RESUMO
RESUMO Objetivo Investigar as barreiras percebidas e as estratégias de enfrentamento para a efetivação da prática de caminhada identificadas entre portadores do diabetes mellitus (DM) no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Metodologia Uma amostra de 83 portadores do DM, usuários do SUS, foi inquirida a refletir sobre os obstáculos que os impediam de praticar a caminhada, e formular planos de enfretamento para superar tais obstáculos. Foram categorizados os obstáculos levantados e os planos desenvolvidos quanto à similaridade e submetidos à análise de frequência. Resultados O principal obstáculo relatado foi o sentimento de "desânimo" (36,1%). O plano de enfrentamento mais frequente para superar as barreiras encontradas foi o 'apoio social de familiares', 'vizinhos' e 'amigos'. Conclusão Os resultados possibilitaram conhecer as dificuldades e as potencialidades dos sujeitos relativas ao autocuidado para o DM no que se refere à prática da caminhada, conhecimento que pode auxiliar as equipes multidisciplinares do SUS.
ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the perceived barriers and coping strategies for the practice of walking identified among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS). Methodology A sample of 83 individuals with DM, SUS users, was asked to reflect on the obstacles that prevented them from walking, as well as to formulate coping plans to overcome them. The obstacles raised and plans developed were categorized for similarity and subjected to frequency analysis. Results The main obstacle reported was the feeling of "dismay" (36.1%). The most frequent coping plan to overcome the barriers found was 'social support from family members', 'neighbors' and 'friends'. Conclusion The results made it possible to know the difficulties and potential of the subjects related to self-care for DM regarding the practice of walking, knowledge that can help the multidisciplinary teams of the SUS.
RESUMEN Objetivo Investigar las barreras percibidas y las estrategias de afrontamiento para la práctica de la marcha identificadas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus (DM) en el ámbito del Sistema Único de Salud (SUS). Metodología Se solicitó les solicitó a 83 personas con DM, usuarias del SUS, que reflexionaran sobre los obstáculos que les impedían caminar, así como que formularan planes de afrontamiento para superarlos. Los obstáculos planteados y los planes desarrollados se clasificaron por similitud y se sometieron a análisis de frecuencia. Resultados El principal obstáculo reportado fue el sentimiento de "consternación" (36,1%). El plan de afrontamiento más frecuente para superar las barreras encontradas fue el "apoyo social de familiares", "vecinos" y "amigos". Conclusión Los resultados permitieron conocer las dificultades y potencialidades de los sujetos relacionados con el autocuidado de la DM con respecto a la práctica de la marcha, conocimiento que puede ayudar a los equipos multidisciplinarios del SUS.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perceived barriers and coping strategies for the practice of walking identified among patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the scope of the Unified Health System (SUS). METHODOLOGY: A sample of 83 individuals with DM, SUS users, was asked to reflect on the obstacles that prevented them from walking, as well as to formulate coping plans to overcome them. The obstacles raised and plans developed were categorized for similarity and subjected to frequency analysis. RESULTS: The main obstacle reported was the feeling of "dismay" (36.1%). The most frequent coping plan to overcome the barriers found was 'social support from family members', 'neighbors' and 'friends'. CONCLUSION: The results made it possible to know the difficulties and potential of the subjects related to self-care for DM regarding the practice of walking, knowledge that can help the multidisciplinary teams of the SUS.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Adaptação Psicológica , Emoções , Família , CaminhadaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Excessive salt intake has been directly associated with cardiovascular diseases, especially hypertension, and non-cardiovascular diseases. Despite the current recommendations, salt intake remains high, indicating the need to develop theory-based interventions aimed at reducing this intake. AIM: The purpose of this study was to test the impact of a theory-based intervention - the SALdável Program - to promote the use of less than 4 g of salt/day during cooking. METHODS: This was a two-arm parallel-group randomized study. A total of 92 hypertensive women were randomly assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention was aimed at motivating participants to reduce salt addition by increasing self-efficacy and counteracting the negative influence of habit. Primary outcomes were the behavioral question of salt addition and total salt addition, secondary outcomes were overall salt intake, provided by 24-hour urinary sodium excretion, and psychosocial variables (intention, self-efficacy, and habit). RESULTS: At three-month follow-up, the intervention group improved significantly more than the control group regarding salt addition measures (p-values between 0.05 and 0.001) and psychosocial variables (all p-values ⩽0.001). The reduction in 24-hour urinary sodium excretion was not significant. CONCLUSION: The findings showed that this theory-based intervention was effective to motivate and change the behavior of hypertensive women regarding daily salt use in cooking meals. This was accomplished by means of improvements in intention and self-efficacy and reduction of the habit of using more than 4 g of salt/day during cooking.
