RESUMO

ABSTRACT: Borszcz, FK, de Aguiar, RA, Costa, VP, Denadai, BS, and de Lucas, RD. Agreement between maximal lactate steady state and critical power in different sports: A systematic review and Bayesian's meta-regression. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e320-e339, 2024-This study aimed to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-regression to determine the level of agreement between maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and critical power (CP). Considered eligible to include were peer-reviewed and "gray literature" studies in English, Spanish, and Portuguese languages in cyclical exercises. The last search was made on March 24, 2022, on PubMed, ScienceDirect, SciELO, and Google Scholar. The study's quality was evaluated using 4 criteria adapted from the COSMIN tool. The level of agreement was examined by 2 separate meta-regressions modeled under Bayesian's methods, the first for the mean differences and the second for the SD of differences. The searches yielded 455 studies, of which 36 studies were included. Quality scale revealed detailed methods and small samples used and that some studies lacked inclusion/exclusion criteria reporting. For MLSS and CP comparison, likely (i.e., coefficients with high probabilities) covariates that change the mean difference were the MLSS time frame and delta criteria of blood lactate concentration, MLSS number and duration of pauses, CP longest predictive trial duration, CP type of predictive trials, CP model fitting parameters, and exercise modality. Covariates for SD of the differences were the subject's maximal oxygen uptake, CP's longest predictive trial duration, and exercise modality. Traditional MLSS protocol and CP from 2- to 15-minute trials do not reflect equivalent exercise intensity levels; the proximity between MLSS and CP measures can differ depending on test design, and both MLSS and CP have inherent limitations. Therefore, comparisons between them should always consider these aspects.

Assuntos

Teorema de Bayes , Ácido Láctico , Humanos , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Esportes/fisiologia , Força Muscular/fisiologia

RESUMO

We investigated fatigue and performance rates as decision-making criteria in pacing control during CrossFit®. Thirteen male regional-level competitors completed conditions of all-out (maximum physical work from beginning to end) and controlled-split (controlled physical work in the first two rounds but maximum work in the third round) pacing throughout the Fight Gone Bad workout separated by one week. We assessed benchmarks, countermovement jumps and ratings of fatigue after each round. Benchmarks were lower in round 1 (99 vs. 114, p < .001) but higher in rounds 2 (98 vs. 80, p < .001) and 3 (97 vs. 80, p < .001) for controlled-split compared with all-out pacing. Reductions in countermovement jumps were higher after rounds 1 (-12.6% vs. 1.6%, p < .001) and 2 (-12.7% vs. -4.0%, p = .014) but similar after round 3 (-13.2% vs. -11.3%, p = .571) for all-out compared with controlled-split pacing. Ratings of fatigue were higher after rounds 1 (7 vs. 5 a.u., p < .001) and 2 (8 vs. 7 a.u, p = .023) but similar after round 3 (9 vs. 9 a.u., p = .737) for all-out compared with controlled-split pacing. During all-out pacing, countermovement jump reductions after round 2 correlated with benchmark drops across rounds 1 and 2 (r = .78, p = .002) and rounds 1 and 3 (r = -.77, p = .002) and with benchmark workout changes between pacing strategies (r = -.58, p = .036), suggesting that the larger the countermovement jump reductions the higher the benchmark drops across rounds and workouts. Therefore, benchmarks, countermovement jumps and ratings of fatigue may assess exercise-induced fatigue as decision-making criteria to improve pacing strategy during workouts performed for as many repetitions as possible.

Assuntos

Desempenho Atlético , Tomada de Decisões , Fadiga , Humanos , Masculino , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Tomada de Decisões/fisiologia , Adulto , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

This study aimed to compare the intensity of deoxygenated haemoglobin concentration ([HHb]) and tissue saturation index (TSI) breakpoints ([HHb]-BP and TSI-BP) with maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) and critical power (CP), and to describe their association with 2000-m rowing ergometer performance. Fourteen male rowers performed on a rowing ergometer: I) a discontinuous incremental test with 3-min stages (INC3); II) a continuous incremental test with 1-min stages (INC1); III) constant workload tests to determine MLSS; and IV) performance tests of 500 m, 1000 m, 2000 m and 6000 m to determine CP.CP (257 ± 39 W; 3.79 ± 4.1 L · min-1) was higher than [HHb]-BP3 (205 ± 26 W; 3.48 ± 2.9 L · min-1), [HHb]-BP1 (207 ± 27 W; 3.27 ± 3.2 L · min-1), and TSI-BP3 (218 ± 31 W; 3.51 ± 3.0 L · min-1), but not higher than TSI-BP1 (222 ± 34 W; 3.43 ± 3.2 L · min-1). MLSS (187 ± 26 W; 3.33 ± 3.2 L · min-1) was lower than TSI-BP3 and TSI-BP1 for power output, but not different in any comparison for ⩒O2. The limits of agreement for power output and ⩒O2 suggest poor agreement among these thresholds. The low level of agreement compromises the use of [HHb]-BP and TSI-BP for estimating MLSS and CP; therefore, these thresholds should not be considered interchangeable.

