RESUMO

OBJETIVO: Identificar los mensajes persuasivos usados por la industria de alimentos y bebidas no saludables en las redes sociales más visitadas por niñas, niños y adolescentes mexicanos y determinar a qué grupo de edad estaban dirigidos. Material y métodos. Se analizaron 892 anuncios de los 20 productos y marcas de alimentos y bebidas no saludables más consumidas en México publicados en las cuentas oficiales de dichos productos y marcas en YouTube, Facebook e Instagram. Se determinó el mensaje primario y el público objetivo (niños, adolescentes o ambos) y se clasificó como emocional o racional. RESULTADOS: En Facebook, la proporción de anuncios con mensajes emocionales (50.7%) y mensajes racionales (49.3%) fue similar. En YouTube hubo mayor proporción de mensajes racionales (60.2%). Se encontraron 2.9 más posibilidades de que un mensaje persuasivo emocional se dirija a niños o adolescentes en comparación con mensajes que no tienen publicidad dirigida. Conclusión. La naturaleza de los mensajes persuasivos analizados depende de la red social en la que se presentaron. La industria alimentaria dirige sus mensajes a niños o adolescentes, razón por la que es importante regular la publicidad de alimentos y bebidas no saludables en redes sociales que busca influir en el comportamiento y las decisiones de compra de niñas, niños y adolescentes.

RESUMO

Accurate measurements of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes from tree stems are important for understanding greenhouse gas emissions. Closed chamber methods are commonly employed for this purpose; however, leaks between the chamber and the atmosphere as well as gas accumulation, known as the concentration buildup effect, can impact flux measurements significantly. In this study, we investigated the impacts of concentration buildup and leaks on semi-rigid closed chamber methods. Field measurements were conducted on six tree species, including three species from a Mexican mangrove ecosystem and three species from a Magellanic sub-Antarctic forest. Systematic observations revealed significant leak flow rates, ranging from 0.00 to 465 L h-1, with a median value of 1.25 ± 75.67 L h-1. We tested the efficacy of using cement to reduce leaks, achieving a leak flow rate reduction of 46-98 % without complete elimination. Our study also demonstrates a clear and substantial impact of concentration buildup on CH4 flux measurements, while CO2 flux measurements were relatively less affected across all tree species studied. Our results show that the combined effects of leaks and concentration buildup can lead to an underestimation of CH4 emissions by an average of 40 ± 20 % and CO2 emissions by 22 ± 22 %, depending on the bark roughness. Based on these findings, we recall a straightforward yet effective method to minimize experimental errors associated with these phenomena, previously established, and reiterated in the current context, for calculating emissions that considers effects of leaks and concentration buildup, while eliminating the need for separate determinations of these phenomena. Overall, the results, combined with a literature review, suggest that our current estimates of GHG flux from tree stems are currently underestimated.

Assuntos

Dióxido de Carbono , Gases de Efeito Estufa , Dióxido de Carbono/análise , Ecossistema , Árvores , Metano/análise , Óxido Nitroso/análise

RESUMO

Sarcopenia is a progressive and frequent syndrome among older adults highly related to physical inactivity and malnutrition. Nowadays, it is considered a pathology that triggers multiple health complications associated with the loss of muscle mass, strength, autonomy, and quality of life. The objective of the present systematic review was to evaluate the effect of exercise programs combined with dietary supplementation on body composition as the primary outcome. This systematic review was carried out in accordance with the elements considered for planning a systematic review by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), and the search was performed in the Scopus, EBSCO, and PubMed databases for the last 10 years. A total of 16 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Regular resistance exercise together with daily essential amino acids or whey protein and vitamin D supplementation improve the maintenance or gains in appendiceal/skeletal muscle mass and total lean mass in sarcopenic older adults. The data suggest a synergistic effect not only on the primary outcome, but also on other variables such as strength, speed, stability, and other indicators of quality of life. This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO, ID: CRD42022344284.

Assuntos

Treinamento Resistido , Sarcopenia , Humanos , Idoso , Força Muscular , Qualidade de Vida , Suplementos Nutricionais , Composição Corporal , Dieta , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo

RESUMO

'Kerman' pistachios (KP; Pistacia vera L.) are an important crop for several countries but their commercial value is diminished by their shell dehiscence status and prolonged storage in popular marketplaces. The aim was to evaluate the independent/synergistic effect of prolonged storage (1-4 year) and dehiscence status (split/unsplit) on KP's morphometry and chemical composition. Whole nut's and kernel's length, width, thickness, surface area, and volume were more affected by dehiscence (split > unsplit; p ≤ 0.01) than storage time; Kernel's mass, macronutrient composition and tocopherols (T)/tocotrienols (T3) were not much affected by dehiscence but time-trend correlations were observed with macronutrient composition (split/unsplit; ρ = - 0.57-0.42) and T + T3 (unsplit; ρ = 0.81). Specific/total fatty acids were affected by a complex dehiscence × storage time interaction, and they linearly correlated with certain morphometric characteristics (r ≥ 0.6). Shell dehiscence status more than prolonged storage substantially modifies KP's quality.

RESUMO

Cardiovascular diseases are part of the highly preventable chronic diseases associated with changes in lifestyle. Within them, physical activity, low-fat and high-fiber diets are distinguished as the main support for prevention, even when supplementation with nutraceuticals has become a very common practice. Fifty-two young sedentary men with excess body weight (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg·m-2) were enrolled in a randomized-crossover controlled trial [six weeks of a systematic physical exercise with Spirulina maxima or placebo supplementation (4.5 g·day-1)]. Body composition, blood lipid profile, and maximal oxygen uptake were determined pre/post intervention. Pairwise comparisons showed a significant improvement (p < 0.01) on blood lipid profile in the group of exercise plus Spirulina maxima. Moreover, correlations of absolute changes of BMI, body fat percentage, blood lipids and maximal oxygen uptake were statistically significant (p < 0.01). These results indicate that the Spirulina maxima supplementation could be acting in a synergistic way with exercise due to the enhanced effects on body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, and blood lipid profile. This phenomenon should be considered to reduce risk of cardiovascular disorders. Trial registration: Clinical Trials, NCT02837666 (July 19, 2016).