Assuntos
Dieta Hipossódica/psicologia , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Hipertensão/terapia , Motivação , Educação de Pacientes como Assunto , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Projetos Piloto , Autoeficácia , Cloreto de Sódio na DietaRESUMO
Type II diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent disease among the adult Brazilian population, and one that can be controlled by interventions such as physical activity, among others. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the impact of a traditional motivational strategy, associated with the activation of intention theory, on adherence to physical activity in patients with type II, diabetes mellitus who are part of the Unified Health System (SUS). Participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an intervention group (IG). In both groups, the traditional motivational strategy was applied, but the activation of intention strategy was only applied to the IG Group. After a two-month follow-up, statistically significant differences were verified between the groups, related to the practice of walking (p = 0.0050), number of days per week (p = 0.0076), minutes per day (p = 0.0050) and minutes walking per week (p = 0.0015). At the end of the intervention, statistically significant differences in abdominal circumference (p = 0.0048) between the groups were observed. The conclusion drawn is that the activation of intention strategy had greater impact on adherence to physical activity and reduction in abdominal circumference in type II diabetics, than traditional motivational strategy.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/psicologia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/terapia , Exercício Físico , Intenção , Motivação , Caminhada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , AutorrelatoRESUMO
O diabetes mellitus, tipo II, é uma doença com alta prevalência na população adulta brasileira e que pode ser controlada, dentre outras intervenções, por meio da atividade física. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto de uma estratégia motivacional tradicional, bem como sua associação à estratégia de ativação da intenção, na adesão à atividade física, nos portadores do diabetes mellitus, tipo II, usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), por meio de um ensaio clínico randomizado. Os participantes foram alocados em Grupo Controle (GC) e Grupo Intervenção (GI). Ambos os grupos receberam uma estratégia motivacional tradicional, porém, somente o GI recebeu a estratégia de ativação da intenção. Após dois meses de seguimento, observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos, relativas à prática de caminhada (p = 0,0050), número de dias por semana (p = 0,0076), minutos por dia (p = 0,0050) e minutos por semana (p = 0,0015) de caminhada. Ao final das intervenções, observaram-se, também, diferenças na circunferência abdominal (p = 0,0048) entre os grupos. Conclui-se que a estratégia de ativação da intenção teve maior impacto na adesão à prática de atividade física e diminuição da circunferência abdominal de diabéticos, tipo II, do que a estratégia motivacional tradicional.