RESUMO

Several pieces of evidence suggest that the monoaminergic theory of depression cannot fully explain all behavioral and neuroplastic changes observed after antidepressant chronic treatment. Other molecular targets, such as the endocannabinoid system, have been associated with the chronic effects of these drugs. In the present study, we hypothesized that the behavioral and neuroplastic effects observed after repeated treatment with the antidepressants (AD) Escitalopram (ESC) or venlafaxine (VFX) in chronically stressed mice depend on CB1 receptor activation. Male mice submitted to the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) paradigm for 21 days were treated with Esc (10 mg/kg) or VFX (20 mg/kg) once a day in the presence or not of AM251 (0.3 mg/kg), a CB1 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. At the end of the CUS paradigm, we conducted behavior tests to evaluate depressive- and anxiety-like behaviors. Our results demonstrated that chronic blockade of the CB1 receptor does not attenuate the antidepressant- or the anxiolytic-like effects of ESC nor VFX. ESC increased the expression of CB1 in the hippocampus, but AM251 did not change the pro-proliferative effects of ESC in the dentate gyrus or the increased expression of synaptophysin induced by this AD in the hippocampus. Our results suggest that CB1 receptors are not involved in behavioral and hippocampal neuroplastic effects observed after repeated antidepressant treatment in mice submitted to CUS.

Assuntos

Ansiolíticos , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Camundongos , Masculino , Animais , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Antidepressivos/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Endocanabinoides/metabolismo , Ansiolíticos/farmacologia , Cloridrato de Venlafaxina/farmacologia , Estresse Psicológico/tratamento farmacológico , Estresse Psicológico/metabolismo , Receptor CB1 de Canabinoide/metabolismo

RESUMO

5-HT1A serotonin receptors may play a role in cognitive function changes related to advanced age. Here, we investigated the effects of acute and repeated treatment with NLX-101 (F15599), a postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptor-biased agonist, and F13714, a presynaptic 5-HT1A receptor-biased agonist on spatial object pattern separation (OPS) in aged (22-24 months) rats. Neuroplasticity markers including brain-derived neurotrophic factor, PSD95, synaptophysin, and doublecortin were evaluated in the hippocampus. Unlike younger rats, aged rats were incapable of discriminating any new position of the objects in the arena, reflecting the detrimental effect of aging on pattern separation. However, aged animals treated with NLX-101 showed a significant cognitive improvement in the OPS test, accompanied by increases in hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor and PSD95 protein levels. In contrast, no improvement in OPS performance was observed when aged rats received F13714. Both F13714 and NLX-101 increased the number of newborn neurons in the hippocampi of aged rats. These findings provide a rationale for targeting post-synaptic 5-HT1A as a treatment for cognitive deficits related to aging.

Assuntos

Fator Neurotrófico Derivado do Encéfalo , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina , Ratos , Animais , Serotonina/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologia , Agonistas do Receptor de Serotonina

RESUMO

In swimming, the speed-time relationship provides the critical speed (CS) and the maximum distance that can be performed above CS (D'). During intermittent severe intensity exercise, a complete D' depletion coincides with task failure, while a sub-CS intensity is required for D' reconstitution. Therefore, determining the balance D' remaining at any time during intermittent exercise (D'BAL) could improve training prescription. This study aimed to 1) test the D'BAL model for swimming; 2) determine an equation to estimate the time constant of the reconstitution of D' (τD'); and 3) verify if τD' is constant during two interval training sessions with the same work intensity and duration and recovery intensity, but different recovery duration. Thirteen swimmers determined CS and D' and performed two high-intensity interval sessions at a constant speed, with repetitions fixed at 50 m. The duration of passive recovery was based on the work/relief ratio of 2:1 (T2:1) and 4:1 (T4:1). There was a high variability between sessions for τD' (coefficient of variation of 306%). When τD' determined for T2:1 was applied in T4:1 and vice versa, the D'BAL model was inconsistent to predict the time to exhaustion (coefficient of variation of 29 and 28%). No linear or nonlinear relationships were found between τD' and CS, possibly due to the high within-subject variability of τD'. These findings suggest that τD' is not constant during two high-intensity interval sessions with the same recovery intensity. Therefore, the current D'BAL model was inconsistent to track D' responses for swimming sessions tested herein.

RESUMO

Lesions in the lateral region of the knee can result in severe disability due to instability and articular degeneration. The structures in the posterolateral side of the knee function as a unit contributes to rotation and translation limits. Anatomical descriptions of the lateral corner of the knee are incomplete and contradictory. This study aims to verify, through anatomical dissections in cadavers, if the fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle, the arcuate ligament, and the popliteofibular ligament are distinct or the same structure with different terminology and descriptions in the literature. Fifteen cadavers were dissected. Photographs were taken, and in some cases, a video was recorded. Also, the correct terminology for ligament and insertion was searched. The dissections allowed the popliteus muscle to be identified proximally in the lateral femoral condyle, in the fibula head's posterolateral region, and through a meniscocapsular insertion. In none of the anatomy books reviewed, this fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle is mentioned. However, our findings and data from other experimental studies provide evidence of its presence. The aponeurotic portion of the arcuate ligament is distinguished from the short lateral ligament, which is the fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle with its tendinous attachment. Therefore, the term popliteofibular ligament should be abandoned based on the anatomic terminology, and the term "fibular insertion of the popliteus muscle" should be used instead.

