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The luminescent and dosimetric properties of the MgB4O7 phosphor co-doped with Tm and Dy ions (MgB4O7:Tm,Dy) obtained by the solution combustion technique were investigated. With the prepared material, sintered dosimeters in pellet form were made. The MgB4O7 dosimeters doped with Tm and Dy with 0.25 and 0.10 mol% respectively and sintered at 1223 K for 3 h showed a sensitivity almost 11 times greater than the sensitivity of the TLD-100 commercial dosimeter. The TL response as a function of the gamma dose showed linearity up to 50 Gy followed by a supralinearity region and, above 500 Gy, the saturation region of the electron traps is reached. The fading of the main TL peak was negligible in the first five days after irradiation reaching 13% after 60 days and the lower detection limit was 43 µGy. The kinetic parameters were determined using the deconvolution method revealing general and second order kinetics. The morphology, crystallography and photoluminescence of the prepared phosphor samples are also reported.

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STUDY QUESTION: Is there an association between iron intake and ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility care? SUMMARY ANSWER: Supplemental iron intake above 45 mg/day is associated with lower ovarian reserve among women seeking fertility care. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Although the literature regarding iron intake in relation to ovarian reserve is scant and inconsistent, some evidence suggests that iron may have gonadotoxic effects. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This observational study included 582 female participants attending the Massachusetts General Hospital Fertility Center (2007-2019) enrolled in the Environment and Reproductive Health (EARTH) Study. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Iron intake was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Markers of ovarian reserve included antral follicle count (AFC) (assessed via transvaginal ultrasound) and Day 3 FSH, both obtained during the course of an infertility evaluation. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Participants had a median age of 35 years and median total iron intake of 29 mg/day. Total iron intake was inversely related to AFC and this association was driven by intake of supplemental iron. Compared to women with a supplemental iron intake of ≤20 mg/day, women consuming 45-64 mg/day of supplemental iron had a 17% (-35%, 0.3%) lower AFC and women consuming ≥65 mg/day of supplemental iron had a 32% (-54%, -11%) lower AFC after adjusting for potential confounders (P, linear trend = 0.003). Similarly, in a multivariable-adjusted analysis, Day 3 FSH levels were 0.9 (0.5, 1.3) IU/ml higher among women with a supplemental iron intake of ≥65 mg/day when compared to women with a supplemental iron intake of ≤20 mg/day (P, linear trend = 0.02). LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Iron intake was estimated using a method that relies on self-report and we had no biomarkers of iron status in our participants; only 36 women consumed ≥45 mg/day of supplemental iron. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Since all study participants were seeking fertility treatment, our findings may not apply to women in the general population. Although our findings are consistent with studies of women with iron overload, given the paucity of literature on this topic, it is essential that this question is revisited in studies designed to better understand the dose-response relation of this association across the entire distribution of ovarian reserve and the risk-benefit balance of pre-conceptional iron supplementation given its many positive effects on pregnancy outcomes. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): The project was funded by Grants R01ES022955, R01ES033651, R01ES009718, P30ES000002, and P30DK046200 from the National Institutes of Health. N.J.-C. was supported by a Fulbright Scholarship. N.J.-C., M.M., L.M.-A., E.O.-P., S.W., I.S., and J.E.C. declare no conflict of interest related to the work in the manuscript. R.H. has received grants from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.

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This work investigates how docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) modifies the effect of Cholesterol (Chol) on the structural and dynamical properties of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membrane. We employ low-cost and non-invasive methods: zeta potential (ZP), conductivity, density, and ultrasound velocity, complemented by molecular dynamics simulations. Our studies reveal that 30% of DHA added to the DPPC-Chol system tends to revert Chol action on a model lipid bilayer. Results obtained in this work shed light on the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids - particularly DHA - on lipid membranes, with potential preventive applications in many diseases, e.g. neuronal as, Alzheimer's disease, and viral, as Covid-19.

