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The present study aimed to identify profiles of adolescents based upon body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions, and to examine whether these profiles differed from each other in terms of their exercise addiction (EA) symptoms. A sample of 703 Brazilian adolescents (41% girls) completed a self-report questionnaire. The results from a two-step cluster analysis identified four profiles: prideful (19.5%), low self-consciousness (31.7%), moderately high self-consciousness (29.2%), and shameful-guilty (19.6%). The prideful profile was characterized by a greater presence of boys, as well as by higher frequency/intensity levels of exercise than the remaining groups. The shameful-guilty profile was characterized by a greater presence of girls and by higher levels of BMI compared to the remaining groups. Regarding EA symptoms, the results from the ANCOVA/MANCOVA analyses revealed that the prideful profile showed (i) higher salience and tolerance levels than the low-level balanced self-consciousness profile, and (ii) higher salience and lower conflict compared to the shameful-guilty profile. Additionally, the moderately high self-consciousness profile showed (i) higher salience and tolerance levels than the low self-consciousness profile, and (ii) higher salience levels than the shameful-guilty profile. Identifying subgroups on the basis of body appearance-related self-conscious emotions contributes to explaining different EA symptoms in adolescents.

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RESUMO

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale in Brazilian adolescents. A sample of 827 adolescents (55% boys) filled out a questionnaire comprising the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale and instruments assessing social physique anxiety, positive/negative affect, and self-esteem. After removing one item originally proposed for the guilt factor (Item 7), the results supported a 4-factor structure that was invariant across gender and weight status. Evidence supporting the internal consistency, temporal stability, and convergent validity of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale cores were also obtained. These results support the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale as a psychometrically robust instrument to assess body and appearance self-conscious emotions in Brazilian adolescents.

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BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study is to identify profiles of adolescent exercisers based on exercise addiction symptoms (EA), and to examine differences in several health-related variables potentially related to EA across these profiles. METHODS: A sample consisting of 618 adolescents, aged from 13 to 17 years, completed a questionnaire assessing EA, exercise characteristics (i.e., frequency and intensity of exercise), depression, body image (i.e., body appreciation and social physique anxiety), and disordered eating (i.e., concerns about eating and body weight gain as well as restrictive and compensatory practices). RESULTS: The profile analysis identified three EA profiles, which were labelled: low-risk, high-risk with conflict and high-risk without conflict. Based on their scores for the health-related variables considered, the low-risk profile emerged as the least problematic; this increasing in the high-risk without conflict and even more so in the high-risk with conflict profiles. Nevertheless, individuals belonging to the high-risk without conflict profile showed similar body appreciation scores but lower social physique anxiety scores than those belonging to the low-risk profile. LIMITATIONS: The study is limited by both its cross-sectional design and the self-reported nature of the collected data. CONCLUSIONS: Conflict symptom may be relevant in explaining the differences in certain health-related variables between adolescents showing similarly high levels of EA.

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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar la versión española del Goal Content Exercise Questionnaire. Un total de 398 estudiantes universitarios (302 hombres y 96 mujeres) participaron en este estudio cumplimentando diferentes instrumentos que evaluaban la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas, las regulaciones motivacionales y los contenidos de metas en el contexto del ejercicio. Los resultados apoyaron tanto un modelo de cinco factores correlacionados (afiliación social, gestión de la salud, desarrollo de habilidad, imagen, y reconocimiento social) como un modelo con dos factores de orden superior denominados metas intrínsecas y metas extrínsecas. La estructura de ambos modelos fue invariante en función del género. Se obtuvieron adecuados valores de consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal. Los contenidos de metas intrínsecos estuvieron asociados positivamente con la satisfacción de las necesidades psicológicas básicas y con una regulación autónoma de la conducta del ejercicio, mientras que los contenidos de metas extrínsecas estuvieron asociados positivamente con una regulación controladora de esta conducta. Los resultados de este estudio proporcionan apoyo para el uso del Goal Content Exercise Questionnaire en el contexto español de cara a medir las metas intrínsecas y extrínsecas en el ejercicio en línea con los postulados de la teoría de la autodeterminación.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the Spanish version of the Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire. A total of 398 university students (302 males and 96 females) par ticipated in this study, and completed questionnaires that measured the satisfaction of basic psychological needs, motivational regulations, and goal content for exercise. The results suppor ted the first-order five-factor model (social affiliation, health management, skill development, image and social recognition), as well as the higher order two-factor model, called intrinsic and extrinsic goals, respectively. The structure of both models did not change with gender. Ade quate levels were obtained for internal consistency and temporal stability. Intrinsic goals were positively associated with satisfaction of basic psychological needs and autonomous regulation in exercise, while extrinsic goals were positively associated with controlling regulation. The fin dings of this study provided support to use Goal Content for Exercise Questionnaire in Spanish context in order to measure intrinsic and extrinsic exercise goals, in line with the postulates of self-determination theory.

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Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el Inventario de Adicción al Ejercicio (EAI) en el contexto brasileño. Participaron en el estudio 251 estudiantes universitarios (hombres = 132, mujeres = 119, Medad = 22.34, DT = 4.65). Los resultados mostraron un adecuado ajuste del modelo a los datos: χ2 (9, N = 251) = 17.45, p = 0.04; χ2/gl = 1.94; CFI = 0.96; IFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.061 (IC 90 % = 0.01-0.10); SRMR = 0.041. La estructura factorial se mostró invariante respecto del género. Se obtuvieron adecuados valores de consistencia interna (ρ = 0.70) y estabilidad temporal (CCI = 0.80). Dieciséis (6.4 %) participantes fueron clasificados en riesgo de adicción, 198 (78.9 %) como sintomáticos y 37 (14.7 %) como asintomáticos. Se obtuvieron evidencias que permiten sugerir la validez y la fiabilidad del EAI en el contexto brasileño. No obstante, las investigaciones con poblaciones más diversas deberían determinar la aplicabilidad general del EAI.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to validate the Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI) in the Brazilian context. A total of 251 university students (male = 132, female = 119, Mage = 22.34, SD = 4.65) participated in the study. Results showed an adequate fit to the data: χ2 (9, N = 251) = 17.45, p = .04; χ2/gl = 1.94; CFI = .96; IFI = .96; RMSEA = .061 (IC 90 % = .01-.10); SRMR = .041. The factorial structure was invariant across gender. Adequate values of internal consistency (ρ = .70) and temporal stability (ICC = .82) were obtained. Sixteen students (6.4 %) were classified at risk of exercise addiction, 198 (78.9 %) as symptomatic and 37 (14.7 %) as asymptomatic. Evidence for the reliability and validity of the EAI in the Brazilian context were obtained. Nevertheless, research in more diverse populations is needed to further examine the general applicability of the EAI.

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