Assuntos

Ligamentos Colaterais , Fíbula , Cadáver , Ligamentos Colaterais/anatomia & histologia , Humanos , Articulação do Joelho/anatomia & histologia , Ligamentos Articulares , Músculo Esquelético

RESUMO

NEW FINDINGS: What is the central question of this study? What is the reliability of near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen uptake ( mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) kinetics following running exercise and what is the relationship between the time constant of mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ off-kinetics and parameters of aerobic fitness? What is the main finding and its importance? The time constant of mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics in gastrocnemius following moderate running exercise presents good to excellent reliability. In addition, it was well correlated with parameters of aerobic fitness, such as maximal speed of an incremental test, ventilatory threshold and pulmonary V̇O2${\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ on-kinetics. Therefore, near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxidative capacity together with other physiological measurements may allow a concomitant local and systemic analysis of the components of the oxidative system. ABSTRACT: Near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygen uptake ( mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) kinetics following single-joint exercise has been used to assess muscle oxidative capacity. However, little evidence is available on the use of this technique following whole-body exercise. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the reliability of the NIRS-derived mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics following running exercise and to investigate the relationship between the time constant of mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ off-kinetics ( τmV̇O2$\tau {\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) and parameters of aerobic fitness. After an incremental test to determine V̇O2max${\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{max}}}}$ , first (VT1 ) and second (VT2 ) ventilatory thresholds, and maximal speed (Smax ), 13 males (age = 21 ± 4 years; V̇O2max${\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}{\rm{max}}}}$  = 55.9 ± 3.4 ml kg-1  min-1 ) performed three sets (two on the first day and one on a subsequent day) of two repetitions of 6-min running exercise at 90%VT1 . The pulmonary V̇O2${\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ( pV̇O2${\rm{p}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) on-kinetics and mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ off-kinetics in gastrocnemius were assessed. τmV̇O2$\tau {\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ presented no systematic change and satisfactory reliability (the standard error of the measurement (SEM) and intraclass correlation coefficient of 4.21 s and 0.49 for between transitions; and 2.65 s and 0.74 averaging τmV̇O2$\tau {\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ within each time set), with no difference (P > 0.3) between the within- (SEM = 2.92 s) and between-day variability (SEM = 2.78 s and 2.19 s between first vs. third set, and second vs. third set, respectively). τmV̇O2$\tau {\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ (28.5 ± 4.17 s) correlated significantly (P < 0.05) with Smax (r = -0.66), VT1 (r = -0.64) and time constant of the p V̇O2${\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ on-kinetics (r = 0.69). These findings indicate that NIRS-derived mV̇O2${\rm{m}}{\dot{V}_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics in the gastrocnemius following moderate running exercise is a useful and reliable parameter to assess muscle oxidative capacity.

Assuntos

Corrida , Espectroscopia de Luz Próxima ao Infravermelho , Adolescente , Adulto , Teste de Esforço/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Oxigênio/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxigênio/fisiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

The aim of this study was threefold: (a) to compare the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) with critical power (CP); (b) to describe the relationship of MLSS with rowing performances; and (c) to verify the agreement of MLSS with several exercise intensity thresholds in rowers. Fourteen male rowers (mean [SD]: age = 26 [13] years; height = 1.82 [0.05] m; body mass = 81.0 [7.6] kg) performed on a rowing ergometer: (I) discontinuous incremental test with 3 min stages and 30-s recovery intervals (INC3min); (II) continuous incremental test with 60-s stages (INC1min); (III) two to four constant workload tests to determine MLSS; and (IV) performance tests of 500, 1000, 2000 and 6000 m to determine CP. Twenty-seven exercise intensity thresholds based on blood lactate, heart rate and ventilatory responses were determined by incremental tests, and then compared with MLSS. CP (257 [38] W) was higher than MLSS (187 [25] W; p < 0.001), with a very large mean difference (37%), large typical error of estimate (14%) and moderate correlation (r = 0.48). Despite the correlations between MLSS and most intensity thresholds (r > 0.70), all presented low correspondence (TEE > 5%), with a lower bias found between MLSS and the first intensity thresholds (-12.5% to 4.1%). MLSS was correlated with mean power during 500 m (r = 0.65), 1000 m (r = 0.86) and 2000 m (r = 0.78). In conclusion, MLSS intensity is substantially lower than CP and presented low agreement with 27 incremental-derived thresholds, questioning their use to estimate MLSS during rowing ergometer exercise.Highlights MLSS was substantially lower than CP in rowing exercise with a mean difference of 37%, much larger than the difference commonly found in running and cycling exercise (i.e., ?10%).A clear disagreement was reported between MLSS and 27 physiological thresholds determined in different incremental tests.There is a positive association of MLSS with 500, 1000 and 2000 m rowing ergometer performance tests.

