios hemogasométricos e bioquímico-séricos observados a alterações clínicas.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Áido-base, eletrólitos, enduro, equino.
RESUMO
Seventy equines distributed in two experimental groups were used, G1 (20 healthy equines), and G2 (50 equines with colic). Blood samples were obtained by jugular vein puncture in ten different moments. The variables aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined by spectrophotometric assay using specific reagents. The average values presented by the animals of the G2 for variables CK, AST, and LDH were higher (P 0.05) than the values presented by the animals of the G1 in all the evaluation moments. The results showed for G2 animals suggest the existence of acute muscle injury. The muscle injuries in equines with colic were attributed to the tissue hypoperfusion, and the muscular damage.KEY WORDS: Acute abdomen, horses, muscles enzyme.
De setenta eqüinos, distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais G1 (vinte eqüinos hígidos) e G2 (cinqüenta eqüinos com cólica) , colheram-se amostras de sangue em dez diferentes momentos, mediante punção da jugular, para a determinação da atividade sérica das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK) e lactato desidrogenase (LDH). Os valores médios apresentados pelos animais do G2, para as variáveis CK, AST e LDH, foram superiores (P 0,05) aos valores médios apresentados pelos animais do G1 em todos os momentos de avaliação. Os resultados apresentados pelos animais com cólica (G2) sugerem a existência de lesão muscular aguda, porém com tendência a cura, e foram atribuídos a hipoperfusão tecidual e a traumas musculares. A análise seriada das enzimas CK, AST e LDH auxilia tanto no diagnóstico de lesões musculares em eqüinos com cólica como no acompanhamento da evolução do processo de cura.PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Abdômen agudo, cavalos, enzimas musculares.
RESUMO
Surgical nerve repair in humans, dogs and laboratory animals is widely utilized for important clinical and experimental purposes. However, in horses there is scarce information. Neuroma and excessive conjunctive proliferation are reported. The aim of the present study was to add information about the repair process utilizing implant of silicone tubes with or without collagen in nerve regeneration of horses. Eight horses were allocated in two groups: GI-13 weeks and GII-26 weeks of observation. A complete section of the ulnar nerves (UNs) and of the lateral cutaneous branch of the 17th thoracic nerves (TNs), bilaterally, was followed by repair with silicone tubes alternately filled with (STC) or without collagen (ST), with a 5mm gap between stumps. Clinical evaluation was performed weekly, by cutaneous sensitivity testing of the region innervated by the respective operated nerves and physical examination of the thoracic limbs. No alterations were found in the locomotor apparatus. The first positive reactions to the cutaneous test occurred at the 9th week post-surgery. At the end of the observation period it was verified, grossly, that the nerves were involved by conjunctive tissue and the lumen of the tube was filled by a whitish tissue, in a cylindrical shape. The ends nerves were interconnected. Microscopically, myelinated axons and Schwann cells were present in the gap between the stumps. In the GII the number of myelinated fibers was greater. The distal nerve showed remyelination process. There was no presence of neuroma and the inflammatory process was limited to the perineural areas. It was concluded that the implant of silicone tubes results in regeneration of UNs and TNs of horses without formation of neuromas and that de addition of collagen promotes an increase in the number of myelinated fibers.
A reconstituição cirúrgica de nervos em humanos, em cães e em diversos animais de laboratório é bastante utilizada e tem indicações clínicas e experimentais importantes. No entanto, em eqüinos há poucas informações sobre esta prática. Há relatos sobre a excessiva proliferação de tecido conjuntivo e a formação de neuromas à neurorrafia experimental, mesmo quando se utilizam tubos de silicone para condução do crescimento axonal. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de acrescentar informações sobre o processo de reparação de nervos periféricos em eqüinos por meio de implante de tubo de silicone preenchido ou não com colágeno. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito eqüinos, alocados em dois grupos: GI-13 semanas e GII-26 semanas de observação. Foi realizada secção dos nervos ulnares (NUs) e dos ramos cutâneos laterais dos 17° nervos torácicos (NTs), bilateralmente, seguindo tubulização, realizada em cada animal, alternando-se tubos de silicone vazios (TS), em um dos antímeros, ou preenchidos com solução de colágeno (TSC), no contralateral, deixando-se um espaço de 5mm entre os cotos. Nenhuma alteração foi encontrada ao exame do aparelho locomotor e as primeiras reações positivas ao teste de sensibilidade cutânea nos NUs e NTs com TS e TSC foram observadas a partir da 9ª semana, em ambos os grupos. Ao final do período de observação, verificou-se, macroscopicamente, que os nervos encontravam-se envolvidos por tecido conjuntivo e o interior da câmara estava preenchido por tecido de coloração esbranquiçada, de forma cilíndrica, interligando os cotos proximal e distal. Microscopicamente, constatou-se a presença de axônios mielinizados interligando os cotos, as células de Schwann e o processo de remielinização do coto distal, principalmente no TSC. Em ambos os grupos, não houve formação de neuromas e o processo inflamatório limitou-se às áreas perineurais. Concluiu-se que o implante de tubo de silicone conduz à regeneração de NUs e NTs de eqüinos sem formação de neuromas e que a adição de colágeno promove aumento do número de fibras mielinizadas.