Type II diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent disease among the adult Brazilian population, and one that can be controlled by interventions such as physical activity, among others. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the impact of a traditional motivational strategy, associated with the activation of intention theory, on adherence to physical activity in patients with type II, diabetes mellitus who are part of the Unified Health System (SUS). Participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an intervention group (IG). In both groups, the traditional motivational strategy was applied, but the activation of intention strategy was only applied to the IG Group. After a two-month follow-up, statistically significant differences were verified between the groups, related to the practice of walking (p = 0.0050), number of days per week (p = 0.0076), minutes per day (p = 0.0050) and minutes walking per week (p = 0.0015). At the end of the intervention, statistically significant differences in abdominal circumference (p = 0.0048) between the groups were observed. The conclusion drawn is that the activation of intention strategy had greater impact on adherence to physical activity and reduction in abdominal circumference in type II diabetics, than traditional motivational strategy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Puberdade Precoce/etiologia , Síndrome de Rett/fisiopatologia , Desenvolvimento Infantil/efeitos dos fármacos , Progressão da Doença , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/análogos & derivados , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina/uso terapêutico , /genética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Osteoporose/etiologia , Puberdade Precoce/tratamento farmacológico , Puberdade Precoce/metabolismo , Síndrome de Rett/genética , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
This experimental study was aimed at assessing the potential effect of a theory-driven intervention-implementation intentions-on reducing salt intake among hypertensive Brazilian women. Ninety-eight participants were randomly assigned to participate in an implementation intentions intervention aimed at promoting lower salt intake through decreased addition of salt and salty spices to meals (intervention group, n = 49; group, n = 49). Endpoints were assessed at baseline and at the 2-month follow-up. Primary endpoints were a self-reporting measure of salt intake given by salt addition to meals (discretionary salt + salty spices = total added salt) and the 24 h urinary-sodium excretion. Secondary endpoints included intention, self-efficacy, and habit related to adding salt to meals. Patients in the intervention group showed a significant reduction in salt intake as assessed by 24 h urinary-sodium excretion. A significant reduction in the measure of habit was observed for both groups. No differences were observed for intention and self-efficacy. The results of this pilot study suggest the efficacy of planning strategies to help hypertensive women reduce their salt intake.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To present a conceptual framework based on the PRECEDE model conceived to guide research and the clinical practice of nurses in the clinical follow-up of patients with cardiovascular diseases. METHOD: The conceptual bases as well as the study designs used in the framework are discussed. The contextualization of the proposed structure is presented in the clinical follow-up of hypertensive patients. Examples of the intervention planning steps according to the intervention mapping protocol are provided. RESULTS: This conceptual framework coherently and rationally guided the diagnostic steps related to excessive salt intake among hypertensive individuals, as well as the development and assessment of specific interventions designed to change this eating behavior. CONCLUSION: The use of this conceptual framework enables a greater understanding of health-related behaviors implied in the development and progression of cardiovascular risk factors and is useful in proposing nursing interventions with a greater chance of success. This model is a feasible strategy to improve the cardiovascular health of patients cared for by the Brazilian Unified Health System.
Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Hipertensão , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Modelos Teóricos , Padrões de Prática em EnfermagemRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To present a conceptual framework based on the PRECEDE model conceived to guide research and the clinical practice of nurses in the clinical follow-up of patients with cardiovascular diseases. METHOD: The conceptual bases as well as the study designs used in the framework are discussed. The contextualization of the proposed structure is presented in the clinical follow-up of hypertensive patients. Examples of the intervention planning steps according to the intervention mapping protocol are provided. RESULTS: This conceptual framework coherently and rationally guided the diagnostic steps related to excessive salt intake among hypertensive individuals, as well as the development and assessment of specific interventions designed to change this eating behavior. CONCLUSION: The use of this conceptual framework enables a greater understanding of health-related behaviors implied in the development and progression of cardiovascular risk factors and is useful in proposing nursing interventions with a greater chance of success. This model is a feasible strategy to improve the cardiovascular health of patients cared for by the Brazilian Unified Health System.