Assuntos

Ácido Láctico , Esportes Aquáticos , Adulto , Ergometria , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Teste de Esforço , Humanos , Masculino

RESUMO

Resumo Neste artigo, objetivou-se analisar a forma como os governos municipais responderam à crise sanitária e quais medidas desenvolveram em termos de diagnóstico da Covid-19 e alocação dos recursos provenientes de fontes federais. Para tanto, informações oriundas de uma pesquisa com 4.061 prefeitos coordenada pela Confederação Nacional dos Municípios foram sistematizadas e comparadas com outras bases de dados oficiais. Conclui-se que, a despeito da falta de instrumentos de coordenação desenvolvidos em âmbito federal, a destinação dos recursos e o desenvolvimento de políticas por parte dos municípios se orientaram pela concentração de serviços de referência regional em municípios de grande e médio portes.

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Abstract This article aimed to analyze how municipal governments responded to the health crisis and what measures they developed in terms of diagnosing Covid-19 and allocating resources from Brazil's federal sources. To this end, information from a survey with 4,061 mayors coordinated by the National Confederation of Municipalities was systematized and compared with other official databases. We concluded that, despite the lack of coordination instruments developed at the federal level, the allocation of resources and the development of policies by the municipalities were guided by the concentration of regional reference services in large and medium-sized municipalities.

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Resumen El trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar cómo los gobiernos municipales respondieron a la crisis sanitaria, qué medidas desarrollaron en términos de diagnóstico de Covid-19 y cómo asignaron los recursos transferidos desde el gobierno federal de Brasil. Para ello, se sistematizó la información de una encuesta coordinada por la Confederación Nacional de Municipios y se comparó con otras bases de datos oficiales. En cuanto a la conclusión, se argumenta que, a pesar de la falta de instrumentos de coordinación desarrollados a nivel federal, la asignación de recursos y el desarrollo de políticas por parte de los municipios estuvieron orientados por la concentración de los servicios regionales de referencia en los municipios grandes y medianos.

Assuntos

Pandemias

RESUMO

A transfusão de sangue é um procedimento comum nos serviços de saúde, embora não seja isento de riscos. O descarte sorológico e a análise do perfil do doador fornecem informações essenciais para a segurança da transfusão. Este artigo avalia a prevalência e a tendência de descarte das bolsas de sangue por positividade sorológica para doenças transmissíveis por transfusão do hemocentro de Sergipe. Trata-se de um estudo observacional, relativo às doações realizadas entre janeiro de 2007 e dezembro de 2018. Das 308.953 doações, 16.828 (5,45%) foram descartadas devido à positividade em alguma sorologia de triagem. Verificou-se uma tendência de diminuição do descarte de bolsas de sangue nas sorologias testadas. As sorologias responsáveis pelo descarte foram: anti-HBc (2,09%), sífilis (1,49%), anti-HIV (0,82%), HBsAg (0,62%), anti-HCV (0,52%), anti-HTLV-1/2 (0,23%) e Chagas (0,15%). Com relação ao perfil do doador, houve maior descarte de doadores homens, de reposição e de faixas etárias avançadas. Neste estudo foi encontrada uma alta prevalência de descarte, embora com tendência decrescente para todas as sorologias, exceto sífilis, que permaneceu estacionária no período. Os resultados reforçam a necessidade dos processos de triagem sorológica para garantir a segurança transfusional, tendo em vista que essas doenças ainda são frequentes na população. Evidencia-se a importância da realização de campanhas educativas, de testagem e tratamento para as principais infecções de risco transfusional para que diminua a taxa de descarte de bolsas de sangue e melhore a qualidade transfusional.

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Although a common health care procedure, blood transfusion is not risk-free. Serological disposal and donor profile analysis provide key information for transfusion safety. This study evaluates the prevalence and tendency of discarding blood bags due to serological positivity for transfusion-transmitted diseases at a blood center in Sergipe, Brazil. An observational study was conducted on donations made between January 2007 and December 2018. Of the 308,953 donations received, 16,828 (5.45%) were discarded due to positive screening serology, with a decrease trend in discard for the serologies tested. Anti-HBc (2.09%), syphilis (1.49%), anti-HIV (0.82%), HBsAg (0.62%), anti-HCV (0.52 %), anti-HTLV-1/2 (0.23%) and Chagas (0.15%) were the serologies responsible for disposal. As for donor profile, greater discard was observed for men, replacement and advanced age donors. Results showed a high prevalence of discard, but with a decreasing trend for all serologies excepting syphilis, which remained stationary in the period. They reinforce the importance of serological screening processes for ensuring transfusion safety, as these diseases are still common among the population. Carrying out educational, testing and treatment campaigns for the main transfusion risk infections is essential to reduce blood bag disposal rate and improve transfusion quality.