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Fluorescence spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics results show that cholesterol reduces water along the chains in ether lipids by changing the water distribution pattern between tightly and loosely bound water molecules. Water distribution was followed by emission spectra and generalized polarization of 6-dodecanoyl-2-dimethyl aminonaphthalene (Laurdan) inserted in 1,2-dimiristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) and 1,2-di-O-tetradecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (14: 0 Diether PC) membranes. Molecular Dynamics simulations indicate that the action of cholesterol could be different in ether PC in comparison to ester PC. In addition, Cholesterol seems to act "per se" as an additional hydration center in ether lipids. Regardless of the phase state, cholesterol both in DMPC and 14:0 Diether PC vesicles, changed the distribution of water molecules decreasing the dipole relaxation of the lipid interphase generating an increase in the non-relaxable population. Above 10% Cholesterol/14:0 Diether PC ratio vesicles' interphase present an environment around Laurdan molecules similar to that corresponding to ester PC.

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This work reports the effect of hydroxy-xanthones (XAs) on 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) bilayers as determined by ultrasound velocimetry, densimetry and molecular dynamics simulations. XAs with different number of hydroxyl group were studied. Experimental results, in good agreement with molecular dynamics simulations, revealed that the presence of XAs in the systems studied increases fluidity while simultaneously decreses the compressibility of both membranes. This ´apparent contradiction´ ceases to exist when the particular geometrical structure of the xanthones is taken into account: the planar shape of their fused aromatic rings might allow them to pack efficiently among the hydrocarbon tails of the lipids, thus decreasing compressibility, while their presence weakens or disrupts methylene-methylene interchain interactions, thus increasing membrane fluidity and decreasing their melting temperature.

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INTRODUCTION: Living kidney donation (LKD) is one of the most used alternatives in the field of organ transplantation. OBJECTIVE: Analyze the attitude toward LKD among the population of Havana, Cuba. METHODS: Population under study. Population resident in Havana, Cuba. INCLUSION CRITERIA: Sample of population over 15 years stratified by age and sex. INSTRUMENT: Validated questionnaire of attitude toward donation and transplant "PCID-DVR-Ríos," self-administered and anonymously filled out. STATISTICS: χ2, Student t test, and a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 920 respondents have been included in the study. A total of 85.5% (n = 787) are in favor of the related LKD. In our study, 26.5% (n = 244) would remain in favor of unrelated LKD. Regarding the related LKD, the following variables remain independent in the multivariate analysis: 1. having studies (odds ratio [OR] = 3.649; P = .018); 2. attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (OR = 8.547; P < .001); 3. religion (OR = 4.385; P = .001); 4. opinion of the couple (OR = 4.672; P = .028); and 5. risk with living donation (OR = 10.989; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: The population of Havana has a very favorable attitude toward related LKD. Only a quarter of respondents are in favor of unrelated LKD.

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The pig industry is growing very fast in Argentina with an increasing need for replacement animals, feedstuff and transportation of animals. One of the main competitive advantages of the Argentinian pig industry is its being free of most major pig diseases. Within this context, applying measures aimed to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of pathogens is critical. The aim of the present study was to assess the biosecurity of Argentinian pig farms. Two types of farms were assessed: firstly, all official suppliers of high-genetic-value (n = 110) and secondly, a sample from commercial farms (n = 192). Data on the external and internal biosecurity practices applied on the farms was collected with a questionnaire. Data was analysed using a correspondence analysis and a hierarchical clustering analysis, which allowed identification of types of farms with regard to the biosecurity measures applied. Key variables characterizing the clusters were identified through an indicator value analysis. In addition, the external biosecurity of the farms was evaluated by using risk assessment tools with respect to the potential introduction of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Results made evident three clusters: the first one which, amongst other measures, applied several barriers to prevent the entry of people, trucks and other vehicles, and could be considered as a group of high biosecurity, and the two other groups which applied a lower number of external and internal biosecurity measures. The results of the risk assessment showed that the routes with the highest risk of disease introduction were: replacement animals, vehicles transporting feed or animals, and visitors. The assessment of the external biosecurity showed that most Argentinian farms were not prepared for the contingency of a pathogen such as porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus. Special efforts should be made in official suppliers of high-genetic-value farms with poor biosecurity scores since they are at the top of the pig production chain and can be key for the spread of diseases.

