RESUMO
El crecimiento del número de organizaciones criminales y su complejidad, en la variedad conceptual, las implicancias teóricas y sus desafíos empíricos, han dificultado a los investigadores la generación de suficientes teorías, estudios de causas y escalas que permitan una categorización y explicación de sus fenómenos. La caracterización de estas organizaciones y el abordaje de su definición resultan complejos tanto por la diversidad de sus impactos sociales como por lo frondoso de las áreas temáticas que la abordan. Este estudio muestra las tendencias de investigación y estudio de las organizaciones criminales mediante la realización de una revisión sistemática de literatura de los años 2022 y 2023, utilizando el método PRISMA y explorando las tendencias actuales en la investigación académica y producción bibliográfica sobre el tema.
The growth in the number of criminal organisations and their complexity, in terms of conceptual variety, theoretical implications and empirical challenges, have made it difficult for researchers to generate sufficient theories, studies of causes and scales to categorise and explain the phenomena. The characterisation of these organisations and the approach to defining them is complex both because of the diversity of their social impacts and because of the broad range of thematic areas they address. This study shows the trends in research and study of criminal organisations by conducting a systematic literature review of the years 2022 and 2023, using the PRISMA method and exploring current trends in academic research and bibliographic production on the subject.
O crescimento do número de organizações criminosas e sua complexidade, em termos de variedade conceitual, implicações teóricas e desafios empíricos, dificultaram para os pesquisadores a geração de teorias, estudos de causas e escalas suficientes para categorizar e explicar os fenômenos. A caracterização dessas organizações e a abordagem para defini-las são complexas, tanto pela diversidade de seus impactos sociais quanto pela ampla gama de áreas temáticas que abordam. Este estudo mostra as tendências de pesquisa e estudo das organizações criminosas por meio da realização de uma revisão sistemática da literatura dos anos de 2022 e 2023, utilizando o método PRISMA e explorando as tendências atuais da pesquisa acadêmica e da produção bibliográfica sobre o tema.
Assuntos
Humanos , Revisão Sistemática , ViolênciaRESUMO
Stress is a public health disease that is increasing rapidly in the population worldwide, so it is necessary to take measures for detection and evaluation, through short scales. The purpose of the study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a sample made up of 752 people with an age range of 18 to 62 years (M = 30.18, DE = 10.175), of whom 44% (331) were women and 56% (421) men, from Lima, Peru. The results, by means of confirmatory factor analysis and the Rasch model, confirmed the global adjustment of a 12-item (PSS-12) version with the presence of two orthogonal factors independent of each other, and also demonstrated the metric equivalence according to gender and adequate internal consistency. These results allow us to recommend the use of the PSS-12 in the Peruvian population for the measurement of stress.
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Folate is an essential vitamin for vertebrate embryo development. Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antagonist that is widely prescribed for autoimmune diseases, blood and solid organ malignancies, and dermatologic diseases. Although it is highly contraindicated for pregnant women, because it is associated with an increased risk of multiple birth defects, the effect of paternal MTX exposure on their offspring has been largely unexplored. Here, we found MTX treatment of adult medaka male fish (Oryzias latipes) causes cranial cartilage defects in their offspring. Small non-coding RNA (sncRNAs) sequencing in the sperm of MTX treated males identify differential expression of a subset of tRNAs, with higher abundance for specific 5' tRNA halves. Sperm RNA methylation analysis on MTX treated males shows that m5C is the most abundant and differential modification found in RNAs ranging in size from 50 to 90 nucleotides, predominantly tRNAs, and that it correlates with greater testicular Dnmt2 methyltransferase expression. Injection of sperm small RNA fractions from MTX-treated males into normal fertilized eggs generated cranial cartilage defects in the offspring. Overall, our data suggest that paternal MTX exposure alters sperm sncRNAs expression and modifications that may contribute to developmental defects in their offspring.
Assuntos
Metotrexato , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido , Animais , Masculino , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Metotrexato/efeitos adversos , Metotrexato/metabolismo , Sêmen , Espermatozoides/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Pequeno RNA não Traduzido/genética , RNA de Transferência/genética , RNA de Transferência/metabolismoRESUMO
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum is a recently described tubulinopathy caused by a mutation in the tubulin beta 4a isoform, expressed in oligodendrocytes. The taiep rat is the only spontaneous tubulin beta 4a mutant available for the study of this pathology. We aimed to identify the effects of the tubulin mutation on freshly collected, unstained samples of the central white matter of taiep rats using second harmonic generation microscopy. Cytoskeletal differences between the central white matter of taiep rats and control animals were found. Nonlinear emissions from the processes and somata of oligodendrocytes in tubulin beta 4a mutant rats were consistently detected, in the shape of elongated structures and cell-like bodies, which were never detected in the controls. This signal represents the second harmonic trademark of the disease. The tissue was also fluorescently labeled and analyzed to corroborate the origin of the nonlinear signal. Besides enabling the description of structural and molecular aspects of H-ABC, our data open the door to the diagnostic use of nonlinear optics in the study of neurodegenerative diseases, with the additional advantage of a label-free approach that preserves tissue morphology and vitality.