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La transfusión de sangre es un procedimiento común en los servicios de salud, aunque no está libre de riesgos. La eliminación serológica y el análisis del perfil del donante proporcionan información esencial para la seguridad de las transfusiones. Este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la prevalencia y tendencia del descarte de bolsas de sangre por positividad serológica para enfermedades transmisibles por transfusión en el hemocentro de Sergipe (Brasil). Se trata de un estudio observacional, relacionado con las donaciones realizadas entre enero de 2007 y diciembre de 2018. De las 308.953 donaciones, 16.828 (5,45%) se descartaron por positividad en alguna serología de cribado. Hubo una tendencia a disminuir el descarte de bolsas de sangre en las serologías probadas. Las serologías responsables de la eliminación fueron: anti-HBc (2,09%), sífilis (1,49%), anti-VIH (0,82%), HBsAg (0,62%), anti-HCV (0,52%), anti-HTLV-1/2 (0,23%) y Chagas (0,15%). En cuanto al perfil del donante, hubo un mayor descarte en los donantes masculinos, de reemplazo y en edad avanzada. En el estudio se constató una alta prevalencia de descarte, aunque con tendencia decreciente para todas las serologías, excepto para sífilis, que se mantuvo estacionaria en el período. Los resultados refuerzan la necesidad de procesos de cribado serológico para garantizar la seguridad transfusional, dado que estas enfermedades aún son comunes en la población. Se resalta la importancia de realizar campañas de educación, testeo y tratamiento de las principales infecciones de riesgo transfusional para reducir la tasa de eliminación de bolsas de sangre y mejorar la calidad transfusional.

Assuntos

Doadores de Sangue , Transfusão de Sangue , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Doenças Transmissíveis , Prevalência , Triagem , Serviço de Hemoterapia

RESUMO

Stroke is considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The treatment is limited; however, the Brazilian flora has a great source of natural products with therapeutic potentials. Studies with the medicinal plant Polygala sabulosa W. Bennett provided evidence for its use as an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drug. In the case of ischemic stroke due to lack of oxygen, both acute and chronic inflammatory processes are activated. Thus, we hypothesized that P. sabulosa (HEPs) has the potential to treat the motor and cognitive deficits generated by ischemic stroke. Male mice were subjected to global ischemia for 60 min, followed by reperfusion and orally treated with HEPs (100 mg/kg in saline + 3% tween 20) twice a day (12 h apart) for 48 h starting 3 h after surgery. Motor skills were assessed using grip force and open field tasks. Hippocampi were then collected for mRNA quantification of the cytokines IL-1-ß and TNF-α levels. After 48 h of acute treatment, spatial reference memory was evaluated in a Morris water maze test for another group of animals. We show that HEPs treatment significantly prevented motor weakness induced by ischemia. Brain infarct area was reduced by 22.25% with downregulation of the levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α mRNA. Learning performance and memory ability on Morris water maze task were similar to the sham group. Our data demonstrates the neuroprotective properties of HEPs through its anti-inflammatory activities, which prevent motor and cognitive impairments, suggesting that HEPs may be an effective therapy for ischemic stroke.

Assuntos

Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Motores/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/uso terapêutico , Extratos Vegetais/uso terapêutico , Polygala , Animais , Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Disfunção Cognitiva/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Força da Mão , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Transtornos Motores/metabolismo , Destreza Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Força Muscular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa/metabolismo

RESUMO

The monoaminergic theory of depression/anxiety disorders cannot fully explain the behavioral and neuroplastic changes observed after ADs chronic treatment. Endocannabinoid system, which comprises CB2 receptors, has been associated with the chronic effects of these drugs, especially in stressed mice. CB2-KO mice display more vulnerability to stressful stimuli. In the present study, we hypothesized that the behavioral and neuroplastic effects observed after repeated treatment with the AD escitalopram (Esc) in chronically stressed mice depend on CB2 receptor signaling. Male mice submitted to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) paradigm (21 days) were treated daily with AM630 (0.01; 0.03 or 0.3 mg/kg, i.p) a CB2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist. At e 19th day of the CUS protocol, mice were submitted to Open field test and Tail-suspension test to evaluate antidepressant-like behavior. At the end of the stress protocol, mice were submitted to Novel Suppressed Feeding test (day 22nd) to evaluate anxiety-like behavior. In a second series of experiments, male mice treated with Esc (10 mg/kg, daily, 21 days) in the presence or not of AM630 (0.30 mg/kg) were submitted to the same round of behavioral tests in the same conditions as performed in the dose-response curve protocol. Animals were then euthanized under deep anesthesia, and their brains/hippocampi removed for immunohistochemistry (Doublecortin-DCX) or Western Blot assay. Our results demonstrated that chronic treatment with AM630, a CB2 antagonist/inverse agonist, induces anxiolytic-like effects in stressed mice. Moreover, chronic reduction of CB2 receptor endogenous activity by AM630 attenuated the neuroplastic (potentiating stress-induced decreased expression of pro-BDNF, but enhanced pmTOR and DAGL expression in the hippocampus reduced in stressed mice), the antidepressant- but not the anxiolytic-like effects of Esc. AM630 alone or in combination with Esc decreased the expression of DCX + cell in both the subgranular and granular layers of the dentate gyrus (DG), indicating a general reduction of DCX + neuroblasts and a decrease in their migration through the DG layers. We suggest that the antidepressant-like behavior and the pro-neurogenic effect, but not the anxiolytic like behavior, promoted by Esc in stressed mice are, at least in part, mediated by CB2 receptors.

