RESUMO
An ammonia process was applied at several ammonia loadings, moisture contents, temperatures, and dwell times. A cellulase loading of 5 FPU/g dry matter and a 24 h incubation time were used to produce the sugars, which were measured as reducing sugars and by HPLC. Optimal processing conditions caused a 76% of theoretical yield (2.9-fold above untreated). Cellulose and hemicellulose conversions were 68 and 85% (vs 38 and 34% in untreated, respectively). The short hydrolysis time and relatively low enzyme loading suggests great potential to produce sugars from alfalfa.
Assuntos
Amônia , Carboidratos/análise , Medicago sativa/química , Biotecnologia/métodos , Celulose/análise , Fabaceae/química , Hidrólise , Cinética , Lignina/análise , Oxirredução , Polissacarídeos/análiseRESUMO
A warm-season legume, Florigraze rhizoma peanut (FRP), was used as the source of fiber to produce sugars. FRP was subjected to several ammonia-processing conditions using temperature, biomass moisture content, and ammonia loading as process variables during a 5-min treatment. A cellulase loading of 2 FPU/g DM and 24 h incubation were used to produce the sugars. Total sugar yield was 3.34-fold higher in the optimal treatment (1.5 g ammonia/g DM-60%-90 degrees C) compared to untreated and was 65.3% of theoretical. Cellulose and hemicellulose conversions increased from 30 and 15.5% in untreated FRP to 78 and 34% in treated FRP.
Assuntos
Amônia , Arachis/química , Carboidratos/análise , Celulase , Fabaceae/química , Biomassa , Biotecnologia/métodos , Clima , Hidrólise , Cinética , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismoRESUMO
An ammonia pressurization/depressurization process was investigated to evaluate the potential of producing reducing sugars from dwarf elephant grass, a warm-season forage. Moisture, temperature, and ammonia loading affected sugar yield (p < 0.0001). At optimal conditions, ammonia processing solubilized 50.9% of the hemicellulose and raised the sugar yield (percentage of theoretical) from 18 to 83%. Glucose and xylose production were increased 3.2- and 8.2-fold, respectively. The mild processing conditions of the ammonia treatment (90-100 degrees C, 5 min), the low enzyme loading (2 international filter paper units/g), and the short hydrolysis time (24 h), greatly enhance the potential of using forages to produce sugars valuable for several applications.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Celulase/metabolismo , Celulose , Glucose/análise , Poaceae , Polissacarídeos , Xilose/análise , beta-Glucosidase/metabolismo , Amônia , Biotecnologia/métodos , Cinética , Pressão , SolubilidadeRESUMO
This study shows the types of malocclusions that can be treated in the primary dentition and advocates correction of maxillary constrictions from five years of age onwards, when such constrictions lead to crossbites. A preferred method to treat maxillary constrictions is through rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with the Haas expander, even in the early stages of occlusal development. This paper presents a cross-sectional evaluation and a long-term follow-up of the upper permanent incisors during the active and passive phases of RME and shows no signs of root or pulp alterations.