Assuntos
Microscopia de Geração do Segundo Harmônico , Tubulina (Proteína) , Animais , Gânglios da Base/patologia , Cerebelo/metabolismo , Oligodendroglia/metabolismo , Ratos , Tubulina (Proteína)/genética , Tubulina (Proteína)/metabolismoRESUMO
The neural plate border (NPB) of vertebrate embryos segregates from the neural and epidermal regions, and it is comprised of an intermingled group of multipotent progenitor cells. Folate is the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine, the main methyl donor for DNA methylation, and it is critical for embryonic development, including the specification of progenitors which reside in the NPB. Despite the fact that several intersecting signals involved in the specification and territorial restriction of NPB cells are known, the role of epigenetics, particularly DNA methylation, has been a matter of debate. Here, we examined the temporal and spatial distribution of the methyl source and analyzed the abundance of 5mC/5 hmC and their epigenetic writers throughout the segregation of the neural and NPB territories. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) on Reduced Folate Carrier 1 (RFC1)-deficient embryos leads to the identification of differentially methylated regions (DMRs). In the RFC1-deficient embryos, we identified several DMRs in the Notch1 locus, and the spatiotemporal expression of Notch1 and its downstream target gene Bmp4 were expanded in the NPB. Cell fate analysis on folate deficient embryos revealed a significant increase in the number of cells coexpressing both neural (SOX2) and NPB (PAX7) markers, which may represent an enhancing effect in the cellular potential of those progenitors. Taken together, our findings propose a model where the RFC1 deficiency drives methylation changes in specific genomic regions that are correlated with a dysregulation of pathways involved in early development such as Notch1 and BMP4 signaling. These changes affect the potency of the progenitors residing in the juncture of the neural plate and NPB territories, thus driving them to a primed state.
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We aimed to characterize the satisfaction and perceptions of the residents of Lima about different aspects of urban life that can affect their quality of life and health, identifying differences by socioeconomic status (SES) and changes over time. A secondary data analysis of the "Lima Cómo Vamos" survey was conducted between 2010 and 2019. Results are reported through percentages, with differences between SES for each year and between years. In 2019, satisfaction and perceptions were mostly unfavorable, and have decreased by up to 30% over time. People with lower SES had more unfavorable evaluations and with greater reductions over time. This dissatisfaction and unfavorable perceptions reveal deficiencies in public services and urban conditions that could negatively affect the quality of life and health, making it necessary to design and implement policies that reduce socioeconomic gaps and improve the health of Lima citizens.
Se buscó caracterizar la satisfacción y percepciones de los residentes de Lima Metropolitana sobre distintos aspectos de la ciudad que pueden afectar su calidad de vida y salud, identificando diferencias por nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y cambios en el tiempo. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta «Lima Cómo Vamos¼ entre 2010 y 2019, reportando los resultados mediante porcentajes, con diferencias entre NSE para cada año y entre años. En 2019 la satisfacción y percepciones eran mayoritariamente desfavorables, y han disminuido hasta en 30 puntos porcentuales con el tiempo. Las personas de NSE más bajos tenían valoraciones más desfavorables y con mayores reducciones en el tiempo. Esta insatisfacción y percepciones desfavorables revelan deficiencias en servicios públicos y condiciones urbanas que podrían afectar negativamente la calidad de vida y salud, haciendo necesarias políticas que reduzcan las brechas socioeconómicas y mejoren la salud de los ciudadanos de Lima Metropolitana.
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Satisfação Pessoal , Qualidade de Vida , Cidades , Humanos , Classe Social , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Resumo Fundamento A prevalência e o significado da microalbuminúria não foram bem estudados em pacientes com diferentes subtipos de insuficiência cardíaca. Objetivo A prevalência e o significado da microalbuminúria não foram bem estudados em pacientes com diferentes subtipos de insuficiência cardíaca. Portanto, nosso objetivo foi investigar a frequência e o valor prognóstico da microalbuminúria em pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca aguda (ICA) com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEp), fração de ejeção de faixa média (ICFEfm) e fração de ejeção reduzida (ICFEr). Métodos Todos os pacientes adultos consecutivos encaminhados ao hospital devido a ICA entre junho de 2016 e junho de 2019 foram inscritos. A microalbuminúria é definida como o nível de albumina urinária para relação de creatinina (AURC) na faixa de 30-300 mg/g. A mortalidade hospitalar foi o critério de valoração deste estudo. Resultados Dos 426 pacientes com ICA (idade média de 70,64 ± 10,03 anos, 53,3% do sexo feminino), 50% tinham ICFEr, 38,3% tinham ICFEp e 11,7% tinham ICFEfm na apresentação. A prevalência de microalbuminúria foi de 35,2%, 28,8% e 28,0% em ICFEr, ICFEp e ICFEfm, respectivamente. Um total de 19 (4,5%) pacientes morreram durante o curso intra-hospitalar, e a mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi maior em pacientes com ICFEr (6,6%) em comparação com pacientes com ICFEr (2,5%) e ICFEfm (2,0%). A análise multivariada mostrou que a presença de microalbuminúria previu mortalidade intra-hospitalar em pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEfm, mas não em ICFEp. Conclusão Embora a microalbuminúria fosse comum em todos os subgrupos de pacientes com ICA, descobriu-se que ela prediz o prognóstico apenas em pacientes com ICFEr e ICFEfm.