RESUMO

Cerebral ischemia due to stroke or cardiac arrest greatly affects daily functioning and the quality of life of patients and has a high socioeconomic impact due to the surge in their prevalence. Advances in the identification of an effective pharmacotherapy to promote neuroprotection and recovery after a cerebral ischemic insult are, however, limited. The serotonin 1A (5-HT1A) receptor has been implicated in the regulation of several brain functions, including mood, emotions, memory, and neuroplasticity, all of which are deleteriously affected by cerebral ischemia. This review focuses on the specific roles and mechanisms of 5-HT1A receptors in neuroprotection in experimental models of cerebral ischemia. We present experimental evidence that 5-HT1A receptor agonists can prevent neuronal damage and promote functional recovery induced by focal and transient global ischemia in rodents. However, indiscriminate activation of pre-and postsynaptic by non-biased 5-HT1A receptor agonists may be a limiting factor in the anti-ischemic clinical efficacy of these compounds since 5-HT1A receptors in different brain regions can mediate diverging or even contradictory responses. Current insights are presented into the 'biased' 5-HT1A post-synaptic heteroreceptor agonist NLX-101 (also known as F15599), a compound that preferentially and potently stimulates postsynaptic cortical pyramidal neurons without inhibiting firing of serotoninergic neurons, as a potential strategy providing neuroprotection in cerebral ischemic conditions.

Assuntos

Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Neuroproteção/efeitos dos fármacos , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Neurônios/metabolismo , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologia

RESUMO

Introdução: A doação de sangue é um ato capaz de salvar vidas. Quando a triagem sorológica é positiva, a bolsa de sangue é descartada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de descarte de bolsas de sangue em razão da positividade dos testes de triagem para sífilis. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico observacional, com avaliação transversal e da tendência temporal da positividade do VDRL de acordo com as variáveis epidemiológicas, a partir de dados coletados no banco de sangue do Hemocentro de Sergipe das doações ocorridas de 1 de janeiro de 2007 a 31 de dezembro de 2018. Resultados: Do total de 308.953 doações de sangue, 4.594 bolsas (1,48%) foram descartadas devido a positividade para sífilis. A positividade foi significativamente maior no sexo masculino (OR = 1,14). Houve aumento significativo da prevalência com o aumento da faixa etária, de 0,63% (IC95% 0,51-0,760 em menores de 20 anos até 4,54% (IC95% 3,88-5,30) em pessoas com 60 anos e mais. Entre o período de 2007-2011 foi identificada uma tendência de crescimento da soroprevalência para sífilis (APC = 31,4) seguida pela estabilização do número de descarte de bolsas nos últimos anos. Discussão: O estudo identifica que, apesar de ter havido um aumento significativo no período inicial, a tendência foi de estabilidade nos últimos anos avaliados. É importante destacar a falta de um exame que indique concretamente a presença ativa da sífilis, pois todos os testes podem permanecer como cicatrizes por longos períodos, mesmos em pessoas com o tratamento adequado. (AU)

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Introduction: Blood donation is an act that can save lives. When serological screening is positive, the blood bag is discarded. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of blood bag disposal due to positive screening tests for syphilis. Methods: An observational epidemiological study was carried out, with cross-sectional temporal trend assessment of VDRL positivity according to epidemiological variables, based on data collected in the blood bank of the Sergipe Blood Center, from the donations that occurred from 1 st January, 2007 to December 31 st , 2018. Results: Of the total of 308,953 blood donations, 4,594 bags (1.48%) were discarded due to positive serology for syphilis. Positivity was significantly higher in males (odds ratio = 1.14). There was a significant increase in prevalence with age, from 0.63% (95% CI 0.51-0.76) in individuals under 20 years old to 4.54% (95% CI 3.88-5.30) in those with 60 years and over. Between 2007-2011, a trend of increase in seroprevalence for syphilis was identified (annual percent change = 31.4), followed by stabilization in the disposal of bags in recent years. Discussion: Despite the increase in syphilis reported in society, the study identified that, although there was a significant increase in the initial period, it has been followed by stability in the last years evaluated. What is important is the lack of a test that in fact indicates the active presence of syphilis, since all tests can identify serological scars that remain for long periods, even in people with proper treatment. (AU)

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Bancos de Sangue , Sífilis/epidemiologia , Doadores de Sangue/estatística & dados numéricos

RESUMO

The inflammatory response is the reaction of living tissue to an injury of a foreign nature, such as infection and irritants, and occurs as part of the body's natural defence response. Compounds capable of inhibiting cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, especially COX-2, have great potential as anti-inflammatory agents. Herein we present the regioselective synthesis of 49 novel compounds based on the 2-pyridone nucleus. The topical anti-inflammatory activity of seventeen compounds was evaluated in mice by croton oil (CO) induced ear edema assay. Most of the compounds exhibited a high level of in vivo anti-inflammatory activity, reducing ear edema and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. The most active compounds (2a and 7a) were inhibitors of COX enzymes. Compound 2a selectively inhibited the COX-2, while 7a was nonselective. Further, the compound 2a showed effective binding at the active site of COX-2 co-crystal by docking molecular study.