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INTRODUCTION: Immigrants from Ecuador represent the largest group of Latin Americans in Spain and are, therefore, a subgroup of interest to understand their attitudes and influences in respect to organ donation and transplantation. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude of nationals of Ecuador residing in Spain regarding deceased organ donation. METHODS: The study population included the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain. A sample of population older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex (n=461). Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation (PCID-DTO-Ríos). Assistance from immigration support associations in Spain was needed to advice on the location of potential respondents. RESULTS: Attitude toward cadaveric donation was favorable in 59% (n=271) of respondents, 12% (n=57) were against cadaveric donation, and 29% (n=133) were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables were independently associated with a more positive attitude toward organ donation: 1. level of formal education (odds ratio [OR]=6.849 [25.641-1.818]; P = .004); 2. being in favor of donating a family member's organs (OR=8.849 [20.833-3.717]; P < .001); 3. having commented at a family level about transplant (OR=3.717 [6.578-2.109]; P < .001); 4. not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation (OR=4.608 [8.547-2.487]; P < .001) and 5. knowing the attitude of one's religion toward donation (OR=7.462 [34.482-1.623]; P = .010). CONCLUSIONS: The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain is less favorable than that of the Spanish population and is determined by many different psychosocial variables.

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INTRODUCTION: The Bolivian population is growing in Spain. The knowledge and acceptance of the concept of brain death are fundamental. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the level of understanding of the brain death concept among the population of Bolivians residing in Spain. METHODS: The study population was Bolivians living in Spain. The inclusion criteria were being older than 15 years, being born in Bolivia, and residing in Spain; participants were selected randomly from this group and stratified by age and sex. Knowledge of the concept of brain death was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation. A group of people to be surveyed was randomly selected. Assistance from immigration support associations in Spain was needed to advise on the location of potential respondents. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. RESULTS: Of the 206 respondents, 27% understood brain death (BD) and believed that this was the death of an individual. Of the rest, 18% did not understand it and the remaining 55% believed it did not mean the death of a patient. Those who understood the concept of BD were more in favor of deceased donation than those who did not (52% vs 47%; P = .886). None of the sociopersonal variables analyzed is associated with knowledge of the concept of BD. A high percentage of respondents indicated fear of apparent death during organ donation. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of the Bolivian population residing in Spain does not understand the concept of BD. Contrary to most psychosocial studies, it is not associated with attitudes toward organ donation or other sociopersonal factors.

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INTRODUCTION: Because personal decisions affect the availability of organs for transplants, awareness about organ donations among the general population is fundamental. OBJECTIVE: To analyze attitudes toward organ donation among the citizens of Havana, Cuba. METHODS: The sample population was the residents of the city of Havana, Cuba. The inclusion criterion was being older than 15 years; the sample was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects of organ donation and transplant (PCID-DTO-Ríos). A random selection of people to be surveyed was carried out. RESULTS: A sample of 920 respondents was included in the study. Attitude toward cadaveric donation was favorable in 68% of respondents, while 14% were against and 18% were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. In the multivariate analysis, the following variables continue to feature as independent variables (P < .05): 1. level of studies; 2. knowledge of the concept of brain death; 3. attitude toward organ donation of a relative; 4. having discussed the issue of organ donation and transplantation with one's family; 5. the attitude of the couple toward organ donation and transplantation; 6. the religion of the respondent; 7. knowing the opinion of one's religion toward organ transplantation; 8. fear of manipulation of the body after death; and 9. acceptance of burial as a treatment of the body after the death. CONCLUSIONS: The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the residents of Havana is favorable and similar to that of the citizens of Spain. Improving the organ procurement system will increase donation rates given the population's awareness of the issue.