Abstract Background The prevalence and significance of microalbuminuria have not been well studied in patients with different heart failure subtypes. Objective The prevalence and significance of microalbuminuria have not been well studied in patients with different heart failure subtypes. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the frequency and prognostic value of microalbuminuria in patients hospitalized for acute heart failure (AHF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF), and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Methods All consecutive adult patients referred to the hospital due to AHF between June 2016 and June 2019 were enrolled. Microalbuminuria is defined as urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (UACR) level in the range of 30-300 mg/g. Hospital mortality was the endpoint of this study Results Of the 426 AHF patients (mean age 70.64 ± 10.03 years, 53.3 % female), 50% had HFrEF, 38.3% had HFpEF, and 11.7% had HFmrEF at presentation.The prevalence of microalbuminuria was 35.2%, 28.8%, and 28.0% in HFrEF, HFpEF, and HFmrEF, respectively. A total of 19 (4.5%) patients died during the in-hospital course, and in-hospital mortality was higher in HFrEF patients (6.6%) compared to patients with HFpEF (2.5%) and HFmrEF (2.0%). Multivariate analysis showed that the presence of microalbuminuria predicted in-hospital mortality in patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF but not in HFpEF. Conclusion Although microalbuminuria was common in all subgroups of AHF patients, it has been found to predict prognosis only in patients with HFrEF and HFmrEF.
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RESUMEN Se buscó caracterizar la satisfacción y percepciones de los residentes de Lima Metropolitana sobre distintos aspectos de la ciudad que pueden afectar su calidad de vida y salud, identificando diferencias por nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y cambios en el tiempo. Se realizó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta «Lima Cómo Vamos¼ entre 2010 y 2019, reportando los resultados mediante porcentajes, con diferencias entre NSE para cada año y entre años. En 2019 la satisfacción y percepciones eran mayoritariamente desfavorables, y han disminuido hasta en 30 puntos porcentuales con el tiempo. Las personas de NSE más bajos tenían valoraciones más desfavorables y con mayores reducciones en el tiempo. Esta insatisfacción y percepciones desfavorables revelan deficiencias en servicios públicos y condiciones urbanas que podrían afectar negativamente la calidad de vida y salud, haciendo necesarias políticas que reduzcan las brechas socioeconómicas y mejoren la salud de los ciudadanos de Lima Metropolitana.
ABSTRACT We aimed to characterize the satisfaction and perceptions of the residents of Lima about different aspects of urban life that can affect their quality of life and health, identifying differences by socioeconomic status (SES) and changes over time. A secondary data analysis of the "Lima Cómo Vamos" survey was conducted between 2010 and 2019. Results are reported through percentages, with differences between SES for each year and between years. In 2019, satisfaction and perceptions were mostly unfavorable, and have decreased by up to 30% over time. People with lower SES had more unfavorable evaluations and with greater reductions over time. This dissatisfaction and unfavorable perceptions reveal deficiencies in public services and urban conditions that could negatively affect the quality of life and health, making it necessary to design and implement policies that reduce socioeconomic gaps and improve the health of Lima citizens.
