RESUMO
From the data presented here, it can be concluded that despite some important progress in recent years, in particular, the phaseout of the use of lead in gas, environmental exposure to lead remains a particularly severe problem in Mexico. The lack of recent and adequate information on the presence of lead in air, dust, soil, surface waters, the marine environment, and food is noteworthy. In particular, there are no data on the presence of lead in the environment of industrial cities or in areas where mining and metallurgical activities are predominant, including their nearby environment, such as river sediments or air, and in their inhabitants. As a result, the official conclusion that the major present source of lead for Mexicans is the manufacture and use of lead-glazed ceramics, and the few official actions in this regard lack a solid basis because they rely on data from a few limited studies carried out mainly in Mexico City and its Metropolitan Zone. Although there have been few studies in Mexico on the adverse effects of long-term exposure to lead, the data provided on its presence in human milk, lungs, and bones and the results of the scant studies on its neuropsychological effects on children should be taken into consideration to establish more effective control and protective measures and to support the additional studies required to document the present situation. In particular, more studies should be carried out in lead glazed-ceramic-producing communities and on the hazards of lead to the communities established near industrial areas and along river banks. In future studies, special attention should be paid to establishing a common protocol, with adequate analytical control measures, if possible, with intercalibration of the participating laboratories; this is essential, because at present many of the available data cannot be compared or extrapolated due to their deficiencies in this regard. The situation around the only primary lead smelter in Mexico, Met Mex Peñoles, is a relevant example. Although to date the government and the company have supported the determination of lead in more than 11,000 samples of children's blood, the analyses were carried out in several laboratories, without the minimum requirements to allow them to be valid or compared; thus, the number of children with lead above the different levels recommended by the CDC to establish their risk is not known. In closing, there is still much to be done to document the presence of lead in the environment in Mexico and its adverse effects for health and ecological equilibrium in order to control and reduce its sources; this will require a sustained effort from research institutions and continued support of the authorities, particularly those responsible for health and environment matters. Until these goals are achieved, it will not be possible to state that lead in the Mexican environment is no longer a problem or that it is restricted to particular sources or populations. It is also important to strengthen the legal framework of control to provide adequate enforcement and oversight measures; otherwise, both the existing standards and the new ones will be useless to improve the situation.
Assuntos
Poluentes Ambientais/análise , Poluentes Ambientais/farmacocinética , Contaminação de Alimentos , Intoxicação por Chumbo/epidemiologia , Chumbo/análise , Chumbo/farmacocinética , Saúde Pública , Animais , Cerâmica/química , Humanos , México , Plantas , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Contiene algunos conceptos que explican el fenómeno de la contaminación y sus efectos adversos, tanto sobre la salud de la población como sobre el ambiente, a través de un lenguaje claro y sencillo, desglosando términos científicos en torno del ecosistema, sus componentes y características; el medio ambiente y su relación con la ecología; el origen de la contaminación, clases y efectos; atmósfera, capas y componentes del aire; entre otros puntos. El libro se divide en: I. Ecología. Conceptos básicos II. Toxicología. Conceptos básicos III. Contaminación ambiental. Aspectos generales IV. Contaminantes ambientales y criterios de riesgo V. Contaminación atmosférica VI. Contaminación del agua VII. Efectos globales de la contaminación VIII. Anexos
Assuntos
Poluição Ambiental , Ecossistema , Meio Ambiente , Poluição da ÁguaRESUMO
Diccionario sobre la contaminación que incluye términos de diversas ciencias, como la química, biología, ecología, toxicología, física y meteorología, entre otras, mismo que será muy útil para profesores, estudiantes y en general, para todos aquellos interesados en saber más sobre la contaminación ambiental y sus efectos, con el fin de trabajar mejor en su prevención y control
Assuntos
Poluição Ambiental , Dicionário , Ecologia , ToxicologiaAssuntos
Exposição Ambiental , Concentração Máxima Permitida , Uso de Praguicidas , Praguicidas , Poluentes Ambientais , Resíduos de Praguicidas/efeitos adversos , Região do Caribe , Poluição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Contaminação de Alimentos , América Latina , Legislação Ambiental , América do NorteRESUMO
Se hizo una revisión de los estudios sobre la presencia de residuos de plaguicidas organoclorados en leche materna de varias zonas de México. Se discute sobre los resultados obtenidos y los efectos tóxicos que producen estas sustancias en el ser humano. Además, se comparan las concentraciones de plaguicidas en leche materna de México con las encontradas en el mismo sustrato de otros países del mundo.
Assuntos
Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Masculino , Feminino , Poluentes Ambientais , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Leite Humano/análise , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Agricultura , EcologiaRESUMO
Foram determinados os resíduos de praguicidas organoclorados em ovos e queijos da populaçäo agrícola da Villa de Ahome, Sinaloa, México, mediante cromatografia gás-líquido com detector de captura de elétrons. Nos ovos, os compostos detectados com maior freqüência e concentraçäo foram: epóxido de heptacloro, p,p'-DDT e p,p'-DDE; nos queijos os contaminantes mais freqüentes foram: dieldrín e p,p'-DDE. Simultaneamente foi realizado na Villa de Ahome um estudo epidemiológico preliminar no qual se detectou várias manifestaçöes patológicas nas pessoas entrevistadas e em seus familiares
Assuntos
Resíduos de Praguicidas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Queijo/análise , Ovos/análise , Inseticidas Organoclorados/análise , MéxicoRESUMO
Em razäo da grande oferta de praguicidas na América Latina'derivada da proibiçäo de seu uso vários países desenvolvidos, a sua utilizaçäo indiscriminada na produçäo de alimentos acabou gerando doenças que já säo endêmicas na regiäo, além de contaminar o meio ambiente. Neste estudo, a autora defende a implantaçäo de laboratórios de análises de praguicidas, simultaneamente à importaçäo dos sistemas modernos de produçäo, enumerando também as dificuldades para concretizar tal projeto. Além disso, säo descritos o estado atual do problema e suas perspectivas de soluçäo