OBJETIVO: apresentar a estrutura conceitual baseada no modelo PRECEDE, para guiar a pesquisa e a prática clínica do enfermeiro, na abordagem do paciente cardiopata ao longo de seu seguimento clínico. MÉTODO: as bases conceituais, assim como os desenhos metodológicos de pesquisa, implicados na estrutura conceitual, são abordados. A seguir, a contextualização da estrutura proposta é ilustrada no seguimento clínico de pacientes hipertensos, com incorporação das etapas de planejamento de intervenções, segundo o protocolo intervention mapping. RESULTADOS: constata-se que a utilização dessa estrutura conceitual permitiu guiar, de modo coerente e racional, as etapas diagnósticas relacionadas ao consumo excessivo de sal entre os hipertensos, bem como norteou o desenvolvimento e avaliação de intervenções específicas para mudança desse comportamento alimentar. CONCLUSÃO: a utilização da estrutura conceitual proposta permite compreensão mais ampla dos comportamentos em saúde, implicados no desenvolvimento e progressão dos fatores de risco cardiovascular, assim como revela-se um caminho interessante para a proposição de intervenções de enfermagem, com maior chance de sucesso. O emprego dessa estrutura, de modo ampliado, pode constituir um meio factível para melhorar a saúde cardiovascular dos pacientes atendidos pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.
OBJETIVO: presentar el marco conceptual basado en el modelo PRECEDE, concebido para orientar la investigación y la práctica clínica de las enfermeras para el seguimiento clínico de pacientes cardíacos. MÉTODO: La base conceptual, así como los diseños metodológicos de los estudios implicados en el marco conceptual son discutidos. Además, la contextualización del modelo se ilustra en el seguimiento clínico de los pacientes hipertensos. Ejemplos de las etapas de planificación de la intervención de acuerdo con el protocolo intervention mapping son proporcionados. RESULTADOS: Se observó que la utilización del marco conceptual permitió guiar coherentemente y racionalmente los pasos de diagnóstico relacionados con el consumo excesivo de sal entre hipertensos, así como el desarrollo y la evaluación de las intervenciones específicas dirigidas a este comportamiento nutricional. CONCLUSIÓN: El uso del marco conceptual propuesto permite una mayor comprensión de los comportamientos de salud implicados en el desarrollo y progresión de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, así como se muestra una propuesta interesante para las intervenciones de enfermería con mayores posibilidades de éxito. El uso ampliado de este modelo puede ser un medio factible para mejorar la salud cardiovascular de los pacientes incluidos en el Sistema Nacional de Salud.
Assuntos
Humanos , Pesquisa Biomédica , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Hipertensão , Doenças Cardiovasculares/prevenção & controle , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Modelos Teóricos , Padrões de Prática em EnfermagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Despite strong evidence for a relationship between high salt intake and hypertension, plus the widespread recommendations for dietary salt restriction among hypertensive subjects, there are no nursing studies describing effective theory-based interventions. AIM: To describe a systematic process for development of a theory-based nursing intervention that is aimed at reducing salt intake among hypertensive women, by applying the 'intervention mapping' protocol. METHODS: We developed our intervention following the six steps of the 'intervention mapping' protocol: assessing needs, creating a matrix of change objectives, selecting theoretical methods and practical applications, defining the intervention programme, organizing the adoption and implementation plan, and defining the evaluation plan. RESULTS: Addition of salt during cooking is identified as the main source for salt consumption, plus women are identified as the people responsible for cooking meals at home. In our study, the motivational predictors of this behaviour were self-efficacy and habit. Guided practice, verbal persuasion, coping barriers, consciousness-raising and counter-conditioning were the theoretical methods we selected for enhancing self-efficacy and promoting habit change, respectively. Brainstorming, role-playing, cookbook use, measuring spoon use, label reading, hands-on skill-building activities and reinforcement phone calls were the chosen practical applications. We designed our intervention programme, and then organized the adoption and implementation plans. Finally, we generated a plan to evaluate our intervention. CONCLUSIONS: 'Intervention mapping' was a feasible methodological framework to guide the development of a theory-based nursing intervention for dietary salt reduction among hypertensive women.