Assuntos
Satisfação Pessoal , Classe Social , Disparidades nos Níveis de Saúde , Política Pública , Qualidade de Vida , Saúde Ambiental , Saúde Pública , Saúde da População Urbana , Inquéritos e Questionários , Planejamento de Cidades , América LatinaRESUMO
Contiene información de principales proyectos y planes: a. Proyecto "Control de la Malaria en las Zonas Fronterizas de la Región Andina: un Enfoque Comunitario" PAMAFRO (2005-2010); b. Proyecto Salud Puente para la Paz y la Integración (SPPI): Fase I, 2008-2009 y Fase II 2011-2012, que apoyó el Plan Andino en Salud en Fronteras 2007-2012; c. Plan Sanitario de Integración Andina (PlanSIA). Durante el 2013 y 2014 apoyó la extensión del Plan Andino en Salud en Fronteras; d. Plan Andino de Salud en Fronteras (2016-2018); e. Plan Andino de Salud en Fronteras (2019-2021). Menciona logros y desafíos en: a. Mecanismos para fortalecer el diagnóstico de la situación de salud de la población de las fronteras andinas; b. Acciones específicas para enfrentar los problemas de salud priorizados; c. Promover la participación para respuestas integrales; d. Fortalecer la comunicación en salud en fronteras; e. Mecanismos para facilitar el acceso a la salud mediante la construcción de redes binacionales
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Política Pública , Controle Sanitário de FronteirasRESUMO
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) is a central neurodegenerative disease due to mutations in the tubulin beta-4A (TUBB4A) gene, characterized by motor development delay, abnormal movements, ataxia, spasticity, dysarthria, and cognitive deficits. Diagnosis is made by integrating clinical data and radiological signs. Differences in MRIs have been reported in patients that carry the same mutation; however, a quantitative study has not been performed so far. Our study aimed to provide a longitudinal analysis of the changes in the cerebellum (Cb), corpus callosum (CC), ventricular system, and striatum in a patient suffering from H-ABC and in the taiep rat. We correlated the MRI signs of the patient with the results of immunofluorescence, gait analysis, segmentation of cerebellum, CC, and ventricular system, performed in the taiep rat. We found that cerebellar and callosal changes, suggesting a potential hypomyelination, worsened with age, in concomitance with the emergence of ataxic gait. We also observed a progressive lateral ventriculomegaly in both patient and taiep, possibly secondary to the atrophy of the white matter. These white matter changes are progressive and can be involved in the clinical deterioration. Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) gives rise to a spectrum of clinical signs whose pathophysiology still needs to be understood.
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Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) is a neurodegenerative disease due to mutations in TUBB4A. Patients suffer from extrapyramidal movements, spasticity, ataxia, and cognitive deficits. Magnetic resonance imaging features are hypomyelination and atrophy of the striatum and cerebellum. A correlation between the mutations and their cellular, tissue and organic effects is largely missing. The effects of these mutations on sensory functions have not been described so far. We have previously reported a rat carrying a TUBB4A (A302T) mutation and sharing most of the clinical and radiological signs with H-ABC patients. Here, for the first time, we did a comparative study of the hearing function in an H-ABC patient and in this mutant model. By analyzing hearing function, we found that there are no significant differences in the auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds between mutant rats and WT controls. Nevertheless, ABRs show longer latencies in central waves (II-IV) that in some cases disappear when compared to WT. The patient also shows abnormal AEPs presenting only Waves I and II. Distortion product of otoacoustic emissions and immunohistochemistry in the rat show that the peripheral hearing function and morphology of the organ of Corti are normal. We conclude that the tubulin mutation severely impairs the central hearing pathway most probably by progressive central white matter degeneration. Hearing function might be affected in a significant fraction of patients with H-ABC; therefore, screening for auditory function should be done on patients with tubulinopathies to evaluate hearing support therapies.
Assuntos
Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Distúrbios Distônicos/genética , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/genética , Tubulina (Proteína)/deficiência , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Animais , Percepção Auditiva , Pré-Escolar , Núcleo Coclear/patologia , Doenças Desmielinizantes/genética , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Orelha Interna/fisiopatologia , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos , Feminino , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Colículos Inferiores/patologia , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Bainha de Mielina/patologia , Mutação Puntual , Ratos , Ratos Mutantes , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Tubulina (Proteína)/genéticaRESUMO
Tubulinopathies are a group of recently described diseases characterized by mutations in the tubulin genes. Mutations in TUBB4A produce diseases such as dystonia type 4 (DYT4) and hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC), which are clinically diagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We propose the taiep rat as the first animal model for tubulinopathies. The spontaneous mutant suffers from a syndrome related to a central leukodystrophy and characterized by tremor, ataxia, immobility, epilepsy, and paralysis. The pathological signs presented by these rats and the morphological changes we found by our longitudinal MRI study are similar to those of patients with mutations in TUBB4A. The diffuse atrophy we found in brain, cerebellum and spinal cord is related to the changes detectable in many human tubulinopathies and in particular in H-ABC patients, where myelin degeneration at the level of putamen and cerebellum is a clinical trademark of the disease. We performed Tubb4a exon analysis to corroborate the genetic defect and formulated hypotheses about the effect of amino acid 302 change on protein physiology. Optical microscopy of taiep rat cerebella and spinal cord confirmed the optical density loss in white matter associated with myelin loss, despite the persistence of neural fibers.