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INTRODUCTION: Awareness about organ donation among the general population is fundamental to organ donation programs. It is important to determine the factors that influence attitudes toward organ donation within the general population in order to carry out cost-effective campaigns. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude toward organ donation among Santiago, Cuba, citizens. METHODS: The study population encompassed residents in Santiago, Cuba. A sample population of residents older than 15 years was obtained randomly and stratified by age and sex. Attitude was assessed using a validated questionnaire on psychosocial aspects toward organ donation and transplant (PCID-DTO Ríos). Available census data were used. The survey was self-administered and completed anonymously. RESULTS: Of the 455 respondents, 70% of respondents are in favour of cadaveric donation, 16% are against, and 14% were undecided. Several variables were associated with having a more favorable attitude. And in the multivariate analysis, the following variables continue to feature as independent variables: 1. knowledge of the concept of brain death [OR = 2.386 (4.761-1.194); P = .014]; 2. being in favor of donating a family member's organs [OR = 3.067 (5.952-1.584); P = .001]; 3. a partner's favorable attitude [OR = 5.795 (1.477-22.731); P = .012]; 4. being an atheist/agnostic as the religious beliefs [OR = 1.845 (3.289-1.038); P = .037]; 5. not being concerned about the possible mutilation of the body after donation [OR = 7.437 (2.918-18.955); P < .001]; 6. not accepting other treatment options after death, such as inhumation [OR = 3.048 (5.714-1.626); P = .001]. CONCLUSIONS: The attitude toward cadaveric organ donation among the Santiago, Cuba population is favorable and it is associated with several psychosocial factors.

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BACKGROUND: The Puerto Rican population represents one of the largest immigration groups in Florida, and this has an impact on the organ transplant donation process. Our aim was to analyze attitudes toward organ donation among Puerto Ricans who currently reside in the state of Florida (USA). METHODS: The population screened consisted of individuals >15 years old, who were born in Puerto Rico, living in Florida, and awaiting organs for transplant. All participants completed the "PCID-DTO Rios" questionnaire. Random selection was done according to stratification. Support from immigration associations in Spain was needed for advice on the locations of potential respondents. Study participation was anonymized and self-administered. RESULTS: There were 259 respondents, 37% (n = 95) were in favor of donation, 36% (n = 93) were against donation, and 27% (n = 71) were undecided. The variables associated with these attitudes were: age (P = .017); civil status (P = .021); level of education (P < .001); previous experience with donation and transplant (P < .001); attitude toward organ donation of a relative (P < .001); carrying out pro-social activities (P < .001); discussing the issue of transplant with the family (P < .001) or couple (P < .001); attitude toward incineration (P < .001), burial (P < .001), and autopsy (P < .001); fear of mutilation after donation (P < .001); and religious beliefs (P < .001). In the multivariate study, it remained an independent variable to have discussed the issue at the family level (odds ratio = 11.627; P = .009). CONCLUSION: The Puerto Rican study population residing in Florida has an unfavorable attitude toward organ donation.

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BACKGROUND: The Dominican population has a double-emigration pathway: one is to the USA, by proximity, and the other is to Spain, by sociocultural identification. Our aim was to determine attitudes toward living organ donation among Dominicans residing in Florida (USA) and Spain. METHODS: All study participants were at least 15 years old and living in either Florida (USA) or Spain, and stratified by gender and age. A questionnaire on attitudes toward living kidney donation ("PCID-LKD Ríos") was used. The support of immigrant associations in Florida and Spain was required to advise on survey locations. Data obtained were anonymized and self-administered. RESULTS: The study questionnaire was completed by 123 Dominicans, 68% of whom were in favor of living related kidney donation. There were differences (P = .004) according to the country of residence. Eighty-one percent of Spain's Dominican residents were in favor, compared with 56% of Florida's residents. Factors associated with attitude toward donation were level of education (P < .001), previous experience with organ donation (P = .006), attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (P < .001), belief in the possibility of needing a transplant in the future (P = .016), discussing the issue with one's family (P = .007), discussing the issue with husband/wife/partner (P = .002), carrying out pro-social activities (P = .029), religious beliefs (P = .001), and understanding the risk of living kidney donation (P = .046). CONCLUSION: Attitudes toward living kidney donation among immigrant Dominicans varies between Spain and the USA, with the former showing a more positive view.