Assuntos

Anti-Inflamatórios/síntese química , Piridonas/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/metabolismo , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Anti-Inflamatórios/uso terapêutico , Sítios de Ligação , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/química , Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/síntese química , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/metabolismo , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/farmacologia , Inibidores de Ciclo-Oxigenase 2/uso terapêutico , Edema/induzido quimicamente , Edema/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Peroxidase/metabolismo , Piridonas/metabolismo , Piridonas/uso terapêutico , Estereoisomerismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade

RESUMO

The present study aimed to compare maximal oxygen uptake of a step incremental test with time to exhaustion verification tests (TLIM) performed on the same or different day. Nineteen recreationally trained cyclists (age: 23 ± 2.7 years; maximal oxygen uptake: 48.0 ± 5.8 mL·kg-1·min-1) performed 3 maximal tests as follows: (i) same day: an incremental test with 3-min stages followed by a TLIM at 100% of peak power output of the incremental test (TLIM-SAME) interspaced by 15 min; and (ii) different day: a TLIM at 100% of peak power output of the incremental test (TLIM-DIFF). The maximal oxygen uptake was determined for the 3 tests. The maximal oxygen uptake was not different among the tests (incremental: 3.83 ± 0.41; TLIM-SAME: 3.72 ± 0.42; TLIM-DIFF: 3.75 ± 0.41 L·min-1; P = 0.951). Seven subjects presented a variability greater than ±3% in both verification tests compared with the incremental test. The same-day verification test decreased the exercise tolerance (240 ± 38 vs. 310 ± 36 s) compared with TLIM-DIFF (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the incremental protocol is capable of measuring maximal oxygen uptake because similar values were observed in comparison with verification tests. Although the need for the verification phase is questionable, the additional tests are useful to evaluate individual variability. Novelty Step incremental test is capable of measuring maximal oxygen uptake with similar values during TLIM on the same or different day. Although the necessity of the verification phase is questionable, it can allow the determination of variability in maximal oxygen uptake.

Assuntos

Ciclismo , Teste de Esforço , Consumo de Oxigênio , Adulto , Tolerância ao Exercício , Humanos , Masculino , Esforço Físico , Adulto Jovem

RESUMO

Pharmacological interventions that selectively activate serotonin 5-hydroxytryptramine-1A (5-HT1A) heteroreceptors may prevent or attenuate the consequences of brain ischemic episodes. The present study investigated whether the preferential 5-HT1A postsynaptic receptor agonist NLX-101 (a.k.a. F15599) mitigates cognitive and emotional impairments and affects neuroplasticity in mice that are subjected to the bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) model of brain ischemia. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor escitalopram (Esc) was used for comparative purposes because it is able to decrease morbidity and improve recovery in stroke patients and ischemic rodents. Sham and BCCAO mice received daily doses of NLX-101 (0.32 mg/kg, i.p) or Esc (20 mg/kg, i.p) for 28 days. During this period, they were evaluated for locomotor activity, anxiety- and despair-related behaviors and hippocampus-dependent cognitive function, using the open field, elevated zero maze, forced swim test and object location test, respectivelly. The mice's brains were processed for biochemical and histological analyses. BCCAO mice exhibited high anxiety and despair-like behaviors and performed worse than controls in the cognitive assessment. BCCAO induced neuronal and dendritic spine loss and decreases in the protein levels of neuronal plasticity markers, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), synaptophysin (SYN), and postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95), in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus. NLX-101 and Esc attenuated cognitive impairments and despair-like behaviors in BCCAO mice. Only Esc decreased anxiety-like behaviors due to brain ischemia. Both NLX-101 and Esc blocked the increase in plasma corticosterone levels and, restored BDNF, SYN and PSD-95 protein levels in the hippocampus. Moreover, both compounds impacted positively dentritic remodeling in the hippocampus and PFC of ischemic mice. In the PFC, NLX-101 increased the BDNF protein levels, while Esc in turn, attenuated the decrease in the PSD-95 protein levels induced by BCCAO. The present results suggest that activation of post-synaptic 5-HT1A receptors is the molecular mechanism for serotonergic protective effects in BCCAO. Moreover, post-synaptic biased agonists such as NLX-101 might constitute promising therapeutics for treatment of functional and neurodegenerative outcomes of brain ischemia.

Assuntos

Isquemia Encefálica/metabolismo , Plasticidade Neuronal/efeitos dos fármacos , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Receptor 5-HT1A de Serotonina/metabolismo , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Agonistas do Receptor 5-HT1 de Serotonina/farmacologia

RESUMO

Introduction: Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus types I/II (HTLV-I/II) have heterogeneous distribution worldwide and are endemic in some places. Both viruses can be sexually transmitted through blood transfusions, shared use of syringes and needles, and from mother to child during pregnancy, breastfeeding, and at the time of delivery. In Brazil, HTLV I/II screening has been part of the mandatory national blood donation since 1988. Objective: This study aimed to analyze the prevalence of HTLV I and II antibodies in blood donors residing at the state of Sergipe. Methods: This is an observational epidemiological study performed with the results of HTLV I/II screening serology of blood donors at the public blood center of the state of Sergipe, from January 1st, 2007 to December 31st, 2018. Statistical analysis was performed with the use of free software R, and descriptive analysis and evaluation of the trend of seroprevalence for HTLV I/II in the period. Results: Of the 303,589 blood samples analyzed, 691 (0.23%) were positive for HTLV I/II, with the highest prevalence among females (0.29%). Prevalence increased with age, reaching 0.40% of 50-year-old and older people. Replacement donors had a higher prevalence (0.28%), compared to volunteers (0.17%) and those summoned (0.06%). There was a steady trend in prevalence between 2007-2011, decreasing from 2012-2018. Conclusion: The findings also indicate factors associated with a higher prevalence of HTLV I/II, such as gender and age group. Despite the current decreasing trend among donors, it is important to evaluate populations other than blood donors, as the donor selection criteria influence the positivity of the samples.