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Abstract Introduction: Sudden hearing loss is a significant otologic emergency. Previous studies have revealed a coexistence of sudden hearing loss with chronic inflammation. The predictive importance of C-reactive protein/albumin values as a prognostic factor has been shown in various inflammatory and tumoral conditions. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine whether the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio in sudden hearing loss can be used for prognostic purposes and whether there is a relationship between the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratio. Methods: A retrospective examination was made of 40 patients diagnosed with idiopathic sudden hearing loss and a control group of 45 healthy subjects. The pure tone averages of all the patients were determined on first presentation and repeated at 3 months after the treatment. The patients were separated into 2 groups according to the response to treatment. The neutrophil/lynphocyte ratio and the C-reactive protein/albumin ratios were calculated from the laboratory tests. Results: The patients included 16 females and 24 males with a mean age of 44.1 ± 14.2 years and the control group was composed of 23 females and 22 males with a mean age of 42.2 ± 13.8 years. The mean C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was 0.95 ± 0.47 in the patient group and 0.74 ± 0.13 in the control group. The difference was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The mean C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was 0.79 ± 0.12 in the response to treatment group and 1.27 ± 0.72 in the non-response group, with no significant difference determined between the groups (p = 0.418). The mean neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio was 3.52 ± 3.00 in the response to treatment group and 4.90 ± 4.60 in the non-response group, with no statistically significant difference determined between the groups (p = 0.261). Conclusion: C-reactive/albumin ratio was significantly higher in patients with sudden hearing loss than in the control group. Although C-reactive protein/albumin ratio was found to be lower in sudden hearing loss patients who responded to treatment compared to those who did not, the difference between two groups was not statistically significant.
Resumo Introdução: A perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita ou surdez súbita é uma emergência otológica significativa. Estudos anteriores revelaram uma coexistência dessa condição com inflamação crônica. A importância preditiva dos valores da relação proteína C-reativa/albumina como fator prognóstico tem sido demonstrada em várias condições inflamatórias e tumorais. Objetivos: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se a relação proteína C-reativa/albumina na perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita pode ser usada para fins prognósticos e se existe uma associação entre as relações neutrófilo/linfócito e proteína C-reativa/albumina. Método: Foram avaliados retrospectivamente 40 pacientes com diagnóstico de perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita idiopática e um grupo controle de 45 indivíduos saudáveis. As médias de tons puros de todos os pacientes foram determinadas na primeira consulta e repetidas 3 meses após o tratamento. Os pacientes foram separados em 2 grupos de acordo com a resposta ao tratamento. As relações neutrófilo/linfócito e proteína C-reativa/albumina foram calculadas a partir de testes laboratoriais. Resultados: Os pacientes incluíam 16 mulheres e 24 homens, com média de 44,1 ± 14,2 anos, e o grupo controle por 23 mulheres e 22 homens, com média de 42,2 ± 13,8 anos. A média da relação proteína C-reativa/albumina foi de 0,95 ± 0,47 no grupo de pacientes e de 0,74 ± 0,13 no grupo controle e a diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p = 0,009). A média da relação proteína C-reativa/albumina foi de 0,79 ± 0,12 do grupo com resposta ao tratamento e de 1,27 ± 0,72 no grupo sem resposta, sem diferença significante entre os grupos (p = 0,418). A média da relação neutrófilo/linfócito foi de 3,52 ± 3,00 no grupo com resposta ao tratamento e de 4,90 ± 4,60 no grupo sem resposta, sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos (p = 0,261). Conclusão: A relação proteína C-reativa/albumina foi significantemente maior nos pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita do que no grupo controle. No entanto, embora a relação proteína C-reativa/albumina tenha sido menor nos pacientes com perda auditiva neurossensorial súbita que responderam ao tratamento em comparação a aqueles que não apresentaram resposta, a diferença entre os dois grupos não foi estatisticamente significante.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteína C-Reativa/análise , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Perda Auditiva Súbita/tratamento farmacológico , Perda Auditiva Súbita/sangue , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/tratamento farmacológico , Perda Auditiva Neurossensorial/sangue , Prognóstico , Albumina Sérica/análise , Biomarcadores/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Contagem de Linfócitos , NeutrófilosRESUMO
Resumen El presente documento pretende abordar el crimen de motivación económica como un modelo de negocio equivocado. El objetivo es considerar el crimen como una actividad con propósitos similares a los de una empresa y, por tanto, objeto de estudio también de la administración: maximización de utilidades a través de la minimización de costos asociada a la realización y mantenimiento de sus operaciones; competitividad e influencia de un clima propicio para la expansión de sus operaciones, para generar utilidades de manera ilegal, teniendo como colateral el crimen. La metodología usada aborda una revisión histórica, tomando como base la Teoría del Crimen Racional (Becker, 1968) y otras, que explican los beneficios e incentivos que hacen sustentable el negocio criminal, y el resultado pone de relieve la introducción de herramientas de la ciencia administrativa para la comprensión del fenómeno criminal de motivación económica.
Abstract This paper aims to approach crime of economic motivation as a wrong business model. The objective is to consider crime as an activity with the same goals of an enterprise. Therefore, this is a matter of study of business management, too: profit maximization through the cost minimization connected to the completion and maintenance of its operations; competiveness and influence of an appropriate climate for increasing its operations, for producing incomes illegally and having crime as collateral. The methodology conducted a historical review based on the Theory of the Rational Crime (Becker, 1968) and other theories that explain the benefits and incentives that make criminal business sustainable. The result underscores the tolos introduction of the business administration sciences for understanding the criminal matter of economic motivation.