Assuntos
Comportamento Alimentar , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Hipertensão/dietoterapia , Desenvolvimento de Programas/métodos , Autoeficácia , Sódio na Dieta/efeitos adversos , Brasil , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
This cross-sectional study, based in implementation intention theory, describes action plans developed by women with hypertension (n=49) to add no more than 4g of salt per day to food and to reduce consumption of salty foods, as well as describing the barriers perceived and the coping strategies adopted for putting the action plans into practice. The plans were categorized according to similarities and were submitted to frequency analysis. The majority of the action and coping plans had to do with the effectuation of the behavior involving adding up to 4g of salt per day per person to food. The action strategies were aimed at quantifying the salt added, and the main obstacles were related to the reduced palatability of the food made with less salt. The coping plans have to do with preparing foods separately and to using natural seasonings instead of salt. This data can help the nurse to design activities for clinical education, with a view to reducing salt consumption among patients who prepare their own food.
Assuntos
Hipertensão , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Humanos , Hipertensão/prevenção & controle , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
This retrospective, descriptive-exploratory study aimed to formulate the most frequent nursing diagnoses (ND) among inpatients with ischemic heart disease and its association with sociodemographic and clinical data. Data collection was carried out by an instrument based on defining characteristics and risk factors (Taxonomy II, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International) and submitted to descriptive and inferential analyses to test the association between ND and demographic and clinical data. Seventy-seven ND were formulated, and 18 ND were above 75 percentile. From those ND, 15 were associated to at least one sociodemographic or clinical variable as gender, age, marital status, professional activity and associated clinical condition.
Assuntos
Pacientes Internados , Diagnóstico de Enfermagem , Coleta de Dados , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
This cross-sectional study, based in implementation intention theory, describes action plans developed by women with hypertension (n=49) to add no more than 4g of salt per day to food and to reduce consumption of salty foods, as well as describing the barriers perceived and the coping strategies adopted for putting the action plans into practice. The plans were categorized according to similarities and were submitted to frequency analysis. The majority of the action and coping plans had to do with the effectuation of the behavior involving adding up to 4g of salt per day per person to food. The action strategies were aimed at quantifying the salt added, and the main obstacles were related to the reduced palatability of the food made with less salt. The coping plans have to do with preparing foods separately and to using natural seasonings instead of salt. This data can help the nurse to design activities for clinical education, with a view to reducing salt consumption among patients who prepare their own food.
Este é um estudo transversal, baseado na teoria Implementation Intentions, cujo objetivo foi descrever planos de ação desenvolvidos por mulheres hipertensas (n=49) para adicionar, no máximo, 4g de sal/dia aos alimentos e reduzir o consumo de alimentos salgados, bem como barreiras percebidas e estratégias de enfrentamento para efetivar os planos de ação. Os planos foram categorizados quanto à similaridade e submetidos à análise de frequência. A maioria dos planos de ação e enfrentamento de obstáculos referiu-se à efetivação do comportamento para adicionar, no máximo, 4g/sal/dia/pessoa aos alimentos. As estratégias de ação foram voltadas para a quantificação do sal adicionado, e os principais obstáculos foram relacionados à menor palatabilidade dos alimentos com menos sal. Os planos de enfrentamento apontaram para o preparo, em separado, dos alimentos e uso de temperos naturais em substituição ao sal. Esses dados podem auxiliar o enfermeiro para direcionar atividades clinicoeducativas, visando a redução de consumo de sal entre pacientes que preparam sua alimentação.
Este estudio transversal, basado en la teoría Implementation Intentions, describe los planes de acción desarrollados por las mujeres hipertensas (n=49) para añadir hasta 4g de sal/día a los alimentos y comer menos alimentos salados, así como las barreras percibidas y estrategias de afrontamiento para llevar a cabo los planes de acción. Los planes fueron agrupados como la similitud y la sometieron a un análisis de frecuencia. La mayor parte de los planes se refiere a la eficacia de la conducta de añadir a los alimentos 4g/sal/día/persona. Los planos de acción estaban dirigidos a la cuantificación de la sal y los principales obstáculos estaban relacionados con disminución de la palatabilidad de los alimentos bajos en sal. Estrategias de afrontamiento fueron dirigidos a preparar la comida por separado y en uso de especias naturales. Estos datos pueden ayudar a la enfermera en la dirección de las actividades clínicas y educativas.