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Introdução: Os vírus linfotrópicos T humanos tipos I/II (HTLV-I/II) têm distribuição heterogênea no mundo, sendo endêmicos em algumas localidades. Ambos os vírus podem ser transmitidos por via sexual, transfusões de sangue, uso compartilhado de seringas e agulhas, e da mãe para o filho durante a gestação, aleitamento e no momento do parto. No Brasil, o rastreamento dos HTLV I/II faz parte da triagem nacional obrigatória de doações sanguíneas desde 1988. Objetivo: O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a prevalência de anticorpos para HTLV I e II em doadores de sangue residentes no estado de Sergipe. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico observacional, realizado com os resultados das sorologias de triagem para HTLV I/II dos doadores de sangue do hemocentro público do estado de Sergipe, de 1º de janeiro de 2007 a 31 de dezembro de 2018. A análise estatística foi realizada com a utilização do software livre R, sendo realidade a análise descritiva e avaliação da tendência da soroprevalência para HTLV I/II no período. Resultados: Das 303.589 amostras sanguíneas analisadas, 691 (0,23%) foram positivas para HTLV I/II, sendo a maior prevalência entre indivíduos do sexo feminino (0,29%). Foi verificado o aumento da prevalência com a idade, alcançando 0,40% em pessoas com 50 anos ou mais. Doadores de reposição apresentaram maior prevalência (0,28%) em relação aos voluntários (0,17%) e aos convocados (0,06%). Houve uma tendência constante na prevalência entre 2007-2011, sendo decrescente de 2012­2018. Conclusão: Os achados indicam, além de fatores associados a maior prevalência de HTLV I/II, como sexo e faixa etária. Apesar da atual tendência decrescente entre doadores, é importante avaliar outras populações além das dos doadores de sangue, pois os critérios de seleção de doadores influenciam na positividade das amostras.

Assuntos

Humanos , Transfusão de Sangue , Vírus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Estudos Soroepidemiológicos , Sorologia , Sangue , Doadores de Sangue

RESUMO

Objetivo: Analizar lavalidación de la detección de anticuerpos irregulares (PAI) mediante el uso del reactivo de control de Coombs en muestras de sangre tomadas de Febrero 2015 a Agosto 2016. Métodos: Estudio de naturaleza observacional, retrospectivo y prospectivo, con los procedimientos técnicos de carácter documental, que se sucederá em Laboratorio de Inmunohematología del Hemocentro Regional de Montes Claros - MG. Resultados: Se observó durante la encuesta que después de la no validación de algunos testes y sucedida la repetición del mismos individuos, no se ha encontrado la validación, por lo tanto requeiendo otra repetición hasta que la validación de la muestra. Esto plantea la posibilidad de interferencia que no sea el conocido y discutido, ya que la repetición se realiza aisladamente el análisis crítico de todos los pasos del proceso. Conclusión: El bajo porcentaje de resultados no validados ratifica la prueba de validación antiglobulínico es un buen método para confirmar el resultado de la búsqueda de anticuerpos irregulares

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Objetivo: Analisar a validação da pesquisa de anticorpos irregulares (PAI) através da utilização do reagente Controle de Coombs em amostras sanguíneas coletadas de Fevereiro de 2015 à Agosto de 2016. Métodos: Estudo de natureza observacional, retrospectiva e prospectiva, apresentando procedimentos técnicos de caráter documental, a ser realizado no Laboratório de Imunohematologia do Hemocentro Regional de Montes Claros - MG. Resultados: Foi observado durante a pesquisa que após a não validação de alguns testes e realizada a repetição dos mesmos isoladamente, não foi constatado a validação sendo necessário outra repetição até que essa amostra validasse. Esse fato levanta a possibilidade de outras interferências além das conhecidas e discutidas, uma vez que a repetição foi realizada isoladamente analisando criticamente todas as etapas do processo. Conclusão: O baixo percentual de resultados não validados ratifica que o teste de validação antiglobulínico é um bom método para confirmar o resultado da pesquisa de anticorpos irregulares

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Objective: The study's purpose has been to assess the validation of irregular antibodies investigation using the Coombs control reagent in blood samples collected over the period from February 2015 to August 2016. Methods: It is a observational, retrospective and prospective study, which presents technical procedures bearing a documentary character, and that was performed at the Laboratory of Immunohematology from the Regional Blood Center in Montes Claros-MG. Results: During the research, it was observed that after the non-validation of some tests and its repetition was then performed alone; the validation was not verified and once again a repetition was necessary until this sample was defined as validated. This fact raises the possibility of other interferences beyond those both known and discussed; bearing in mind that the repetition was carried out in isolation and also all stages of the process were performed under scrutiny. Conclusion: The low percentage of non-validated results ratifies that the antiglobulin validation test is a good method to confirm the result of the search for irregular antibodies

Assuntos

Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doadores de Sangue , Teste de Coombs/instrumentação , Teste de Coombs/métodos , Serviço de Hemoterapia