Resumo O presente documento pretende abordar o crime de motivação econômica como um modelo de negócio errado. O objetivo é considerar o crime como uma atividade com propósitos similares aos de uma empresa e, portanto, também objeto de estudo da administração: maximização do lucro por meio da minimização de custos associada à realização e manutenção de suas operações; competitividade e influência de um clima propício para a expansão de suas operações, para gerar lucro de maneira ilegal, tendo o crime como colateral. A metodologia usada aborda uma revisão histórica com base na Teoria do Crime Racional (Becker, 1968) e outras, que explicam os benefícios e incentivos que fazem sustentável o negócio criminal, e o resultado salienta a introdução de ferramentas da ciencia administrativa para a compreensão do fenómeno criminal de motivação econômica.
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Criminologia , Análise Custo-Benefício , Crime , CriminososRESUMO
High resolution fluorescence microscopy requires optimization of the protocols for biological sample preparation. The optical and chemical characteristics of mounting media are among the things that could be modified to achieve optimal image formation. In our search for chemical substances that could perform as mounting media, 3,3'-thiodipropanol (TDP) emerged as a sulfide with potentially interesting characteristics. In this work, several tests of its performance as a mounting medium for fluorescence microscopy of biological samples were performed, including the labeling of filamentous actin with fluorescent phalloidins. The refractive index dispersion curve of pH-adjusted TDP was experimentally obtained in the visible range and compared to the dispersion curves of commercial and lab-made mounting media. The effects on the fluorescence of commonly used dyes were tested by using TDP as a solvent and measuring the relative fluorescence quantum yield of the dyes. By being able to mix TDP in any concentration with water and 2,2'-thiodiethanol (TDE), it was possible not only to fine-tune the refractive index of the resulting solution, but also to preserve the compatibility of TDP with the most popular and efficient fluorescent actin staining used in biological microscopy.
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Folate deficiency has been known to contribute to neural tube and neural crest defects, but why these tissues are particularly affected, and which are the molecular mechanisms involved in those abnormalities are important human health questions that remain unanswered. Here we study the function of two of the main folate transporters, FolR1 and Rfc1, which are robustly expressed in these tissues. Folate is the precursor of S-adenosylmethionine, which is the main donor for DNA, protein and RNA methylation. Our results show that knockdown of FolR1 and/or Rfc1 reduced the abundance of histone H3 lysine and DNA methylation, two epigenetic modifications that play an important role during neural and neural crest development. Additionally, by knocking down folate transporter or pharmacologically inhibiting folate transport and metabolism, we observed ectopic Sox2 expression at the expense of neural crest markers in the dorsal neural tube. This is correlated with neural crest associated defects, with particular impact on orofacial formation. By using bisulfite sequencing, we show that this phenotype is consequence of reduced DNA methylation on the Sox2 locus at the dorsal neural tube, which can be rescued by the addition of folinic acid. Taken together, our in vivo results reveal the importance of folate as a source of the methyl groups necessary for the establishment of the correct epigenetic marks during neural and neural crest fate-restriction.
Assuntos
Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/fisiopatologia , Crista Neural/metabolismo , Fatores de Transcrição SOXB1/fisiologia , Animais , Embrião de Galinha , Metilação de DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Epigênese Genética/genética , Repressão Epigenética/genética , Repressão Epigenética/fisiologia , Epigenômica , Receptor 1 de Folato , Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Deficiência de Ácido Fólico/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Tubo Neural/metabolismo , Defeitos do Tubo Neural/genética , Defeitos do Tubo Neural/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar la actividad antibacteriana in vitro del propilenglicol ozonizado (Endozone®) y ultrasonido sobre Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis)en conductos radiculares de dientes de bovino. Métodos: El estudio fue de tipo experimental y se realizó en el laboratorio de microbiología de la Facultad de Biología de la Universidad Nacional del Altiplano-Puno. Las muestras fueron sembradas en agar bilis esculina, se contaminó dientes de bovino con E. faecalis a los cuales se les aplicó Endozone®y ultrasonido en distintos tiempos de acción luego de este procedimiento se realizó el recuento de desarrollo de colonias para cada diente mediante la técnica de observación directa estructurada. Resultados: El promedio de la actividad antibacteriana del Endozone®sobre E. faecalis fue de 92%, el promedio de la actividad antibacteriana del Endozone®aplicado con ultra-sonido por 10 segundos fue de 94,63%, aplicado por 20 segundos fue 95,01% y aplicado por 30 segundos fue 96,74%, observamos que la actividad antibacteriana es directamente proporcional al tiempo de aplicación, la prueba estadística de Kruskal-Wallis indicó diferencias significativas entre los diferentes tiempos de aplicación. Conclusiones: El Endozone® con aplicación de ultrasonido, tuvo mayor actividad antibacteriana que solo Endozone® sobre E. faecalis. La aplicación de Endozone®y ultrasonido por 30 segundos mostró mayor actividad antibacteriana. Palabras clave: Antibacterianos; Enterococcus faecalis; Ozono; Propilenglicol.