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BACKGROUND: One of the main reasons against organ donation is the fear of apparent death due to ignorance of the brain death concept. Our aim was to assess knowledge about and acceptance of the brain death concept among the population of Havana, Cuba. METHODS: The population screened, stratified by gender and age, included those >15 years old and living in Havana, Cuba. The appraisal tool utilized was a questionnaire on attitude toward organ donation ("PCID-DTO Ríos"). A random selection of individuals were surveyed according to the stratification. Cuba's census data were used. The participation was anonymized and self-administered. The verbal consent of participants was provided. RESULTS: There were 920 respondents: 31% (n = 282) knew the concept of brain death and accepted it; 57% (n = 529) did not; and 12% (n = 109) had a misperception, or did not accept brain death as a person's death. Those who knew and accepted the concept had a more favorable attitude toward their own organ donation after death (85% vs 61%; P < .001). The psychosocial factors related to the knowledge of brain death concept were: the gender (P = .002), to make up for speaking at a family level about the organ transplant (P < .001), the couple's opinion about the organ donation (P < .001) and the religion (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The brain death concept is not well understood in the population of Havana, Cuba.

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INTRODUCTION: Living kidney donation is currently the most important kidney donor source in Latin America, and it is necessary to further increase its rates. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Santiago de Cuba's population and to determine the sociopersonal factors with which it is associated. METHOD: The population over 15 years old residing in Santiago de Cuba, stratified by sex and age, was screened. The "PCID-LKD Ríos" attitude questionnaire toward living kidney donation was administered to a random selection of the people surveyed according to the stratification and the census data. The completion was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained. RESULTS: The study was completed by 445 people, of whom the 86% (n = 389) were in favor of living related kidney donation. This attitude is associated with the level of education (P < .001); previous experience with organ donation (P = .006); attitude toward cadaveric organ donation (P < .001); carrying out of prosocial activities (P = .010); discussion of the issue with the family (P < .001) and the significant other (P < .001); concern about mutilation after donation (P = .001); religious beliefs (P = .001); and assessment of the risk of living kidney donation (P < .001). In the multivariate study, the following variables persisted: (1) level of education; (2) attitude of cadaveric donation; (3) carrying out of prosocial activities; and (4) risk assessment of living donation. CONCLUSIONS: Living related donation is very well accepted among the Santiago de Cuba's population.

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INTRODUCTION: The Uruguayan population is sensitized toward transplantation. However, it has not been studied how this awareness can change when emigrating to different countries. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the attitude toward cadaveric organ donation and living organ donation between the Uruguayan population residing in Florida (United States) and the Uruguayan population residing in Spain. METHOD: Adults born in Uruguay and residing in Florida and Spain were screened. The questionnaire "PCID-DTO Ríos" (donation of cadaveric organs) and "PCID-DVR Ríos" (living renal donation) were used. Subjects were randomly selected according to age and gender stratification. Support from Latin-American immigration associations in Spain and Florida was needed. The survey was anonymized and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained to collaborate in the study. RESULTS: Because the emigrant population to Spain is far larger than the emigrant population to the United States, a 2:1 proportional sampling was performed (n = 132). Sixty-seven percent of residents in Spain were in favor of organ donation at the time of death compared with 50% among residents in Florida (P = .082), and 100% of residents in Spain were in favor of living renal donation compared with 50% of those living in Florida (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The attitude toward donation is more favorable among Uruguayan emigrants to Spain than emigrants to the United States, especially in related kidney donation.