Assuntos
Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hipertensão , Cloreto de Sódio na Dieta/administração & dosagem , Estudos Transversais , Comportamentos Relacionados com a Saúde , Hipertensão/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo, descritivo-exploratório, com objetivo de formular os diagnósticos de enfermagem (DE) mais frequentes no subgrupo de pacientes portadores de doenças isquêmicas do coração, internados em unidade de cardiologia e verificar sua associação com características sociodemográficas e clínicas. Os dados foram coletados a partir de instrumento baseado nas características definidoras e fatores de risco (Taxonomia II, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International) e submetidos à análise descritiva simples e inferencial para verificar a associação entre os DE e as características sociodemográficas e clínicas. Foram formulados 77 DE, dos quais 18 encontravam-se acima do percentil 75. Destes, 15 foram associados a alguma característica sociodemográfica ou clínica como sexo, idade, estado civil, atividade profissional e condições clínicas associadas.
Este es un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo-exploratorio, con el objetivo de formular diagnósticos de enfermería (DE) más frecuentes en el subgrupo de pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica admitidos en una unidad de cardiología y su asociación con los datos demográficos y clínicos. Los datos fueron recopilados mediante la aplicación de un instrumento creado a partir de definir las características y factores de riesgo (Taxonomía II, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International) y sometidos a análisis descriptivo e inferencial para evaluar las asociaciones entre los diagnósticos y datos demográficos y clínicos. Se han encontrado 77 DE, de los cuales 18 por encima del percentil 75. De éstos, 15 estaban asociados con todas las características demográficas o clínicas, tales como sexo, edad, estado civil, actividad profesional y otras condiciones clínicas.
This retrospective, descriptive-exploratory study aimed to formulate the most frequent nursing diagnoses (ND) among inpatients with ischemic heart disease and its association with sociodemographic and clinical data. Data collection was carried out by an instrument based on defining characteristics and risk factors (Taxonomy II, North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International) and submitted to descriptive and inferential analyses to test the association between ND and demographic and clinical data. Seventy-seven ND were formulated, and 18 ND were above 75 percentile. From those ND, 15 were associated to at least one sociodemographic or clinical variable as gender, age, marital status, professional activity and associated clinical condition.
Assuntos
Humanos , Diagnóstico de Enfermagem , Doenças Cardiovasculares , ClassificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between beliefs regarding a low salt diet and the nutritional behavior of sodium consumption as well their relation with sociodemographic and clinical variables among chronic renal failure (CRF) patients on dialysis. DESIGN AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled a sample of 117 patients who answered the Brazilian version of the Beliefs about Dietary Compliance Scale (BDCS), the sodium frequency food questionnaire, and the use of discretionary salt/day. RESULTS: The average of total salt consumption was 10.6 g/day (±6.3) and it was positively correlated with the interdialytic weight gain (r = 0.20 P = .032) and negatively correlated with the education level (r = -0.19 P = .044). The Benefits beliefs were discriminatory of the higher and lower salt consumers, and proportionally related to monthly income (r = 0.22 P = .017). The Barriers beliefs were positively correlated only to time on dialysis (r = 0.25 P = .008). Subjects with lower schooling and those of older age tended to consume more discretionary salt (r = -0.27, P = .005; r = 0.23, P = .016, respectively); however, they reported a lower consumption of foods with high salt content (r = 0.25 P = .006; r = -0.27 P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Educational interventions aimed at reducing salt consumption for this group must include interventions targeted at different behaviors related to overall salt consumption, the specificities of age, and level of schooling of the patients.