Objective: Determine the antibacterial activity in vitro of ozonized Propyleneglycol (Endozone ®) and ultrasound on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) in root canals of bovine teeth. Methods: The study was experimental, and carried out in the microbiology laboratory of the Faculty of Biology of the Altiplano University. The samples were seeded in bile esculin agar, bovine teeth were contaminated with E. faecalis was carried out, bovine teeth were contaminated with E. faecalisto which was applied Endozone® and ultrasound at different times of action, after this procedure the count of the colony development for each tooth was done using the structured direct observation technique. Results: The average of the antibacterial activity of Endozone® on Enterococcus faecaliswas 92%, the average antibacterial activity of Endozone® applied with ultrasound for 10 conds was 94,63%, applied for 20 seconds was 95,01% and applied for 30 seconds was 96,74%, we observed that the antibacterial activity is directly proportional to the time of application, the statistical test of Kruskall-Wallis indicated that there were significant differences between the different times of application. Conclusions: Endozone® with ultrasound application had a higher antibacterial effect than Endozone® on E. faecalis. The application of Endozone® and ultrasound for 30 seconds showed greater antibacterial activity. Keywords: Anti-bacterial agents; Enterococcus faecalis; Ozone; Propylene glycol.
RESUMO
The central dogma of molecular biology statically says that the information flows from DNA to messenger RNA to protein. But the recent advances in mass spectrometry and high throughput technology have helped the scientists to view RNA as little more than a courier of genetic information encoded in the DNA. The dynamics of RNA modifications in coding and non-coding RNAs are just emerging as a carrier of non-genetic information, uncovering a new layer of complexity in the regulation of gene expression and protein translation. In this review, we summarize about the current knowledge of N6-methyladenosine (m6A), N1-methyladenosine (m1A), 5-methylcytosine (m5C) and pseudouridine (Ψ) modifications in RNA, and described how these RNA modifications are implicated in early animal development and in several human diseases.
Assuntos
RNA/genética , 5-Metilcitosina/metabolismo , Adenosina/análogos & derivados , Adenosina/genética , Animais , Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Pseudouridina/genéticaRESUMO
Abstract Introduction: Peritonsillar abscess is a serious infectious disease of the tonsillar tissue. Treatment generally requires both medical and surgical approaches to relieve the symptoms. Recently, in addition to clinical follow-up, some inflammatory markers, such as the mean platelet volume and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, have been considered to be additional inflammatory monitoring markers in inflammatory diseases. Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the role of mean platelet volume and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with peritonsillar abscess. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in 88 patients with peritonsillar abscess and 88 healthy individuals. We analyzed the white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count, platelet count, C-reactive protein, mean platelet volume and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio values and compared them among the patient and control groups. Results: The mean platelet volume levels were significantly higher in the peritonsillar abscess pretreatment group than in the peritonsillar abscess posttreatment group and the control group. A mean platelet volume value of 8.7 was the optimal cut-off value for evaluating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 75%, 65.9%, 68% and 72%, respectively. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio levels were significantly higher in the peritonsillar abscess pretreatment group than in the peritonsillar abscess post-treatment group and the control group. A neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio value of 3.08 was the optimal cut-off value for evaluating the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of 90.9%, 90.9%, 90.9% and 90.9%, respectively. While the white blood cell count, neutrophil count, lymphocyte count and C-reactive protein values were significantly different among the patient and control groups (p < 0.05), the platelet count was not significantly different among the patient and control groups (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The mean platelet volume and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio values made us think that these parameters were quick, inexpensive and reliable inflammatory follow-up parameters and could be easily integrated into daily practice for peritonsillar abscess treatment except platelet count.