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BACKGROUND: The Ecuadorian population is the largest Latin-American immigrant group in Spain. Currently, several Ecuadorians have received transplants or are awaiting transplants in Spain. The aim of this work was to analyze the attitude toward living kidney donation among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain. METHODS: The population screened were born in Ecuador, residing in Spain, and >15 years old, stratified by gender and age, and appraised with the use of the questionnaire on attitude toward organ donation for transplantation "PCID-DVR-Ríos." Support from immigration associations in Spain was used to advise on the location of potential respondents. The completion was anonymous and self-administered. Verbal consent was obtained. Statistics included Student t test, χ2, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 461 respondents were included: 80% (n = 367) were in favor of living-related kidney donation (for a relative or close friend). This attitude was associated with psychosocial variables that persisted in the multivariate study: 1) female gender (odds ratio [OR], 3.086; P = .001); 2) considering oneself a potential kidney receptor in the future (OR, 16.949; P = .002); 3) economic incentive in the donation (OR, 100; P = .004); and 4) knowing the attitude of their religion toward transplantation (OR, 32.258; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Living-related donation is accepted among the Ecuadorian population residing in Spain and is associated with sociopersonal and religious factors.

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BACKGROUND: Investigating the attitude of subgroups of populations living in different countries is useful for establishing whether there are differences in opinion in terms of place of residence. The objective of the study was to analyze attitudes toward deceased organ donation in the population from the Dominican Republic who are residing in the southeast of the United States and Spain. METHODS: A sample was taken of residents of the population from the Dominican Republic residing in Florida (the United States) (n = 63) and in Spain (n = 80), which was stratified by age and sex. A validated questionnaire about psychosocial aspects (PCID-DTO Rios) was self-administered and completed anonymously: the χ(2) test, Student t test, and logistic regression analysis were used. RESULTS: The completion rate was 86% (123 respondents of the 143 selected). Of those surveyed, 54% were in favor, 23% were against, and 23% were undecided. Of the residents in Spain (n = 57) 63% (n = 36) were in favor, 12% (n = 7) were against, and 25% (n = 14) were undecided. Of the residents in the United States (n = 66) 46% (n = 30) were in favor, 33% (n = 22) were against, and 21% (n = 14) were undecided (P < .001). The following factors were found to be associated with attitude: 1) level of education [OR = 12.195 (52.631-2.808); P = .001]; 2) concern about the possible mutilation of the body after donation [OR = 11.363 (47.619-2.695; P = .001]; and 3) rejection of cremation or burial of the body after death [OR = 6.134 (21.276-1.763); P = .004]. CONCLUSIONS: Attitude toward the donation of the respondent's own deceased organs after death was more favorable among Dominican residents in Spain compared with those living in the United States.

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INTRODUCTION: Living donation is increasingly necessary to address the shortage of organs for transplantation. Analyzing attitudes and influences toward living donation is essential. This study sought to analyze the attitude toward living donation in the population of Bolivians residing in Spain, and the variables that influence their attitude. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We selected a sample of Bolivians living in Spain. Respondents were selected using a stratified sampling by age and sex. We used a validated questionnaire of psychosocial aspects (the questionnaire of Proyecto Colaborativo Internacional Donante about Living Kidney Donation [Donación de Vivo Renal in Spanish]), which is self-administered and anonymous. The Student t test, χ(2), and Fisher tests, as well as logistic regression analysis, were used to analyze the gathered data. RESULTS: Of all respondents (n = 206), 83% (n = 170) were in favor of living-related donation, and 32% (n = 66) were in favor of living-unrelated donation. The rest, 8.5% (n = 18) were not in favor of living donation and 8.5% (n = 18) were undecided. Acceptance of the living donation was associated with the religious beliefs of the respondent (P = .014), with no worry about the scars that may remain after the donation (P = .016), and with the risk evaluation of living donation (P = .029). On multivariate analysis, the most important variable was the risk associated with living donation (odds ratio, 6.329; 95% CI, 30.303-1.328; P = .021). CONCLUSIONS: Attitudes toward living donation among the Bolivian population residing in Spain is favorable, and represents a group that may be encouraged to become donors.

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