Resumo Introdução: O abscesso periamigdaliano (APA) é uma doença infecciosa grave do tecido tonsilar. O seu tratamento geralmente requer uma abordagem medicamentosa e cirúrgica para o alívio dos sintomas. Recentemente, além do acompanhamento clínico, alguns marcadores inflamatórios, como o volume plaquetário médio (VPM) e a relação neutrófilos/linfócitos (RN/L), foram considerados marcadores de monitoramento adicionais em doenças inflamatórias. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o papel os VPM e a RN/L em pacientes com APA. Método: Estudo retrospectivo realizado com 88 pacientes com ATP e 88 indivíduos saudáveis. Analisamos a contagem de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos, plaquetas, proteína C-reativa (PCR), VPM e RN/L e a comparamos os valores entre o grupo de pacientes e grupo controle. Resultados: Os níveis de VPM eram significativamente maiores no grupo APA pré-tratamento que no grupo APA pós-tratamento e no grupo controle. Um valor de corte de 8,7 para o VPM foi considerado ideal para avaliar sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de 75, 65,9, 68 e 72%, respectivamente. Os níveis da RN/L eram significantemente maiores no grupo APA pré-tratamento que no grupo APA pós-tratamento e no grupo controle. Um valor de 3,08 para a RN/L foi o valor de corte ideal para avaliar sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de 90,9, 90,9, 90,9 e 90,9%, respectivamente. Enquanto a contagem dos valores de leucócitos, neutrófilos, linfócitos e PCR foi significantemente diferente entre os grupos de pacientes e controle (p<0,05), a contagem de plaquetas não foi (p>0,05). Conclusão: Os valores de VPM e RN/L sugerem que estes são parâmetros inflamatórios de acompanhamento rápido, barato e confiável, e que podem ser facilmente integrados à prática diária para o tratamento de APA, exceto pela contagem de plaquetas.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Abscesso Peritonsilar/sangue , Contagem de Linfócitos , Volume Plaquetário Médio , Neutrófilos , Biomarcadores/sangue , Abscesso Peritonsilar/patologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra Helicobacter pylori en sueros de pacientes. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal. Lugar: Servicio de laboratorio clínico, área Inmuno-Manual, de la Clínica Privada "Suiza Lab", entre el 1 de junio y 31 de julio de 2015, Lima, Perú. Material y Métodos: Se estudió 520 sueros de pacientes, entre 0 y 89 años, de los cuales 315 son mujeres y 205 varones, las cuales se recolectó sus resultados de la prueba de ELISA anti-H. pylori. La muestra de estudio fue agrupada de la siguiente forma: Grupo 1 conformado por los resultados de la prueba de ELISA IgG anti-H. pylori (n1=137), Grupo 2 conformado por los resultados de la prueba de ELISA IgM anti-H. pylori (n2=215) y Grupo 3 conformado por los resultados de las pruebas de ELISA IgG y ELISA IgM anti-H. pylori (n3=168). Para el examen serológico en el servicio de laboratorio clínico, se utilizó la prueba de ELISA para detección cuantitativa de IgG e IgM específica contra H. pylori (Serion ELISA Classic, SERION lmmunologics, Germany). Resultados: La edad promedio del estudio fue 39 ± 18,7 años y el 76,5 por ciento (398/520) fueron positivos para las pruebas de ELISA IgG o ELISA IgM. En los sueros de pacientes del Grupo 1, la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG contra H. pylori detectados mediante la prueba ELISA IgG fue de 71,5 por ciento (98/137), en los sueros de pacientes del Grupo 2, la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgM contra H. pylori detectados mediante la prueba ELISA IgM fue de 68,8 por ciento (148/215) y en los sueros de pacientes del Grupo 3, la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra H. pylori detectados mediante la prueba ELISA IgG y ELISA IgM fue de 55,3 por ciento (93/168). Se encontró relación estadísticamente significativa entre la frecuencia de anticuerpos IgM anti-H. pylori del Grupo 2 con el sexo (p=0,000). Conclusiones: La frecuencia de anticuerpos IgG e IgM contra H. pylori en los sueros de pacientes fue elevada; también...
Objective: To determine the frequency of IgG and IgM antibodies against Helicobacter pylori in patient sera. Design: A descriptive, retrospective and cross- sectional study. Place: clinical laboratory services, area Immuno-Manual of Private Clinic "Suiza Lab", between June 1 and July 31, 2015, Lima, Peru. Material and Methods: 520 sera of patients studied, between 0 and 89 years, of which 315 are women and 205 men, which results of the test of ELISA anti-H. pylori were collected. The study serums were grouped as follows: Group 1 comprised the results of the test of ELISA IgG anti-H. pylori (n1=137), Group 2 comprised the results of test of ELISA IgM anti-H. pylori (n2=215) and Group 3 comprised the results of test of ELISA IgG and test of ELISA IgM anti-H. pylori (n3=168). For serological examination in the clinical laboratory service, the test of ELISA was used for quantitative detection of specific IgG and IgM antibodies against H. pylori (ELISA Serion Classic, SERION lmmunologics, Germany). Results: The mean age of the study was 39 ± 18.7 years and 76.5 per cent (398/520) were positive for ELISA IgG or ELISA IgM. In the sera of patients in Group 1, the frequency of IgG antibodies against H. pylori detected by ELISA IgG it was 71.5 per cent (98/137), in the sera of patients in Group 2, the frequency of IgM antibodies against H. pylori detected by ELISA IgM was 68.8 per cent (148/215) and in sera of patients in Group 3, the frequency of IgG and IgM antibodies against H. pylori detected by ELISA IgG and ELISA IgM was 55.3 per cent (93/168). A statistically significant relationship was found between the frequency of IgM antibodies anti-H. pylori from Group 2 with sex (p=0,000). Conclusions: The frequency of IgG and IgM antibodies against H. pylori in sera of patients was high; It was also determined that there is a relationship between the frequency of IgM antibodies anti-H. pylori from Group 2 with sex.